Seminar Report evolution data optimized EVDO

EVOLUTION – DATA OPTIMIZED

SEMINAR REPORT

Department of Electronics & CommunicationEngineering

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology,Palai.

FEBRUARY 2009


SEMINAR REPORT



FEBRUARY 2009


SEMINAR REPORT



FEBRUARY 2009


SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

MOHAMMED IRIS. A


St. Joseph’s College of Engineering &Technology, Palai.

FEBRUARY,2009


SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

MOHAMMED IRIS. A



FEBRUARY,2009


SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

MOHAMMED IRIS. A



FEBRUARY,2009

ST. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY, PALAI.


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled “EVOLUTION –DATA OPTIMIZED” submitted by Mohammed Iris. A, Reg no:25150 to the Department of Electronics & CommunicationEngineering, St.Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology,Palai, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofBachelor of Technology in Electronics & CommunicationEngineering from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam,Kerala is an authentic report of the seminar presented by him.

Guide Coordinator Head of DepartmentMr. Paul Ansel V Mr. Sabarinath G Prof. C P SebastianLecturer Asst. Professor Professor and HeadDept. of ECE Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE



CERTIFICATE





CERTIFICATE



i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is the most satisfying, yet the most difficult part of the report, to present

gratifying words, because most often we fail to convey the real influence, others have had

on one’s life or work

First and foremost, I thank to ALMIGHTY GOD who gave me the inner

strength, resource and ability to complete my work successfully, without which all my

efforts would have been in vain.

I express my sincere gratitude to our principal, Dr. C J JOSEPH for giving me

the provision to do the seminar in the required way.

I stand grateful to Prof. C P SEBASTIAN, Head of the Department of

Electronics and Communication, for his valuable advice and motivation. Also I express

my heartfelt thanks to my seminar co-coordinator Mr. SABARINATH G and my

internal guide Mr. PAUL ANSEL V for their effective gratitude, helpful feedback and

timely assistance.

I also express my sincere thanks to all other Lecturers for their help and

encouragement. I thank all my friends who have helped us with their inspiration and co-

operation.

Once again I convey my gratitude to all those persons who had direct or indirect

influence on my work.

ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Internet and mobile Wireless are the defining technologies of our times.

Today, they are converging and promising to dramatically reshape society. Mobile

Internet service now help people work, entertain, and communicate anytime, anywhere

using a variety of devices such as cell phones, Personal Desktop Assistants (PDAs) and

laptops. While operators agree that Mobile Internet services are critical to their future

success, there is less agreement on what technology will best help them achieve their

future goals. 3GPP2, a global 3G standards organization, adopted an air interface

standard for Wireless internet called EV-DO (Evolution – Data Optimized). EV-DO,

officially known as IS-856, embodies a new air interface technology specifically

designed for packet data and offer bandwidth efficiency for data traffic that is multiple

times greater than current 3G standards such as W-CDMA or 1xRTT. Using different

channel access methods like Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division

Multiple Access (CDMA), it maximizes both individual user’s throughput and the overall

system throughput. The technology now offers high-speed Mobile as well as Fixed

Wireless Internet Services. Operators like BSNL in India have already rolled out this

technology in many places. EV-DO’s data optimized architecture offers excellent, low

risk opportunity for operators to deploy All-IP RANs and gain experience with IP-based

technologies prior to evolving their voice network to IP.

iii

CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE No.

Acknowledgement i

Executive Summary ii

List of Tables v

List of Figures vi

1. Introduction 1

2. History Of Mobile Communication 3

2.1. CDMA Roadmap 3

2.2. Present Scenario 4

3. Code Division Multiple Access 5

4. CDMA 2000 EVDO Release 0 6

4.1. 1xEVDO Features 6

4.1.1. General information 7

4.1.2. Reverse Link 7

4.1.3. Always On operation 7

4.1.4. Inter operability 8

5. EVDO Rev A 9

5.1. New class of application 9

5.1.1. Uplink – Centric application 9

5.1.2. Rich media experience 10

5.1.3. Low - latency gaming 10

5.2. Rev A Enhancement 11

5.2.1. Optimized Reverse Link 11

5.2.2. Rev A Forward Link Enhancement 12

5.2.3. Faster Hand Off 13

5.2.4. Enhanced Multi flow packet access App 13

5.2.5. End to End Quality of Service 14

5.2.6. Optimized VoIP 14

6. EVDO Rev B 17

iv

CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE No.

6.1. Key Benefits 17

6.1.1. Enhanced Experience for Broadband Apps 17

6.1.2. Increased VoIP Performance 18

6.1.3. Selective Deployment in High Demand Areas 18

6.2. Software Upgrade to Existing Rev. A Equipment 19

6.3. Hardware Upgrade to Existing Rev. A Equipment 20

6.4. Rev B Enhancements 21

6.4.1. Multi Carrier operation 21

6.4.2. Higher Order Modulation 21

7. Conclusion 23

Reference 24

Abbreviation 25

v

LIST OF TABLES

TITLE PAGE No.

5.1. VoIP Capacity 16

6.1. Peak, Average, And Cell Edge Data Rate Improvements 17

6.2 Hardware upgrade 20

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

TITLE PAGE No.

1.1. CDMA Roadmap 4

3.1. CDMA 5

5.1. Optimized Reverse Link 11

5.2. RL Sector capacity gain 12

5.3. FL Sector capacity gain 12

5.4. RoHC compressor/decompressor 15

6.1.Increased VoIP performance 18

6.2. Possible Deployment Scenario 19

6.3. Multi link RLP operation 21

Evolution – Data Optimized 1

Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg. SJCET,Palai

1. INTRODUCTION

Wireless phones are found in virtually every corner of the planet. The mass

adoption of wireless technology has brought voice communication to more than 2.5

billion people around the world. This near-ubiquitous access to voice communication

has changed the way people interact. It has become easier to keep in touch with

family and friends across town or across continents. Wireless communication has also

changed the way business is conducted. Productivity has improved as employees can

stay connected anywhere and anytime. Businessmen can strike deals, service

customers, and order supplies from just about anywhere. Small-scale farmers and

fishermen can call ahead to find the best market for their goods and are not wholly

reliant on a single wholesaler. Wireless telephony has helped make the world a

smaller place. The next great paradigm shift is now occurring as people are

increasingly using wireless data networks to connect to the Internet and to each other.

On mobile terminals, SMS has been an unqualified success, and wireless e-

mail and location based services are becoming increasingly popular. Mobile gaming

has been very been popular and mobile music downloads are expected to surpass

wireline downloads in the near future. Wireless networks are also providing

connectivity for PCs and desktops. Mobile professionals are buying notebook PCs

with built-in Wide Area Network (WAN) connectivity or are purchasing PC cards

with the same. In developing countries, wireless is being used to provide DSL-like

connectivity to the emerging middle class. As with wireless voice, wireless data is

quickly becoming an indispensable part of our daily lives.

More than five years ago, EV-DO was commercially launched as the world’s

first high speed mobile broadband technology. The success of EV-DO Release 0 led

to the development of EV-DO Revision A (Rev. A) and Revision B (Rev. B). These

standards include innovative features for providing ubiquitous broadband coverage

over a wide area. Rev. A improves uplink (also referred to as reverse link) and

downlink (also referred to as forward link) performance, increases capacity, and adds

support for low-latency applications such as VoIP, video telephony, and low-latency

gaming. EV-DO Rev. B adds higher rates, multicarrier support, and better cell-edge



performance to provide wireline-like performance across the entire coverage area.

This paper describes the enhancements included in Rev. A and Rev. B that enable fast

and efficient broadband wireless access in WAN deployments.



2. HISTORY OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Before stepping into EVDO or mobile broadband, let’s take a look at the

history of mobile communication, like the initial step or the milestone that lead us to

the faster communication technologies.

It was in 1983 in United States, Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was

developed. Later when ITU formed a standardisation body for the upcoming

communication technologies, AMPS was considered as the first generation cellular

system. It was an analog technology. By the emergence of GSM and CDMA

technologies which was digital, AMPS was over thrown.

Later in 1987, Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) was

developed in Europe. This was considered as the second generation system. GSM was

meant for voice communication, which uses Time Division Multiple Access as its

underlying channel access method.

In 1998 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) formed an organisation

called 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) to standardize the mobile

communication system. Its specification was based on specification of that of GSM.

2.1. CDMA ROADMAP

When a commercial company named Qualcomm.Inc first developed the Code

Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology, several mobile communication

standards evolved using CDMA as their underlying channel access method. It was

then ITU introduced 3GPP2 to standardize these technologies. Its specification was

based on that of IS-95(CDMAone) which was the first standard developed using

CDMA. Later IS-95 was improved to a 3rd generation standard called IS 2000

(CDMA 2000). Under CDMA 2000, several protocols were formulated. First one was

1xRTT which provided high capacity voice as well as data.



Later when the popularity of internet started a revolution in the world, new

protocols were developed to make data transmission more optimized and faster. Next

protocol developed after 1xRTT was 1xEV-DO which created a stepping stone to the

mobile broadband internet. This was also known as EVDO Release 0. 1xEVDO has a

downlink speed of 2.4Mbps and uplink up to 153Kbps. The success of EVDO leads to

the development of newer versions like EVDO Rev A and Rev B. Figure 1.1 shows

the evolution of CDMA towards EVDO.

Figure 1.1: CDMA ROADMAP

2.2.PRESENT SCENARIO

The total number of CDMA2000 subscribers in India reached 42.25 million,

with 1.77 million new subscribers added during the month of November, according to

the CDMA Development Group (CDG). Reliance Communications and Tata

Teleservices account for more than 26 million and 14 million subscribers respectively.

Globally, CDMA2000 added more than 25 million third-generation (3G) subscribers

in the third quarter ending September 2007 with the total base reaching 302 million.

CDMA2000 1x evolution-data optimized (EV-DO) added nine million new users,

taking the total number to more than 45 million. CDMA2000 continues to be the

dominant 3G technology and represents up to 75% of the entire 3G subscriber base

worldwide.



3. CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by

various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile

phone standards called cdmaOne and CDMA2000 (which are often referred to as

simply "CDMA"); this uses CDMA as an underlying channel access method.

One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing

several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication

channel. This allows several users to share a bandwidth of frequencies. This concept

is called multiplexing. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special

coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to

be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple

access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access

(FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of "spread-spectrum" signalling,

since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data

being communicated.

CDMA is a spread spectrum multiple access technique. In CDMA a locally

generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be transmitted. Data for

transmission is simply logically XOR (exclusive OR) added with the faster code (refer

figure 3.1). The figure shows how spread spectrum signal is generated. The data

signal with pulse duration of Tb is XOR added with the code signal with pulse

duration of Tc. (Note: bandwidth is proportional to 1 / T where T = bit time)

Therefore, the bandwidth of the data signal is 1 / Tb and the bandwidth of the spread

spectrum signal is 1 / Tc. Since Tc is much smaller than Tb, the bandwidth of the

spread spectrum signal is much larger than the bandwidth of the original signal. [1]

Figure 3.1: CDMA



4. CDMA2000 1xEVDO RELEASE 0

CDMA2000 1xEVDO which has been finalised by 3GPP2 as an Interim

Standard IS-856 provide high speed data service. Its downlink speed is up to 2.4Mbps

and uplink speed is 153Kbps. 1xEVDO adds a high speed data solution to the existing

IS-95 while it maintains the compatibility with the frequency and RF modules. The

specification of EDO is based on High Data Rate (HDR) proposal from

Qualcomm.Inc. it includes features like Incremental Redundancy and Hybrid ARQ for

improved performance against fast fading condition.

The wireless operators for the internet service, depends on two performance factors:

Subscribe capacity: - number of subscribers that can be served in a cell using

fixed amount of spectrum

Offered service level: - average data throughput that can be offered to each

subscriber.

For some applications like video streaming, web browsing etc. Forward link is also

important. Two primary factors determine forward link performance

Burst data rate: - the data rate subscriber sees when receiving from base

station.

Multiplexing efficiency: - a measure to how well BTS divides air resource

among subscribers.

While comparing 1xEVDO with other air interfacing standards, EVDO

networks can offer 3 to 4 times better bandwidth efficiency compare to 1xRTT and

WCDMA.

4.1. 1xEVDO FEATURES

CDMA2000 provides the following features

High data rates

Bandwidth on demand

Asymmetric data rates



Always connected

4.1.1. General information

1xEVDO uses the same frequency spectrum (1.25MHz) that of IS-95. Since

CDMA2000 is backward compatible and uses the same spectrum (1.25MHz),

operators can easily migrate from CDMA to CDMA2000 in stages.

Improves spectral efficiency by:

a) Improved power control compared to IS-95

b) Transmit diversity: each antenna can transmit/receive to up to 6

different directions and choose the strongest frequency.

c) Smart antennas: capable of directing frequencies to the required

direction

d) QPSK modulation scheme: changes radio wave into bits

e) Improved digital coding techniques

f) Can use more Walsh code than that of IS-95

4.1.2. Reverse link

Even though reverse link is relatively less important in wireless internet, it is

required in order to effectively support other features like uploading, video

conferencing. etc. In contrast to the forward link, reverse link in 1xEVDO also uses

CDMA. A key advantage of EVDO over 1xRTT and WCDMA on reverse link is its

adaptive rate capability with adaptive rate control; BTS can control data of the

terminals there by increase total reverse link throughput.

4.1.3. Always On operation

It is an important feature in any high-speed internet access system. This means

the terminal is ready to send and receive data instantly without any lengthy

connection procedure.

It also:

Allow inactive terminal to go to sleep to conserve battery.

Reduce required address overhead for forward link frames.

Better manage the forward and reverse link performance.



4.1.4. Inter operability

A great aspect of 1xEVDO is that it is an international standard supported by

several standard bodies including 3GPP2, TIA, CDG etc. This ensures inter

operability with terminals and radio networks.



5. EVDO REV A

Rev. A introduces a number of significant changes to improve air link

performance of EVDO.

Key aspects of Rev. A are:

• Peak rates of 3.1 Mbps on the downlink and 1.8 Mbps on the uplink

• Sector capacity of 1.5 Mbps downlink and 1.2 Mbps uplink

• Enhanced QoS capabilities, improving the connection setup time and lowering

end-to-end delays

• VoIP capacity of up to 49 calls per sector

Major features such as QoS provide greater flexibility for supporting a whole

new class of applications that were not previously possible on wireless networks.

Some of the key applications enabled include:

• Voice over IP (VoIP)

• Push To Talk/Push To Media

• Video Telephony

• Multimedia Upload/Exchange

• Low-Latency Gaming

• High-Speed Web Browsing

• Large E-mail Attachments

• Video/Music Streaming/Downloads

• Multicasting

Most importantly, Rev. A provides a significant improvement to the user

experience of the wireless consumer.

5.1. NEW CLASS OF APPLICATIONS

5.1.1. Uplink-Centric Applications

The enhanced Reverse Link capability of Rev. A improves the performance of

uploads. Current trends in the Internet show more emphasis being placed on user

created content. Mobile phones now have cameras to capture photos and videos.

Events are now captured on phones and then uploaded or blogged directly from the



phones. Storage has increased on mobile devices, and users are carrying their media

libraries with them. Web 2.0 services increase interaction between users, encouraging

exchange of content. Rev. A reduces the upload time and improves the overall user

experience when interacting with other users. This enables users to express

themselves anytime and anywhere, allowing operators greater opportunity to better

monetize their networks.

5.1.2. Rich Media Experience

The mechanisms in Rev. A that support both VoIP and data enable a multitude

of applications that support simultaneous VoIP and data. One classic example of a

mixed VoIP and data application is Video Telephony (VT); however this is only one

of a spectrum of solutions. Applications such as Video Share and Picture Share allow

two or more users to simultaneously view and discuss the same video or picture. The

QoS and low-latency capabilities of Rev. A support prioritization of the

VoIP/video/picture flows to provide a richer media experience than offered by voice

alone.

5.1.3. Low-latency Gaming

As mobile devices have become more powerful, the gaming experience once

reserved for high-end desktop machines is now available on mobile terminals.

Features such as Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) and 3D graphics are commonplace

in mobile platforms. These hardware components now enable support for First Person

Shooter (FPS) and Massively Multi-player Online (MMO) games. These games

require both fast processors and fast connections to the game server. Packets

representing bullets in FPS can arrive every 30 ms, acting much like voice packet.

The low-latency performance of Rev. A can handle these packets along with the half-

duplex VoIP communication that is being introduced in MMO platforms. In addition,

the high-bandwidth capability of Rev. A can easily support the high throughputs of

MMOs.



5.2. REV. A ENHANCEMENTS

Rev. A provides a number of enhancements over EV-DO Release 0 that

improve the performance of the network and increase the spectral efficiency. These

improvements include changes to the Reverse Link (RL) and Forward Link (FL), as

well as improved handoff and enhanced quality of service, enabling multiple content

flows to be prioritized based on performance requirements.

5.2.1. Optimized Reverse Link

One of the most significant changes Rev. A brings is the improved RL. The

redesigned link provides a significant speed and capacity improvement, and is

designed to support low latency applications such as VoIP.

Figure 5.1: OPTIMIZED REVERSE LINK

New to the Rev. A RL are QPSK and 8-PSK modulation, and a host of

physical layer packet sizes. Also supported is a four-slot sub-packet transmission

format, a 3 sub-packet interlace, and Hybrid ARQ. This new physical layer

architecture brought over from the FL improves the efficiency of the air-link. In

Release 0, RL frames were transmitted over 26.6 ms, or 16 FL slots.

An equivalent Rev. A transmission is a four-slot subframe transmitted four

times as shown in Figure 5.1. The total transmission time is the same, however

interspersing the subframes with other packets provides time for the Access Network

to attempt a decode of the received frame and relay the result back to the Mobile

Terminal. If the frame is successfully decoded before the 4th subframe, the

transmission of remaining subframes is discontinued or ‘early-terminated’. Additional



techniques can be employed to reduce packet latency. Because the subframes are sent

at different times, algorithms can be used to selectively boost the transmit power of

individual subframes to improve the probability of an early decode. These

improvements combine to improve the RL sector throughput of Rev. A by 70% over

EV-DO Release 0 as shown in Figure 5.2. Adding Successive Interference

Calculation (SIC) and 4-way Receive Diversity at the access network results in a 7x

user experience improvement over EV-DO Release 0. The improved link also

supports low-latency applications such as VoIP, Push-To-Talk, and video telephony.

Figure 5.2: RL SECTOR CAPACITY GAIN

5.2.2. Rev. A Forward Link Enhancements

Rev. A provides increased performance on the FL by adding new data rates of

1.5 Mbps and 3.1 Mbps.

Figure 5.3: FL SECTOR CAPACITY GAIN



Smaller packets have also been introduced to improve packing efficiency and

reduce transmission times for small data-rate applications such as VoIP. Physical

layer packets of 128, 256, and 512 bits are now possible. Multi-user packets have

been introduced to take advantage of the small physical layer packets. Packets for

different users are aggregated into a single physical layer packet. By combing smaller

packets, the overall efficiency of the DL is improved by sending more payload and

less overhead. The improved rates result in a 20% sector capacity gain over EV-DO

Release 0 as shown in Figure 5.3. More importantly; the changes increase the overall

VoIP capacity of the network.

5.2.3. Faster Handoff

A key feature in Rev. A is the improved handoff performance over EV-DO

Release 0. The handoff improvements were necessary to support applications that

require continuous delivery of packets such as VoIP. The Data Source Channel (DSC)

is a new physical layer channel from the mobile that provides an early indication of

handoff to the access network. When the mobile decides to handoff to a new Base

Station Transceiver (BTS), it signals the network by changing the DSC 64 slots before

formalizing the handoff. This advance notice allows the network to queue data at the

new BTS while continuing to serve the mobile from the original BTS. When the

handoff is triggered, the mobile is not served for 16 slots in a typical configuration.

However, as soon as the mobile initiates a connection with the new BTS, there is data

waiting to be delivered to the mobile.

The outage during handoff of a little more than 16 slots results in an outage of

about 27 ms. Since the VoIP implementation within Rev. A terminals can handle 40-

60 ms of jitter, this outage is well within the tolerable range of VoIP and other low-

latency applications.

5.2.4. Enhanced Multi-Flow Packet App

Coupled with the physical layer improvements in Rev. A is support for multiple

application layer flows. This is enabled through the Enhanced Multi-Flow Packet App

(EMPA) which provides the mechanisms for the network to assign separate Radio

Link Protocol (RLP) instances per flow to a single user. EMPA is a feature of Rev. A



that differentiates flows, allowing Quality of Service (QoS). Another key aspect of

EMPA is the integration of Robust Header Compression (RoHC) which allows

efficient VoIP transmission. QoS and VoIP are discussed below.

5.2.5. End-To-End Quality of Service

With Rev. A, QoS is used to prioritize data delivery to devices and individual

applications. Both user-based and flow-based QoS are supported. With user-based

QoS, premium users receive prioritized service in a proportional manner and

experience greater data rates than nonpremium users. Flow-based QoS goes a step

further and differentiate between flows to different applications on the same device.

This allows a network to simultaneously support premium services such as VoIP &

PTT, and non-premium services such as web browsing and file download. Premium

services can be billed at a higher rate, while the system still supports best-effort

services.

5.2.6. Optimized VoIP

Even as data usage is growing significantly, voice is currently the most widely

used application for wireless. Networks have been deployed worldwide to provide

voice access, and voice subscribers are still growing at a rapid pace. Operators are

interested in utilizing a single core network to service both voice and data networks at

a reduced cost. Providing both voice and data on the same wireless network can lead

to greater economies of scale, and lower CAPEX and OPEX. Operators are also

interested in better monetizing their networks, and adding VoIP to data applications

provides an enhanced user experience for consumers and drives revenue increases.

Trends show interest by users in fixed mobile convergence and rich media

applications. The key difference between Circuit-Switched (CS) Voice and VoIP is in

the overhead associated with each solution. With CS Voice, the Radio Access

Network (RAN) assigns a circuit to the mobile and voice packets are continuously

exchanged on this circuit. With VoIP, each voice packet is packaged into an IP

packet. Packet exchange between the mobile and the RAN is not governed by a strict

timeline and packets can therefore be opportunistically delivered over a small window

of time. The additional IP overhead used for addressing of VoIP packets can represent



a substantial overhead when compared to a CS Voice solution. Rev. A solves this by

integrating Robust Header Compression (RoHC) into the RAN and the mobile.

5.2.6.1. Robust Header Compression

Rev. A addresses the overhead issue of VoIP by integrating support for Robust

Header Compression (RoHC) directly into the device and the RAN. An IETF protocol

developed for VoIP header compression, RoHC compresses the IP/UDP/RTP header

from 40 bytes down to as little as 3 bytes. Considering that the payload for EVRC

Voice is only 22 bytes, a VoIP packet is reduced from 62 bytes to 25 bytes—a

significant reduction. Figure 5.4 shows the RoHC compressor/decompressor

relationship and the integration with the EV-DO Rev. A RAN.

Figure 5.4: ROHC COMPRESSOR/DECOMPRESSOR

Compressed packets are sent over the air link. This reduction of payload bytes

provides a direct increase in the VoIP capacity of the network.

5.2.6.2. Telco-Quality VoIP

Rev. A VoIP does not compromise on voice quality and is indistinguishable

from CS Voice. EV-DO VoIP utilizes the same EVRC voice codec as 1X CS voice to

maintain the same audio fidelity. Recovery from air link errors is identical because

voice packets are unbundled at the physical layer, and therefore only one voice frame

is lost if a physical layer packet is lost. In addition, the low-latency support in Rev. A

ensures that voice packets are delivered with similar latency as CS voice, with 95% of



the packets arriving before 280 ms. As a result, Rev. A VoIP provides all the

advantages of VoIP while maintaining the CS Voice user experience. The enhanced

features of Rev. A including multi-user packets, small packet sizes, EMPA and RoHC

result in a capacity of 42 VoIP calls per sector, which is slightly higher than current

CDMA2000 1xRTT CS voice capacity.

However, additional improvements available with Rev. A equipment such as

Pilot Interference Cancellation (PIC) increase the VoIP capacity of Rev. A to 49 calls

per sector. The Telco-quality performance of Rev. A VoIP along with the ability to

support mixed VoIP and data on the same network are significant incentives for

operators to consider Rev. A VoIP. Table 5.1 below shows the performance of Rev. A

VoIP using various voice codecs, including Markov Service Option (MSO), the

random voice traffic generator used in the 3GPP2 simulation environment.

Table 5.1: VOIP CAPACITY



6. EVDO REV B

The next step in the EV-DO evolution path, Rev. B, allows mobile terminals

to use multiple RF carriers to communicate with the Access Network. Rev. B

improves the performance of all Rev. A data applications, and provides an enhanced

user experience across the entire coverage area. With consistently higher data rates,

Rev. B enables higher streaming rates for video and audio; faster upload of pictures,

videos, and audio files; and faster mobile broadband for laptops.

6.1. KEY BENEFITS OF REV. B

6.1.1. Enhanced Experience for Broadband Apps

The improvements in Rev. B provide a significantly improved experience for

mobile broadband applications. Rev. B enables higher streaming rates of audio and

video. As mobile screens improve in quality and resolution, users will demand higher

quality and higher resolution video streaming. With Rev. B, video downloads can be

offered at higher resolutions and more users can be served. Similarly, more channels

of Internet radio and on-demand music can be simultaneously streamed.

The Internet user experience is noticeably improved. Pictures, videos, and

audio files can now be uploaded or downloaded much faster. Web surfing is

noticeably faster as RF carriers are added. HTTP page response times decrease by

38% with a two-carrier Rev. B deployment, and up to 50%with three carriers. Table

6.1 shows the peak, average, and cell edge data rate improvements as RF carriers are

added.

Table 6.1: PEAK, AVERAGE, AND CELL EDGE DATA RATE IMPROVEMENTS



Applications such as video surveillance and video conferencing can now be

offered to a larger number of users. In addition, by adding bundled services and

combined billing, operators can now offer Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC)

solutions to the consumer. The enhanced data rates of Rev. B allow operators to offer

it as the primary broadband connection in under-served markets, while QoS ensures

the high revenue services such as VoIP are concurrently supported.

6.1.2. Increased VoIP Performance

As operators migrate voice services to Rev. A VoIP, the need for additional

capacity will necessitate the deployment of additional carriers. As these carriers get

deployed with Rev. B, users will benefit from the additional enhancements within

Rev. B that improve VoIP performance. Total Interference Cancellation (TIC) is an

optional feature with Rev. B that reduces the interference received from other devices,

allowing them to transmit at a lower power. This increases the capacity of the network

while also improving the talk time of the devices. Enhancements to paging algorithms

also improve stand-by times.

Figure 6.1: INCREASED VOIP PERFORMANCE

The increased VoIP performance with Rev. A will drive the replacement of

1xRTT carriers with Rev. A, and Rev. B is the logical choice to take advantage of the

multiple carriers. Figure 6.1 shows how VoIP capacity scales by adding Rev B

carriers.

6.1.3. Selective Deployment in High Demand Areas

A key advantage available with Rev. B is the ability to selectively upgrade

areas of the network that need higher capacity or greater performance. Because of the

backward compatibility and seamless roaming across Rev. A networks, Rev. B can be

gracefully rolled-out across a network. As Rev. B gets deployed, users in those areas



will immediately experience improved performance, while continuing to benefit from

the availability of Rev. A across the wider coverage area. Figure 6.2 shows a possible

deployment scenario. Operators may choose to deploy three carriers in dense urban

areas to provide greater capacity, two carriers in suburban areas, and one carrier in

rural areas to provide continuity of coverage across the entire region.

Figure 6.2: POSSIBLE DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO

6.2. SOFTWARE UPGRADE TO EXISTING REV. A EQUIPMENT

Rev. B allows operators to leverage their Rev. A network equipment by

adding Rev. B functionality to existing channel cards through a software upgrade.

Multilink RLP and multicarrier operation can be added, allowing aggregation of

carriers for Rev. B devices. Operators around the world are currently deploying Rev.

A across new or existing EV-DO Release 0 networks. In a short time, the continued

traction of data services will necessitate the deployment of multiple Rev. A carriers.

With the software upgrade option, up to three Rev. A carriers can be aggregated to

provide 9.3 Mbps of peak throughput in 5 MHz This provides a significant network

enhancement for operators. Backward compatibility and seamless roaming across

Rev. A, Release 0, and even 1xRTT data networks, ensures that Rev. B devices are

able to work with existing networks across the world. In addition, Rev. B network

support for existing devices allows consumers to benefit from greater economies of

scale. Low-cost Release 0 devices will still allow users to participate in the mobile

broadband experience at entry-level prices while Rev. B terminals will provide a

wireline-like experience on the same network.



6.3. HARDWARE UPGRADE TO EXISTING REV A

EV-DO Rev A base station channel cards can be easily upgraded to Rev B,

thereby protecting an operator’s Rev A hardware investment. In some cases, the entire

upgrade to Rev B can be achieved without adding any new hardware. Existing base

station channel cards and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) can be upgraded in

software, and base station radio transceivers in existing radio modules can be

activated to support the new carriers. In some cases, a new base station channel card

and/or a new radio module may need to be added to support Rev B. RNCs, such as

those from Airvana that can be clustered using IP RAN technology, can meet the

increased capacity needs of Rev B without introducing new EV-DO subnet

boundaries. No changes are required to operators’ Packet Data Service Nodes

(PDSNs), Home Agents (HAs), or other core network elements (see Table 6.2).

Overall, the cost of a Rev B network upgrade will be a fraction of the cost of new

networks based on alternative non-backward compatible technologies such as Rev C,

WiMAX and LTE.

Table 6.2: HARDWARE UPGRADE



6.4. REV. B ENHANCEMENTS

6.4.1. Multicarrier Operation

Rev. B enables mobile terminals to communicate with the access network

across multiple carriers at once. By utilizing more than one carrier to transmit data,

Rev. B terminal users enjoy higher throughputs and lower latency. Bundling two or

more carriers together results in two or more times the data rate of a Rev. A device.

Similarly, lower latency is achieved by reducing the transmit time of each packet.

Figure 6.3: MULTILINK RLP OPERATION

Multilink Radio-Link-Protocol (RLP) is used to deliver data across the two carriers.

The queue of each carrier is monitored and as each queue depletes, it is replenished by

the access network. Since each carrier is a separate physical path, the performance

across it is independent of the other carrier. By ensuring the queues for each carrier

are carrying data, Multilink RLP maximizes the availability of the two air links.(see

figure 6.3)

6.4.2. Higher Order Modulation

Rev. B introduces new physical layer rates by adding 64-QAM. This increases

the single carrier Rev. B physical layer peak rate to 4.9 Mbps, a 58% improvement

over the Rev. A physical layer peak rate. In a typical 3 carrier deployment, Rev. B

will support a peak rate of 14.4 Mbps. In a mobile environment, as users move across

a coverage area, mobile terminals encounter varied signal conditions. As such, periods



of high signal strength can be capitalized upon to deliver a burst of data, resulting in

greater availability of system resources for future needs. Implementing the Rev. B

physical layer requires a hardware upgrade of the channel cards at the base station.



7. CONCLUSION

EV-DO Release 0 introduced the world to mobile broadband and established

itself as a benchmark standard. Using EV-DO, operators were able to better monetize

their networks by providing rich multimedia content, leading to differentiated

services. These services are now a mainstay of wireless networks and are a fast

growing revenue segment. EV-DO Rev B provides operators the means to address the

need for increased capacity and an improved multimedia user experience. When EV-

DO operators need to deploy additional carriers to meet their capacity needs, Rev B is

a much superior option compared to deploying additional Rev A carriers. By

introducing devices based on a new Rev B and deploying Rev B software in the

network, operators can deliver significantly enhanced experience to their subscribers.

People in India are looking forward to more information, faster data access

and multimedia services through their mobile phones. 3G technology is here to turn

this dream into reality. It’s a technology anxiously awaited by telecom operations and

subscribers in India. There is an incredible opportunity for CDMA growth in India,

especially when mobile broadband EV-DO services become widely available. The

new 3G spectrum policy allowing CDMA operators to gain access to 2 x 1.25MHz

3G spectrum in the 800MHz frequency band is a welcome first step towards that goal.

Just as the competitive forces of CDMA2000 1X stimulated the rapid growth of

telephony penetration in India, EVDO is expected to add the necessary impetus to

take the growth of Internet penetration in the country to the next level.



REFFERENCE

1. Qualcomm,Inc. EVDO Rev A and B: Wireless Broadband for masses;

Whitepaper, December 2007.

2. Airvana,Inc. EV-DO Rev B: A technical Whitepaper, August 2007.

3. 3GPP2C.30024A, cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface

Specification, version 2.0, July 2005

4. Motorola,Inc. CDMA2000 Rev B: Whitepaper, May 2006.

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/evolution_data_optimized

6. Dubendorf, Vern A. (2003). Wireless Data Technologies. John Wiley & Sons,

Ltd.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/evolution_data_optimized



ABBREVIATIONS

EVDO - Evolution-Data Optimized

CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

ITU - International Telecommunication Union

CDG - CDMA Development Group

3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project

GSM - Global System for Mobile communication

1xRTT - One time Radio Transmission Technology

IS-95 - Interim Standard – 95

AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System

ARQ - Automatic Repeat Request

BTS - Base Transceiver Station

RNC - Radio Network Controller

PDSN - Packet Data Service Node

QPSK - Quadruple Phase Shift Keying

Documents

Seminar Report evolution data optimized EVDO