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*SELF

*The conscious reflection of one’s own being or identify, as object separate from other or from the environment.

*Self is the collections of beliefs that we hold about ourselves

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*Self have 2 distinct meaning:*Self as an object

*Self as a process

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*Judgement on our own worth & the associated feelings.

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*Rosernberg Self-esteem Scale (1965)

* Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory (1971/1981).

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*Pubertal development*Drug use

*Academic

*Gender differences

*Feedback from peers and adults

*SES and ethnic group

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*Body Image (BI)

*an individual’s experience of his/her body.

*Mental picture a person has of his/her body

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*HBI – when a person’s mental picture of her body is accurate and her feelings, assessment and relationship towards her body are positive, confident and self-caring

*Negative body image (clinical related problem)*Anorexia Nervosa

*Bulimia Nervosa

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*Awareness about the differences in gender

*Awareness about gender role

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*Biological explanations

*Psychoanalytic explanation

*Cognitive explanations

– A. Gender constancy (Kohlberg)

– B. Gender schema (Piaget)

*Differential socialization explanation.

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*Results on Maccoby & Jacklin’s “Differences” survey:-*Males more aggressive (Still very common, not universal)

*Females have higher verbal ability (Magnitude appears decreasing but difference remains)

*Males have higher visual-spatial ability (Still very consistent)

*Males have higher mathematical ability (Still fairly consistent, but not universal and may be

*decreasing).

*Males more hyperactive

*Females more nurturant

*Females more prone to depression

*Females more “field dependent” (as visual/spatial pattern)

*Females more viable.

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*Anxiety is state of tension *Anxiety is generally defined as a psychological

emotional state or reaction*An anxiety state consists of unpleasant feelings of

tension, apprehension, nervousness and worry and activation of the autonomic nervous system

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*Reality anxiety

*Neurotic anxiety

*Moral anxiety

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*State anxiety

*Trait Anxiety

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*Panic Disorder

*Agoraphobia

*Specific Phobias

*Social Phobias

*Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

*Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

*Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

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*Reformulated learned-helplessness theory -Martin Seligman (1975)

*Seligman

*human beings subjected to uncontrollabe negative events in life will eventually learn to be helpless and will become chronically depressed and heighten the anxiety level.

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*Anxiety – comes under the Neuroticism domain

*Anxiety, depression, nervousness, vulnerability, self-consciousness

*Negative affectivity (Watson & Tellegen, 1985)

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*People high in Neuroticism are lonelier (Stokes, 1985)

*Less satisfied with interpersonal relationships in their lives (Atkinson & Volato, 1994)

*People with depression and generalized (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985)

*College students high in N report more stress symptoms and higher levels of homesickness (Matthews & Deary, 1998)

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*Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scales (MAS-Taylor, 1953),

*Cattell’s Trait and State Anxiety Measures (Cattell and Scheier, 1963),

*Affect Adjective Check List (AACL – Zuckerman and Lubin, 1965)

*SCL-90 Symptom Check List (SCL-90 – Derogatis et al., 1973),

*Profile of Mood States (POMS-McNair et al, 1971)

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*“Any type of behavior or action aiming at destroying, damaging, injuring people and people’s effort to run away from it” Baron & Byrne (1981)

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*Aggression

*Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

*De individuation

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*Biological Groups.

*Evolutionary theory.

*Cultural Influences

*Multicultural Perspectives

*Frustration

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*Aggression as a Response to Aggression

*Physical Pain

*Heat

*Arousal

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*Hostile (emotional) aggression*Instrumental aggression

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*Aggression may lead to violence

*Forsyth (1995) listed forms of aggression cum violence

*Criminal violence

*Sexual assault

*Domestic violence

*Family Violence

*Adolescent violence

*Collective violence

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*Why aggression occurs?

*Why violence occurs?

*Three major lines of thoughts:

*Psychoanalytic perspective

*Instinct (Naluri)

*Social learning perspective