Section 2-4

Section 2-4

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Section 2-5

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the

Space Bar to display the information.

The Resurgence of Sectionalism



• In 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state.

• This set off the divisive issue as to whether slavery should expand westward.

• The Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states.

• Admitting any new state, either slave or free, would upset the balance of political power in the Senate.

(pages 187–189)(pages 187–189)

Section 2-6• The Missouri Compromise called for

admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.

• An amendment was added to the compromise that prohibited slaveryin the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri’s southern border.

• Henry Clay steered the compromise, and the House of Representatives accepted it.



(pages 187–189)(pages 187–189)

The Resurgence of Sectionalism(cont.)

Section 2-7• Four candidates ran for president in 1824.

• They were all from the Republican Party, and all were “favorite sons,” or men who had the support of leaders from their own state and region.

• Henry Clay of Kentucky and Andrew Jackson of Tennessee represented the West.



(pages 187–189)(pages 187–189)


Section 2-8• John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts was the

favorite son of New England.

• William Crawford of Georgia had the support of the South.

• Jackson won the popular vote, but no candidate won a majority in the Electoral College.

• The election then went to the House of Representatives to select the president from the three candidates with the highest number of electoral votes.



(pages 187–189)(pages 187–189)


Section 2-9• Clay was eliminated, so he threw his support

to John Quincy Adams.

• Adams won the House vote.

• Clay hoped Adams would support Clay’s American System–the national bank, the protective tariff, and new roads and canals.



(pages 187–189)(pages 187–189)


Section 2-10• Jackson’s supporters accused Adams and

Clay of a “corrupt bargain,” in which Clay was accused of winning votes for Adams in return for the cabinet post of secretary of state.

• Jackson and his supporters took the name Democratic Republicans, later shortened to Democrats.

• Adams and his followers became known as National Republicans.



(pages 187–189)(pages 187–189)


Section 2-11

What was the “corrupt bargain”?

Jackson’s supporters accused Clay of winning votes for Adams in return for the cabinet post of secretary of state.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.


(pages 187–189)(pages 187–189)


Section 2-12A New Era in Politics• President Adams proposed a program

of nationalist legislation that included internal improvements, a national university, astronomical observatories, and funding for scientific research.

(pages 189–190)(pages 189–190)

Section 2-13• In the early 1800s, many states eliminated

property ownership asa qualification for voting.

• As a result, many more men gained the right to vote.

• At the same time, the number of people who owned property had increased, particularly in the Westand the South.

A New Era in Politics (cont.)



(pages 189–190)(pages 189–190)

Section 2-14• The presidential candidates for the election of

1828 were John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.

• The candidates resorted to mudslinging, criticizing each other’s personalities and morals.

• Adams claimed that Jackson was incompetent.

• Jackson portrayed himself as the candidate of the common man andsaid that Adams was an out-of-touch aristocrat.




(pages 189–190)(pages 189–190)

Section 2-15• Jackson won the election of 1828.

• Many voters who supported him were from the West and South, rural and small-town men who thought Jackson would represent their interests.




(pages 189–190)(pages 189–190)

Section 2-16• President Jackson believed in the participation

of the average citizen in government.

• He supported the spoils system, the practice of appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty and support.

• He believed that this practice extended democracy and opened up the government to average citizens.




(pages 189–190)(pages 189–190)

Section 2-17• To make the political system more

democratic, President Jackson supported a new way in which presidential candidates were chosen.

• At that time, they were chosen through a closed meeting, or caucus, in which congressional party members would choose the nominee.

• Jackson’s supporters replaced this system with the national nominating convention.




(pages 189–190)(pages 189–190)

Section 2-18• Under this system, delegates from the states

met at conventions to choose the party’s presidential nominee.


(pages 189–190)(pages 189–190)

Section 2-19

Who were Andrew Jackson’s supporters in the election of 1828, and why did they elect him?

Many voters who supported him were from the West and South, rural and small-town men who thought Jackson would represent their interests.



(pages 189–190)(pages 189–190)


Section 2-20The Nullification Crisis



(pages 190–191)(pages 190–191)

• In the early 1800s, South Carolina’s economy was weakening, and many people blamed the nation’s tariffs.

• South Carolina purchased most of its manufactured goods from England, and the high tariffs made these goods expensive.

• When Congress levied a new tariff in 1828–called the “Tariff of Abominations” by critics–South Carolina threatened to secede, or withdraw, from the Union.

Section 2-22• John C. Calhoun, the nation’s vice president,

was torn between supporting the nation’s policies and supporting fellow South Carolinians.

• Instead of supporting secession, he proposed the idea of nullification.

• This idea argued that because states had created the federal union, they had the right to declare a federal law null, or not valid.

The Nullification Crisis (cont.)



(pages 190–191)(pages 190–191)

Section 2-23• The issue of nullification erupted again

in 1830 in a debate between Senator Robert Hayne of South Carolina and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts on the Senate floor.

• Hayne defended states’ rights, while Webster defended the Union.




(pages 190–191)(pages 190–191)

Section 2-24• President Jackson defended the Union.

• After Congress passed another tariff law in 1832, South Carolina called a special convention that declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional.

• Jackson considered the declaration an act of treason.

• After Senator Henry Clay pushed through a bill that would lower tariffs gradually until 1842, South Carolina repealed its nullification of the tariff law.




(pages 190–191)(pages 190–191)

Section 2-25

Why did South Carolina threaten to secede in the early 1800s?

The economy of the state was weakening, and it blamed the high tariffs the federal government was imposing, which made the imported manufactured goods expensive. When a new tariff was imposed in 1828, South Carolina threatened secession.



(pages 190–191)(pages 190–191)


Section 2-26Other Domestic Matters



• Slavery remained a divisive issue.

• However, Jackson was a slaveholder himself and largely ignored the issue, focusing instead on Native Americans and the National Bank.

(pages 191–192)(pages 191–192)

Section 2-27



• President Jackson supported the idea of moving all Native Americans out of the way of white settlers.

• In 1830 he signed the Indian Removal Act, which helped the states relocate Native Americans to uninhabited regions west of the Mississippi River.

(pages 191–192)(pages 191–192)

Other Domestic Matters (cont.)

Section 3-28• The Cherokee in Georgia fought the Indian

Removal Act by appealing to the Supreme Court.

• In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), Chief Justice Marshall supported the Cherokee’s right to control their land.

• In Worcester v. Georgia, the Court again ordered state officials to honor the Native Americans’ property rights.

• President Jackson refused to support the decision.




(pages 191–192)(pages 191–192)

Section 3-29• In 1838 Jackson’s successor, Martin Van

Buren, sent in an army to force the remaining Cherokee in Georgia to move west to what is now Arkansas and Oklahoma.

• Thousands of Cherokee died on the journey that became known as the Trail of Tears.

• Although most Americans supported the removal policy, some members of Congress and a few religious denominations condemned it.




(pages 191–192)(pages 191–192)

Section 3-30• President Andrew Jackson opposed the

Second Bank of the United States, regarding it as a benefit only to the wealthy.

• At the time, the Bank was instrumental in keeping the nation’s money supply stable.

• Many Western settlers who needed easy credit opposed the Bank’s policies.

• President Jackson believed the Bank was unconstitutional, even though the Supreme Court ruled otherwise.




(pages 191–192)(pages 191–192)

Section 3-32• President Jackson vetoed a bill that would

extend the charter of the Bank for another 20 years.

• During the 1832 presidential election President Jackson opposed the Bank.

• Many Americans supported Jackson.

• Jackson viewed their support as a directive to destroy the Bank.

• He removed the government’s deposits from the Bank, forcing it to call in its loans and stop lending.




(pages 191–192)(pages 191–192)

Section 2-33

Who opposed the policies of the Second Bank of the United States?

Westerners who wanted easy credit and President Jackson who believed that it benefited only the wealthy opposed the policies of the Second Bank of the United States.



(pages 191–192)(pages 191–192)


Section 2-34A New Party Emerges



• By the mid-1830s, a new political party called the Whigs formed to oppose President Jackson.

• Many members were former National Republicans, whose party had fallen apart.

• Unlike Jackson’s Democrats, Whigs advocated expanding the federal government and encouraging commercial development.

(pages 192–193)(pages 192–193)

Section 3-35• The Whigs could not settle on one

presidential candidate in the 1836 election.

• As a result, they ran three candidates.

• Jackson’s popularity and the nation’s continued economic prosperity helped Democrat Martin Van Buren win.

• However, shortly after Van Buren took office, the country experienced an economic crisis, known as the Panic of 1837.

A New Party Emerges (cont.)



(pages 192–193)(pages 192–193)

Section 3-36• Thousands of farmers lost their land in

foreclosures, and unemployment soared.


(pages 192–193)(pages 192–193)

Section 3-37• The Whigs saw the economic crisis as

an opportunity to defeat the Democrats.

• In the 1840 election they nominated General William Henry Harrison for president and John Tyler, a former Democrat, for vice president.

• The Whig candidate defeated Van Buren.

• However, Harrison died one month after his inauguration, and Tyler then succeeded to the presidency.




(pages 192–193)(pages 192–193)

Section 3-38• Tyler actually opposed many Whig policies

and sided with the Democrats on issues such as refusing to support a new national bank or a higher tariff.

• President Tyler did establish a firm boundary between the United States and Canada in the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty.




(pages 192–193)(pages 192–193)

Section 2-39

What issue helped the Whig candidate win the presidency in 1840?

The economic crisis of 1837 helped the Whig candidate win the presidency in 1840.




(pages 192–193)(pages 192–193)

__ 1. attempt to ruin an opponent’s reputation with insults

__ 2. men who enjoyed the support of leaders from their own state and region

__ 3. an illegitimate agreement between politicians

__4. a meeting in which members of a political party choose their party’s candidate for president or decide policy

__5. practice of handing out government jobs to supporters; replacing government employees with the winning candidate’s supporters

Section 2-40Checking for UnderstandingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

A

B

C

E

D

A. “favorite sons”

B. “corrupt bargain”

C. mudslinging

D. spoils system

E. caucus

Section 2-41Reviewing Themes



Government and Democracy How did President Jackson try to make government more inclusive and democratic?

He used the spoils system and replaced the caucus system with a national nominating convention.

Section 2-42Critical Thinking



Interpreting How did President Jackson contribute to the Panic of 1837?

He issued the Specie Circular.

Section 2-43Analyzing Visuals



Analyzing Photographs Examine the daguerreotype of John Quincy Adams on page 189 of your textbook. What characteristics of Adams does this image highlight?

Possible answer: His chilly, stern manner could give clues about the kind of person he was.

Section 2-44CloseExplain how the Louisiana Purchase played an important role in American life from the 1820s to the 1840s.

Documents

Section 2-4