Section 1: Roots of Democratic Government

California Content Standards:

8.1.4 Describe the nation’s blend of civil republicanism, classical liberal principles, and English parliamentary traditions.

8.2.1 Discuss the significance of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and the Mayflower Compact.

Framework: This year’s study of American history begins with a selective review of significant developments of the colonial era with emphasis on the development of democratic institutions founded in Judeo-Christian religious thinking.

Chapter 1 American Roots – Beginnings to 1732

The Judeo-Christian TraditionJudaism and Christianity helped shape many basic moral and spiritual values.

Judaism:

Many American ideas and values are rooted in Judaism and Christianity.

•It is the faith of the ancient Hebrews;

•Hebrews believed in one god; and

•They are governed by a set of moral and religious rules called the Ten Commandments.

Moses receives the Ten Commandments

The Judeo-Christian Tradition

Christianity: •It emerged from the Jewish tradition about 2,000 years ago;•It was inspired by the life and teachings of a Jew named Jesus; •Roman officials had Jesus crucified; •His followers spread Christianity; and•Eventually, after years of persecution, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.

Jesus of Nazareth

The Judeo-Christian Tradition

Judeo-Christian Influence:

•Judaism and Christianity eventually spread to the Americas;•Judeo-Christian ideas about justice, morality, and equality proved to be influential;•The Hebrew Bible comprises the Old Testament of the Christian Bible•The Hebrews taught that rulers are subject to God’s law; and •Christians believe that, in the eyes of God, all people are equal.

The Gutenberg Bible was the first major book to be widely printed in the West.

The Greco-Roman Tradition

Athenian Democracy: •Athens was the first Greek city-state to adopt direct democracy;•Much of our judicial system is similar to that of Ancient Athens;•One important duty of Athenians was to serve on juries; and•They believed that democracy depended on educated citizens.

The Greco-Roman Tradition

Roman Government and Law:

•In 509 B.C. Romans established a republic;•An elected senate and assembly made the laws; •The system of checks and balances derives from Roman representative democracy; and•Eventually, the Roman Empire spread its ideas about law across western Europe.

English Parliamentary Traditions

Magna Carta: •It was signed in 1215 by King John;•It was the first document to place restrictions on an English king’s power, limiting taxation without consultation, protecting the right to own private property, and ensuring the right to trial by jury; and•It established the principle that the king must obey the law.

English Parliamentary Traditions

Parliament: •Nobles formed a Great Council to advise the king;•The council developed into the English Parliament;•Parliament had the right to approve new taxes, which gave them some control over the king; and •By the 1600s, Parliament had developed into a two-house legislature (the House of Lords and the House of Commons).

English Parliamentary Traditions

English Bill of Rights:•It was approved the year after King James II was removed by Parliament in 1688;•It restated many of the rights granted by the Magna Carta;•It upheld habeas corpus, the principle that a person cannot be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime; and•It prevented a monarch from raising taxes or an army without the consent of Parliament.

Section 2: An Age of ExplorationCalifornia Content Standards:

7.11.11 Know the great voyages of discovery, the locations of the routes, and the influence of cartography in the development of a new European worldview.

7.11.2 Discuss the exchanges of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas among Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the major economic and social effects on each continent.

The World in the 1400s

The Americas • The Incan Empire dominated South America• The Aztecs built a great empire in what is now Mexico.• Small groups lived by hunting and collecting wild foods on the West Coast

of North America.• In the Great Plains, hunters followed herds of wandering buffalo.• In the Northeast, the Iroquois farmed and developed a complex form of

government.

Iroquois League

The World in the 1400s

Trade Networks • A vast trade network, dominated by Muslims, stretched from Africa to China.

• In West Africa, the Muslim empire of Songhai dominated trade in the Sahara region.

• Muslims traded with China along the Silk Road.

Silk Road

Europe Begins to Explore

Looking Outward • Trade increased between Europe and the Middle East between 1100 and 1300.

• Muslim sailors passed on the magnetic compass and astrolabe to Europeans. Europeans could now make longer sea voyages.

• In the 1300s, the Renaissance began in Europe. Discoveries in art, medicine, and science led to inventions like the printing press which helped to spread Greek and Roman ideas.

Leonardo da Vinci

Columbus Reaches the Americas

Landing • On October 12, 1492 Columbus landed with part of his crew on an island in the Bahamas. There he met people known as the Tainos.

• Columbus returned to Spain and told Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella that he had found the fringes of Asia.

• Within a few decades, Spain toppled the empires of the Incas and Aztecs.

• They set up colonies from Mexico through most of South America.

Cortes conquered the Aztecs

The Columbian Exchange

New Products

and Ideas

• The voyages of Columbus started a worldwide exchange of products and ideas.

• Products from America, such as potatoes, corn, tomatoes, beans, squash, peanuts, and pineapples were brought to the rest of the world.

• Europeans brought chickens, pigs, cattle, and horses to America. They also introduced bananas and citrus fruits.

• Europeans introduced new religions and new ways of organizing governments.

Spanish Missionary

The Columbian Exchange

Disease • Disease was part of the Columbian Exchange. Native Americans were exposed to smallpox and influenza for the first time.

• Within 75 years of Columbus’s arrival, almost 90 percent of the people in the Caribbean islands and Mexico had died of European diseases.

The Columbian Exchange

Growth of Slavery• The Spanish enslaved Native Americans to work in gold and silver mines and on

plantations.• The Spanish soon began bringing in slaves from Africa, believing they were less prone

to European diseases.• In the Americas, a harsh system of slavery developed over time.• A complex slave trade network arose.• Over three centuries, an estimated 10 million captive Africans were carried into slavery

in the Americas. About 500,000 ended up in British colonies in North America.

Section 3: Commerce and ColoniesCalifornia Content Standards:

7.11.3 Examine the origins of modern capitalism; the influence of mercantilism and cottage industry; the elements and importance of a market economy in seventeenth-century Europe; the changing international trading and marketing patterns, including their locations on a world map; and the influence of explorers and map makers.

8.2.1 Discuss the significance of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and the Mayflower Compact.

Economic Changes in Europe

Rise of Capitalism •As trade grew, money became increasingly important.•Europeans developed modern capitalism, which is now the economic system of most of the world.•Banking became important as investors began to borrow money from wealthy bankers.

Spanish Doubloons

Economic Changes in Europe

Mercantilism •European monarchs supported mercantilism as their nations began to benefit from a rise in wealth and trade.•The best way to increase a nation’s wealth was to increase exports and decrease imports.•Colonies were vital to mercantilism as they were a cheap source of raw materials and provided a place to sell goods.

Colonizing North AmericaEuropean Powers Seek Colonies in the Americas

•As Spain and Portugal grew rich on American gold and silver, France, England, and the Netherlands desired colonies in the Americas.•European powers sought a water passage through or around North America to Asia, called the northwest passage.•France set up its first American colony in 1605 at Nova Scotia, Canada.•By 1700, New France stretched from Quebec to Louisiana.

Colonizing North America

European Powers Seek Colonies in the Americas

•The Dutch established a colony on Manhattan Island called New Netherland in 1626. This later became New York City.•The English settled a colony on Roanoke Island, North Carolina in 1585, but it vanished after a few years.

JamestownEarly Struggles

Self-Government

•King James I granted the Virginia Company a charter to establish a colony in 1606.•The Jamestown Colony struggled to survive as settlers sought gold instead of growing crops.•John Smith took command and required colonists to grow crops.•The colony began making a profit by growing and exporting tobacco.•Jamestown had the first representative government in the colonies.•In 1619, the House of Burgesses was established.

Plymouth Colony

The Mayflower Compact

•The Pilgrims, a group of Protestants who wanted to separate from the Church of England, sailed for Virginia in 1620.•The ship went off course and the landed in Massachusetts in November, 1620.•The 41 male passengers established a set of rules for the colony called the Mayflower Compact.

Plymouth ColonyStruggle and Survival

Religious Freedom

•The Pilgrims struggled to survive their first winter and about half of them died.•The colony survived with the help of Native Americans who introduced the settlers to maize (corn).•The right of all individuals to follow their own religious beliefs.•The Pilgrims were the first of many English settlers who came to North America in order to worship as they pleased.•Over the next 150 years, people gradually came to believe government should not interfere with people’s religious or moral beliefs.

Section 4: The 13 English ColoniesCalifornia Content Standards:

Framework: This year’s study of American history begins with a selective review of significant developments of the colonial era with emphasis on the development of an economy based on agriculture, commerce, and handicraft manufacturing; and the emergence of major regional differences in the colonies.

The New England ColoniesFounding

•Massachusetts

•Rhode Island

•Connecticut

•New Hampshire

Plymouth Colony founded in 1620

Massachusetts Bay Colony founded by the Puritans in 1630

(Both – religious freedom)

Founded in 1636 by Roger Williams (religious freedom)

Founded by Thomas Hooker in 1636 (religious/political freedom)

Founded in 1622 by Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason (profit from trade and fishing)

The New England ColoniesEconomy •New England had land that was

difficult to farm, so people lived on what they grew themselves.

•New Englanders benefited from sea products and forest products.

•It became a center of shipbuilding and trade.

The Middle ColoniesFounding

•New York

•Delaware

•New Jersey

•Pennsylvania

Renamed New York in 1664 after England took it over from the Dutch. Originally founded in 1624 (expand trade)

Founded in 1638 by Swedish settlers (expand trade)

Founded in 1664 by John Berkeley and George Carteret (expand trade/religious and political freedom)

Founded in 1682 by William Penn, a Quaker (profit from land sales/religious and political freedom)

The Middle ColoniesEconomy •The Middle Colonies had land and

weather that were suitable for large-scale farming on plantations.

•The people developed a wide variety of industries and crafts.

The Southern ColoniesFounding

•Virginia

•Maryland

•The Carolinas

•Georgia

Founded in 1607, at Jamestown, by John Smith (expand trade/farming)

Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore (profit from land sales/religious and political freedom)

Founded in 1663 by a group of eight proprietors. They were later divided into 2 states in 1712 and 1719 (expand trade/farming)

Founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe (profit/home for debtors/buffer against Spanish Florida)

The Southern ColoniesEconomy •The Southern Colonies had rich

farmland near the coast where they produced rice and tobacco on huge plantations.•Farther inland people cleared their own land and existed by growing their own crops.•Plantation owners became dependent on slave labor.

Tobacco Plantation

Colonial TradeTrade Routes

Navigation Acts

•A major route went up and down the Atlantic coast.•Another route carried goods across the Atlantic to England.•A third route, the triangular trade, linked the colonies to the Caribbean and Africa. Slaves were traded for sugar and molasses.•The English Parliament began to pass Navigation Acts to regulate colonial trade.•The acts benefited English manufacturers but not the colonies.