JOHN BOWNE HIGH SCHOOL HOWARD KWAIT, PRINCIPAL AP World History Deborah Nettleford, AP – Social Studies

Exam: Period 2 – The Classical Era (600BCE—600CE)

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. Note: This exam uses the chronological designations B.C.E. (before the common era) and C.E. (common era). These labels correspond to B.C. (before Christ) and A.D. (anno Domini), which are used in some world history textbooks.

Section I Multiple-Choice Questions Questions 1-3 refer to map below. Greece and Greek Colonies of the World, c. 431 B.C.E.

1 Which Greek city-state dominated maritime trade and warfare in the Aegean Sea? (A) Athens (B) Epirus (C) Sparta (D) Persia 2 The Athenian government in the fifth century B.C.E. was __________. (A) a theocracy (B) a republic (C) a direct democracy (D) an oligarchy

3 Which of the following statements best describes the result of the Peloponnesian War? (A) The Spartan victory ushered in a common military tradition across the Greek peninsula. (B) Both Sparta and Athens were badly damaged and unable to build on past successes. (C) The Athenian victory led to a new age of artistic, political, and cultural supremacy. (D) Neither Sparta nor Athens was able to claim victory; existing alliances, therefore, persisted. Questions 4-6 refer to the image below. Battle Between Alexander the Great and King Darius, Roman Mosaic, House of Faun, Macedonia

4 The popular classical-period artistic medium used to create The Battle Between Alexander the Great and King

Darius is best described as __________. (A) the technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid plaster (B) the technique of carving an image into the surface of a block of wood (C) the technique of shaping a ceramic material by hand or by dry-pressing it into an object (D) the technique of assembling an image from small pieces of glass or stone 5 In what way was Persian society different from Greek society? (A) Persian society rejected widespread participation in politics. (B) Persian society rejected warfare as a means of expansion. (C) Persian society rejected the incorporation of roads to facilitate movement. (D) Persian society rejected toleration of foreign languages and cultures. 6 What belief did followers of Zoroastrianism, which strongly influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, share? (A) a belief in many gods (B) a belief in a day of judgment (C) a belief in heaven, but not hell (D) a belief in animal sacrifice

Questions 7-10 refer to the image below. Eighteenth-Century Artist’s Rendering of Confucius, Laozi, and the Buddha

7 How does Confucianism differ from Daoism and Buddhism? (A) Confucianism is regarded, not as a religion, but as more of a secular belief system. (B) Confucianism is based on the teachings of a central figure. (C) Confucianism has gained many adherents outside of East Asia. (D) Confucianism is not a belief system native to China. 8 Which of the following statements constitutes an accurate comparison between Judaism and Hinduism? (A) Both religions were tolerant of other faiths and often combined belief systems seamlessly. (B) Both religions employed strict social and religious hierarchies that defined society. (C) Both religions adhered to reincarnation and the multiple manifestation of gods. (D) Both religions organized their beliefs through the codification of holy scriptures. 9 Christianity and Buddhism gained their greatest number of converts because of __________. (A) their underlying teachings of militarism and conquest (B) their adoption by powerful politicians (C) their recognition of reincarnation as a religious tenet (D) their belief in the separation of religion and society 10 Buddhism and Christianity offered an alternative to existing social structures by __________. (A) allowing women to be ordained as priests (B) teaching that women and men were equals in marriage (C) allowing men to practice monasticism (D) teaching that women, not only men, should study and interpret holy scriptures

Questions 11–13 refer to the image below. A Roman Warship

11 What had to occur before Rome was able to dominate the Mediterranean Sea? (A) The Romans had to defeat the Germanic tribes to procure enough timber for shipbuilding. (B) The Romans had to defeat their Carthaginian adversaries in North Africa. (C) The Romans had to enslave Greek shipbuilders to acquire necessary technologies and skills. (D) The Romans had to acquire Greek fire from Byzantine alchemists to suppress naval rivals. 12 In the Roman upper classes, women __________. (A) commanded little influence and power in the household (B) held less authority and respect than did women in Chinese civilization (C) gained respect through their religious influence (D) were held inferior under the law and in the culture 13 Identify a cause of the collapse of the Roman Empire. (A) Advanced desertification in Egypt degraded the Roman tax base. (B) Mortality rates in the Roman Empire lagged far behind birth rates. (C) Christian popes openly called for the overthrow of Roman rulers. (D) The programmed succession of emperors created political stability.

Questions 14–16 refer to the two poems below.

Poems by Two Buddhist Nuns

MUTTA So free am I, so gloriously free, Free from three petty things — From mortar, from pestle and from my twisted lord, Freed from rebirth and death I am, And all that has held me down Is hurled away. SUMANGALAMATA A woman well set free! How free I am, How wonderfully free, from kitchen drudgery. Free from the harsh grip of hunger, And from empty cooking pots, Free too of that unscrupulous man, The weaver of sunshades. Calm now, and serene I am, All lust and hatred purged. To the shade of the spreading trees I go And contemplate my happiness.

Used by permission from Uma Chakravarti and Kumkum Roy.

14 What can be inferred about the freedom described in each poem? (A) that the woman is now free to choose her own husband (B) that the woman is now the equal of men (C) that the woman is now free from the roles imposed on her by a patriarchal society (D) that the woman is now free to pursue occupations of her own choosing 15 How were Indian and Chinese societies different? (A) Indian society was tolerant of several religions whereas Chinese society held a single belief system. (B) Merchants had higher status in Indian society than allowed in Chinese society. (C) Chinese society was based on a more rigid social hierarchy than Indian society. (D) Chinese society was highly patriarchal whereas Indian society had less gender bias. 16 Identify a difference between the Gupta and Mauryan dynasties of classical India. (A) The Gupta dynasty was less centralized than the Mauryan. (B) The Gupta rulers moved away from the strict caste system implemented by the Mauryan. (C) The Gupta dynasty was able to build a more extensive bureaucracy than the Mauryan. (D) The Gupta rulers were able to extend their borders beyond the subcontinent whereas the Mauryan could

not.

Questions 17–20 refer to the map below. Patterns of Trade in the Indian Ocean Trade Network

17 What items would the Mauryan dynasty have most likely donated to the Indian zone of the Indian Ocean trade

network? (A) spices and cotton (B) silk and porcelain (C) gold and tapestries (D) silver and paper 18 The influence of classical India on classical China was most visible in what area? (A) in maritime trade (B) in art and religion (C) in military incursion (D) in agriculture and science 19 The Kamasutra was a fourth-century manual that detailed __________. (A) aspects of etiquette for higher-caste males (B) procedures for intermarriage between castes (C) efficient navigation methods for Indian Ocean trade (D) administrative techniques for controlling landlords 20 Which society provided the fewest opportunities for social mobility in the classical world? (A) Greece (B) China (C) Egypt (D) India

Questions 21–25 refer to the image below. The Great Wall of China

21 One of the following statements about the Great Wall is false. Which statement is false? (A) The Great Wall was constructed by a strong centralized government. (B) The Great Wall was built by soldiers enslaved in wars with other Asian empires. (C) The Great Wall was located in the north of China to keep nomadic invaders at bay. (D) The Great Wall was originally an earthen structure that was improved upon over time. 22 How did Confucianism work to bring harmony and balance to Chinese society? (A) by instituting harsh legal codes (B) by defining roles and relationships (C) by using religion to unify social classes (D) by consolidating power within the aristocracy 23 What did the Han dynasty use Confucianism to do? (A) to form strong interregional trade relationships (B) to create an extensive and efficient bureaucracy (C) to demonstrate the importance of a strong military (D) to continue the social reforms instituted by the Qin 24 Which of the following statements accurately describes how the Zhou dynasty differed from the Qin and Han

dynasties? (A) Literacy rates were higher under the Zhou dynasty than under either the Qin or the Han dynasty. (B) The Zhou dynasty ruled through a system of local alliances unlike either the Qin or the Han dynasty. (C) The Zhou dynasty was more technologically advanced than either the Qin or the Han dynasty. (D) The territory under the Zhou dynasty was more vast than the territory of either the Qin or the Han dynasty. 25 Which of the following belief systems is not native to China? (A) Daoism (B) Legalism (C) Buddhism (D) Confucianism

Questions 26–28 refer to the passage below.

I humbly propose that all historical records but those of Qin be burned. If anyone who is not a court scholar dares to keep the ancient songs, historical records or writings of the hundred schools, these should be confiscated and burned by the provincial governor and army commander. Those who in conversation dare to quote the old songs and records should be publicly executed; those who use old precedents to oppose the new order should have their families wiped out; and officers who know of such cases but fail to report them should be punished in the same way. If thirty days after the issuing of this order the owners of these books have still not had them destroyed, they should have their face tattooed and be condemned to hard labor at the Great Wall. The only books which need not be destroyed are those dealing with medicine, divination, and agriculture. Those who want to study the law can learn it from the officers. The emperor sanctioned this proposal.

Records of the Grand Historian [Translated by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang in 1961], c. 85 B.C.E.

26 With which classical Chinese school of thought would one expect the passage from the Records of the Grand

Historian to be associated? (A) Buddhism (B) Confucianism (C) Daoism (D) Legalism 27 The Chinese literary tradition was __________. (A) influenced by Shinto teachings from Japan (B) rooted in political theory that did not focus on poetry (C) based on new interpretations of earlier classical literature (D) lacking in comparison with its Indian and Greek counterparts 28 On what were the most important technological advancements in classical China focused? (A) on trade, to fulfill aristocratic desires for foreign goods (B) on increasing agricultural yields, to support the population (C) on mining iron, for the manufacture of weapons (D) on papermaking, to satisfy the growing record-keeping needs of the bureaucracy

Questions 29–30 refer to the map below. Trade Routes at the End of the Classical Era

29 Which of the following statements about the function of nomadic intermediaries along the mapped trade routes is

false? (A) Nomads provided caravans with protection from people threatening to cut off trade. (B) Nomads were important producers of manufactured goods sold in urban areas. (C) Nomads were instrumental in the exchange of religion and aspects of culture. (D) Nomads supplied draft animals to transport the goods of merchants. 30 Identify an aspect of Japanese innovation that differed from innovations of other classical Afro-Eurasian societies. (A) Japan developed a character-based language that was not related to other Asian languages. (B) Japan established an entirely secular belief system that focused on social harmony. (C) Japan constructed a largely urbanized society that relied more on trade than on agriculture. (D) Japan began developing iron tools without first utilizing bronze and copper. 31 Which of the following statements is an accurate description of Mesoamerican society during the classical period? (A) Mesoamericans established the ability to create large monuments that rivaled those of Egypt. (B) Mesoamericans largely demonstrated nomadic tendencies and little social stratification. (C) Mesoamericans proved to be excellent maritime traders who made regular contact with Polynesia. (D) Mesoamerica was the most densely populated region of the classical world.

Questions 32–33 refer to the image below. Icon of the Emperor Constantine Accompanied by the Bishops of the First Council of Nicaea

32 How did the Council of Nicaea demonstrate a difference between Christianity and the eastern religions of

Hinduism and Buddhism? (A) Christianity held little toleration for diversity in religious doctrine. (B) Eastern religions were more closely tied to the state than was Christianity. (C) Christianity was more open to variations of faith than were eastern religions. (D) Eastern religions were more highly centralized than was Christianity. 33 Which of the following statements is an accurate description of Christian society in the classical period? (A) Christianity prohibited unity among different social groups and classes. (B) Christianity preached that men and women were social and political equals. (C) Christianity was spurned by political leaders and social elites because of its disorganization. (D) Christianity taught equality of the souls of both sexes and allowed them to worship together.

Section II

Short-Answer Question Use the image, map, and passage below and your knowledge of world history to answer all parts of the question

that follows.

Behold, these are the tools of the spiritual craft, which, if they be constantly employed day and night, and duly given back on the Day of Judgement, will gain for us from the Lord that reward which He Himself has promised—“which eye hath not seen, nor ear heard; nor hath it entered into the heart of man to conceive what God hath prepared for them that love him.” And the workshop where we are to labour diligently at all these things is the cloister of the monastery, and stability in the community. OF OBEDIENCE The first degree of humility is obedience without delay. This becomes those who hold nothing dearer to them than Christ, and who on account of the holy servitude which they have taken upon them, and for fear of hell, and for the glory of life everlasting, as soon as anything is ordered by the superior, just as if it had been commanded by God Himself, are unable to bear delay in doing it. It is of these that the Lord says: “At the hearing of the ear he hath obeyed me.” And again, to teachers he saith: “He that heareth you heareth me.” OF THE RECEPTION OF GUESTS Let all guests that come be received like Christ Himself, for He will say: “I was a stranger and ye took me in.” And let fitting honour be shown to all, especially, however, to such as are of the household of the faith and to pilgrims.

Excerpts from the Rule of St. Benedict, Sixth Century

Seventh-Century Buddhist Pilgrim

Major Religions of the Modern World –This map shows the contemporary geography of the major religions.

(A) Both Buddhism and Christianity were born out of preexisting faiths. Briefly explain how both Buddhism and

Christianity differed from their predecessors. Provide one example for each religion. (B) Briefly explain the roles of monasticism in Buddhism and Christianity. (C) Briefly explain one similarity in the rapid expansion of Buddhism and Christianity during the classical period.

Section III

Long Essay Question Prompt: Compare the techniques that states utilized to unify their populations during the classical period (c. 600

B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E.) in two of the following regions.

Southwest Asia—————South Asia—————East Asia