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The Self: Development During Adolescence
Culture and the SelfThe Self Concept
Self EsteemThe Emotional Self
IdentityThe Alone Self
Answer the following:1. I am absolutely certain that the following
characteristics define me now and always will:
2. The way I came to know these things about myself is (events, relationships, experiences):
3. I am still working to discover the following about myself:
4. In order to figure out the answers to #3, I think I will have to:
Culture and Self DevelopmentIndividualisticPromote self-examination
and changeCollectivisticPromote conformity,
similarity
Results in different types of self-concepts
Self-Concept – (SC)
From concrete, external characteristics to internal
Actual selves Possible selvesPossible includes Ideal and Feared
selfCarl Rogers’ congruent and
incongruent statesRates of depression peak in mid-
adolescenceSimilar to Murray Bowen’s solid and
pseudo selfSC becomes more complexTraits are influenced by contextsFalse selves to their benefit
Self-Esteem
Individualistic culturesAsian cultures e.g., JapanDip in SE around pubertyPeer pressure – relational
aggression – sarcasm and ridicule
Focus on physical appearanceDifferent pathsBaseline and Barometric Self-
Esteem
Mostly influenced by context“Beeper” studies The company you keepSusan Harter – domains of
self-competencePhysical appearanceInfluences on SEAcceptance and approval by
family and close friendsLove and encouragementTeacher approval, school
successSE rises in emerging
adulthood – many challenges are in the past, person has more control and responsibility
Gender and the Emotional SelfCarol Gilligan, Mary
Pipher – a different voice
US culture devalues assertiveness in females
Succumb to this social pressure
Susan Harter - hyperfeminine girls
Murray BowenSolid - “real” or core selfPseudo - false, or different
“selves”
Solid Self & Pseudo Self
Erik Erikson - Identity
Who you are, where you are going?
Childhood and Society 1950
Crises – challenges – hurdles – expectations
Identity vs confusionIntimacy vs Isolation
Identity StatusesNegative identity – the rebel Diffusion – unsure, no
search (later psychological problems)
Foreclosure – chose too early, too narrow (conform, conventionality)
Moratorium – time out, search
Achievement – having searched, knowing one’s self - more likely to be self-directed, cooperative, good problem-solvers
Gender and IdentityFemales tend to develop
intimacy skills earlierMales – identity Ethnic identity Assimilation (adopting new culture)Marginality (apart from old and
new)Separation (rejecting new)Biculturalism (a part of old and
new)Global – hybrid identity – merging
local identity with elements of global culture
The Self, AloneTeens spend ¼ of their timeSelf-reflectionMood managementVERY high % of time alone – indicates problems
(loner)Social vs emotional loneliness – not enough
friends vs no real close friendsGreatest loneliness – late adolescence/early
adulthood – coincides with Erikson’s intimacy stage – awareness of need for connection