SCIR Issue I

8/6/2019 SCIR Issue I

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Southern California

International Review

Volume 1, Issue 1 Spring 2011


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Dedicated to the memory of a beloved teacher and respected leader:

Robert L. FriedheimProfessor of International Relations, 1976-2001

Director of the School of International Relations, 1992-1995


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A letter from the editor:

It is with great pleasure that I introduce the rst issue o the new Southern Califor-nia International Review (SCIR). Tis bi-annual undergraduate journal seeks to create aunique opportunity or students here at the University o Southern Caliornia to publishtheir research and other academic work in order to spread their ideas to a wider audience.By ostering such dialogue between students o international relations and other relatedelds both on campus and throughout the region, SCIR looks to promote a better under-standing o the global issues acing our world today. As our world becomes increasinglyinterconnected through technology, trade, and diplomacy, its evident that events occur-

ring anywhere on the globe have worldwide efects. Te need to study international rela-tions has never been more important and thus this journal desires to contribute uniqueand innovative ideas to this ascinating and essential eld o study.

Te pieces contained in the journal are written by undergraduate students and werechosen by our six-member editorial board. Te graphics, templates, and ormatting wasalso designed by our editorial board. In an efort to not restrict students in their submis-sions, SCIR welcomed submissions on a wide variety o topics in the realm o the in-ternational studies thereby emphasizing our commitment to interdisciplinary learning.Moreover, the journal also eatures two historical policy papers alongside three customary

research pieces in order to diversiy the types o articles in the publication. SCIR is alsoavailable on-line at scinternationalreview.org Te journal would also not be here withoutthe generous unding o the School o International Relations.

Lastly, SCIR would really appreciate to hear your eedback on our rst issue. Pleasesend us your comments, questions, and suggestions at [email protected].

Sincerely,

Angad SinghEditor-in-Chief


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Contents

1. Water System Efectiveness in Uruguay and Argentina: A ComparativeAnalysis

Zara Lukens

7

2. Te Responsibility o Protect: A Normative AnalysisRebecca Wertman

29

3. Agents o Change: Te State and Global Civil Society in the Preservation oHuman Rights in Egypt

imothy McNally

45

4. Risk and Responsibility: Te United States in SomaliaRosaleen OSullivan

62

5. North Korean Bombing o Yeonpyong IslandWon Lee

66

Historical Policy Papers

Articles


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Zara Lukens is a Senior majoring in International Relations and Neurosci-ence

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1 Hodt, Abll, Shboz, Miim. 2006. Wt Govc d Optio o Dvlopmt Cooptio. INEFRpot. Uivity o Dibg-E.

Te politics o water governance is a growing topic o international discussion, andthere is tension between those who believe water should be treated as an economicgood and those who believe it should be deemed a human right. Tis study exploresthe dierences between the water policies o two states that share a human rights-based view o water distribution: Argentina and Uruguay. Whereas Uruguay has aneective water system, Argentina does not. Tis paper concludes that a combinationo a strong central water policy ramework, a history o ailed water privatizationschemes, and the presence o an institutionalized means by which civil society can in-fuence policymaking interact to explain Uruguays greater water system eectiveness.

Water System Effectiveness in Uruguay and ArgentinaA Comparative Analysis

Z L


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Southern Caliornia International Review - Vol. 1 No. 1

Zara Lukens

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Report o Findings on Water System Efectiveness

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Water System Efectiveness in Uruguay and Argentina

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Zara Lukens

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31 Gmbg, d Pd, 16


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History of Failed Privatization Schemes

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Civil Society Institutions

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45 Op. C. 98

46 Op. C. 1


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47 Op. C. 8

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1000 m3 p ps. Csmp s dy MpA.51 W cg Bs As s smd 99.8 pc, sm ds-cs, k M, ss 40 pc cg d y 20 pc sgcg.52 T sz d yg ggpy d pp dsy cy, cpd dczd d gs sc, c p q d ds-gzd d s sc ps Ag. T sc s g ccs d c gy mcsms, c mpd pgss ms

sc xps d pcy dcm.Presence o a Strong Central Water Policy Framework

Ws Ugy s sg czd pcy mk, Ag ds. As s, d mss d ss cg scsp, ck dsc spsbs, d -gcy cp. W m-gm Ugy ccs pmy , b pc s y d scs d scs Ag. Pc, sc, d pcydcz ky s gm, d s ccsc s pysd by c sb spdg cmpss 49 pc g-m spdg Ag.53 T pmy y bd dcz s psfc dmcc scy s c gms m ccb

51 Pc, Vc. Ag: Cy Cs Sdy Dmsc Pcy Fmks Adp W Sc.Ag Is W Rscs. Mc 2006. Pg. 1

52 Op. C. 1

53 M, Ad P., d Sms, Dd J. Dcz d Dmccy L Amc. Usy N DmPss: N Dm, 2004. Pg. 6


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ds d dmds czs. W ms xmps sccss s gds, dcz ds mcy q c pcymkg,b dpds p s dsg pcy.54 E dczd sysmsq c mk g cd, gs sysmz, d mcsms cc s.55

Ayss Ags s mk sdg mgms cmm dg gm d ck cd d cpb gcs pgs sc d css, ccdg Wd Bk p, -b ppg msss d cs g m gcs s-b d Mss Scs, csq cy pcssg cc sss.56 A g p ck cd sc c bxpd by bsc . T s pcs cs d- mds sc mgm, g ds g ss. Tsmk s dscbd Ac 121 Cs, c ss pcsd p dgd Fd Gm by s Cs.57

Lgss d xc sbmd s ppss sc dp c 41 cs 1994, b m sfc spp mpm. Ac 41, dpd 1994, pds gm s gs gdg mmm qms sssg sc mgm; , s c s b p s, d pcy cs b gsd dpdy by c pc gby d d s.58 T c gs mk scmpsd s d s C, Cmmc, Mg d P Cds s sd s dcy d dcy gc, b s cpc gs.59

T pcs s c sc c, cds s, ccsss, dsp s, d s.60 As s pcysc, pc gs s sysmzd, d myd gcs d sp c d -dd g mk. T ss d

54 M d Sms, 30

55 D, A, d S, R. M. T Is Ecmcs W: A Css- Cy Ayss Iss dPmc. Edd Eg Pbsg Ic.: MA. 2004. Pg. 180

56 Ag W Rscs Mgm Pcy Isss d Ns Tmc Axs Vm III. Wd Bk. 25 Fb.2000. . Pg. 20

57 Op. C. 7

58 Op. C. 35

59 Pc, 7

60 W Isc Dpm Pgm N Gd Pcs. I-Amc Dpm Bk. Pg. 3


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mgm ck c spsbs, sg q p c d, d gps d ck pc s . T sc sg ccy, y scs smsy dzd sm sd ck cmmc mg gcs. Dsps mg gy bds

jsdc cmm, b g sysm s cdc -gd dcp pc sc.61 T bsc c jsdc pcs xcbs gz cpcy. COFEMA, Fd Cc Em, dsgs p y c pcs. H-, pcs d Fd Em Pc d cmm mss COFEMAs g, d s d pcp cy d ck c.62

Tg dcz ds pcd pssby c pbc sc-, Ags s mk cks cc m c g.W cy dd , pc cd s mpssb,

s m ps g cy c cc. T pb pc s d mgm ds ccy pc d c s, pg c ssssm d msm , b, pcs. W by gcs cdg Wd Bk pd kss Ugys sc, s pbms m dc pp d ddss Ag bcs ck g mk dg cs d s sc. Ag s bs d mg-m m, b gs d s m ms pcd y spcc pcycsds.

History o Failed Privatization Schemes

W sc pz Ag pdcd sm cmc d cgpbms s dd Ugy, b p-xsg sc ccs d dczdps pd ss m bcmg ss, s ccd Ugy.W czs Mdd pc xpcd bs dc scs dccss , mj pbm p c Ag s ck scxps, mkd d sc qy. Dsy ppd sgy md g s cg, b gs dd xp-

c pmsd cs ccs d xps sc.63

Csm-s bkd pbms y cd s s p ccsss, d smcss psd, b cg mg gs d pcs m cmps f cgzd cy, y. As s, d

61 Op. C. 37

62 Op. C. 36

63 Rdgz-Bsc, Lpd. Pbc Sc Ps d Css Ag. Dpm Pcc. J 2005. Pg. 103


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pz scms dd pdc sm dspd c c cd Ugy cmpg m. R sps dpggs pz, dd pcs gdy gd s ccs p cmps.64

Cs Mm, psd Ag m 1989 1999, s dy s s pmy b ms L Amc. A ssmg c dg cmccss, Mm mpmd Cby P, pggg ps U.S. d cb yp d sm g d g sm. Tsmss ccdd dspd pz pbc s, cdg sc. T gm gd ccsss ccs p cmps pds p 30 ys. T ccs cdd sc ps d sc mc,d ms pcs pd pz. W pz s d by Agsck pbc scs d sm, p pmc sc, dss d s ccss d s. Cs s fs pc dg pz 1991, d G Bs As d 1992. By1999, y- p cmps sd 70 pc pp.65 P-z ccdd dpm gm gy gcs, gg s cd gy c scs.

P cmps, sbsds Ep ms (d dmd by SzLys), d ss ggpy d ppdsy g Ag. Ms cmps sd sm g ccmds gdss pp, sc, d scs cy pd. Ty md pmss xpd sc sccmc s, cs ccs d cdc -pym s g.66 T s s p cmps pfs g d css, b ms d m ms ccs. Tg gs sd d b pc dxg d Cby P d pz pbc pss my Ags

jbss, Mm d p fms dx pcs U.S. csm pc dx(CPI). W Ags CPI dppd 1.1 pc b 1995 d 2001, U.S. CPIcsd by 18.4 pc.67

I dd s gs, p cmps gd css sm-sy dcg cc bgs, cg s c csm

64 C, V, H, Dd, d Lb, Em. Rpcg d p cmps. Pbc Scs I-. Jy 2010. Pg. 5

65 J, P, Kk, p, d V, Hkk. Em Hsy W. IWA Pbsg: Ld. 2007. Pg. 440

66 Ams, Fc, A Hdy, d Jg Hdy. Impg W d S Ps Bs As. IIED-Amc L. J 2010. Pg. 8

67 Rdgz-Bsc, 109


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d s cp sc xps d cc cmmms.W mjy sc p sd ds p cps, pgs dd s mpd sc.74 T c css 2001 cyzd ss s y d s sc. T p cmpy Bs As, cd by ccy d d bdd by s k U.S. ds, ccd ps xpd sc. Tg p pmc p cmps Ag dd d gm my css, dd pdc sm g-sc ms k pc Ugy. Ags dc-zd sysm csd ss y m pc pc, d d c spg m dd mz.

Civil Society Institutions

As s cs my L Amc cs, Ags gm s

sm dc dmccy pss, b y b scy dzd. Cscy s md s by pcp pcymkg, d s, dy, dss c b c pbc, s gm s sps. Tbsc c p c scy pcp pcymkg pcss psxp y Ugys pz css pdcd sc mm Agsdd .

Ag s L Amc cs cgz p-d pbsc (pbsc d by gm gcy), d s g c s mcsm s b p s. I smy cgzs p-d

-bdg pbsc, c s zd c b 1978 d 2002. I ms bm-p mcsms dc dmccy, Ag cgzs y bdg, b, k b L Amc cy, s mcsm s bmpyd. I cmps Ugy, q s dc dmccy, Agcy cks sy sg ms czy dcy fcpcy.75

A ck gm ccby d spsss ds s czs s cc pbm Ag. Mp css, cdg m gs bss by my j d 2001 c css, bg sy dc -

cscsss, d sm sps b k cc s spc s kss Ag gm. T dmc ppsm 20 cy pcs d dmcz mms d dpm -z, ccby md ps.76 F dcds,

74 Rdgz-Bsc, 313

75 Dmccy L Amc: ds Czs Dmccy. 99

76 Lsky d M, 231


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ppc d dd ( xmp J P) py ( Ps Py) dsdg s dc c pc dcs-mkg bg ddd c dy. Ts md dmccy pdd ppy cpcs g ds s czs, d smms gg g cs

pcss. T m gs mm mgd Ag g d my dcsp 1983 bg b cs pbc -ss ss bs y m gs, b s c gs d . Tg 1990s, ss pss d md xpss cp gmcs d ps gm ccby, y dg dspc cs mcsms d gs.77 T s s b pdcg Ag pc c. Vs csgy dscd spp c-dds sy bss py , d y m dmdg sg ss cck d bc pc c d ccby.78

Tg s cgs kg pc Ag, y c d y pdc sgfc s cg. C scy, , c ckd dspsc Ag dg mjy 20 cy, s g d pyg m c pcs. NGOs, dccy gzs, d sc mms cbd pbc c ccby g s s. Addy,

jsm s d ps dcds, kg csgy cc ps- ds gm d kg xps gdg d m pbc.79T csd pcp dds d dpd gzs pcs sspd spc dmcc pcps gd mc 20 c-y, dg pds dmccy.

W Ugy s cy dfd d scy dpd s scg c c scy c c d c pcy, Ag s s c-sdg s dmccy. T c c scy mbz s dmsd pmy cc cg cys bsc g d cs mk,c pds sg ps dmccy pcpy ms.T sc mms d gzs s sp g dc Ag my y d dp sg pcpy mk.

77 Lsky d M, 234

78 Op. C. 233

79 Op. C. 237


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T mgc c scy ms gm c d gy d sgg ss pm ccby d spcy.

Conclusions

Summary of FindingsUgys g pmc spc c xpy cs

xps s c ps. Ugy s sg c pcy m-k, sg c cd d cp b d mssd ss d sc mgm; Ugy xpcd dpz scm gd d spd dspd mbz;d Ugy s cy g gs sc s dc dmc-cy mcsms, c pd ms c scy dcy mpc pcy.

Ags s ms xpy cs ds ps sm

d m gy c sysm. Ags sysm s c-d dczd m by pc s. Ws Ugys sysm s mgd by s mss d gcs csg dg spsby ds d d, bsc gs cpc Ag p d d pp s s. Tbds d ps c g dg p ms sps-bs d cs, c pdcs cc fccy. Ts y ky pyd pg d pz scms m pdcg mj pbc cy, spbc sc ps s scy b, d pbc p c.

Tg Ag xpcd dspd p cmps s p-cs, c cs pd d c d mbz s Ugy. Fy, Ag cks szd ms c scy -c pcy. I ds xpc dc dmccy s Ugy, dc scy gzs s pmy sd gg spc bscdmcc pcps.

Interpretation of Results

T cs xpd s pp gy sysm -

css, b y ms b csdd cc dpdy. Ay mjpcy s pdc my bs cg, d sm s pcy.T c Ag xpcd d pz b dd dp m c- sysm, s s c Ugy scs b s pc y cs, ss s p.

T p cmps c b d s cys sysm -m, b d csd css. I cs Ugy, css Mdd pc spd c p c scy, b cs


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m my ccd, d cy d ccd s pdy, mcsms dc dmccy. Smy, Ugys m pss , pc, sc cbd c bcs ss d b ddssd by gm. T pbm pc,

, d cscs d cyzd dspd m .I cs Ag, d pz scms dd pdc sm

ss s ccd Ugy d c cs. T ss dd bcm d, - css d py c sc d d-mcy b pcs, d ccd czs dd g s pc gms, c ps. A dd bsc ms bsc sg c scy c pcy Ag. E ppd mbzd , y d d dc p cs- m CNDAV zd Ugy.

Policy Implications

T ss s sdy d pd s gds s sg -c pcy dmsc s. R, y dmssm cds cdc mpmg c pcy. O, sc cd cs dmcz s cssy cg s cg g d. Dmccy sd b ssssd y ms pc-d ms, k c pcds, b s gd sbs cmps.Rg, d cs cssy b sfc sbs dmccy

ms ds pp. Sc pcs, pcy s cssy pm bsc sc d c gs, ss. Ugy s gs -dg dmccs L Amc, d s ccd s s ms s sysms g.

W d c m g cmc gd s cc dg dm pcs p cmps k dg sddg sc, pdg sssc cs kg csd dmccy sqy mp. A dpd dmccy cmpsss sg ss, mcsms c scy d ppc c pcy, d sp d ccb

gm s sps ds s c. W s d-d s m g m d, sg dmccs s bsc ds, c s s ccss .


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Stemming rom moral, national interest, fnancial, and historical belies the Re-sponsibility to Protect (R2P) aims to make humanitarian intervention compulsory orstates in specifc cases. Tis new human rights norm redefnes two key components oInternational Relations. It frst sets out to change the meaning o state sovereignty tobe not only the responsibility a state has to respecting what goes on within a countrysown borders, but also a responsibility the state has to its own citizens. R2P urtherlooks into the meaning o humanitarian intervention, and changes it to be the protec-tion o innocent human beings. Te Responsibility to Protect, by redefning these twoconcepts, commands sovereign states, international organizations, and non-govern-mental organizations alike to take an active roll in combating genocide, war crimes,ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. Tis paper will perorm a normativeanalysis in explaining the background, meaning, and uture o the norm, and setsout to convince readers that with R2P there is hope or a uture without such humani-tarian atrocities.

Responsibility to ProtectA Normative Analysis

R W

Rebecca Wertman is a Sophomore majoring in International Relationsand minoring in French and Economics

Sig o ol, iol is, fil, d hisoil lis h Rspo-siiliy o Po (R2P) is o k huii ivio opulsoy o ssi spif ss. Alhough his piipl ss o dy h ighs o s sovigy, ho ovs o df sovigy o ilud ivio i ss o goid, wis, hi lsig, d is gis huiy. Tis oiv lysis o h R-sposiiliy o Po will sipliy d k ss o h oplx kgoud, io,logisis, d iplio o h o. I will do his y xiig h IiolCoissio o Ivio d S Sovigy (ICISS) po piily, d lso,hough ig u o oh ils, dous, d ooks wi y ky

shols i h fld o iiol lios, huii ivio, d spiflly,R2P. I ddiio, i disussig h posiiv sps o R2P, I will lso disuss svl po-ls wih h o, d why hs pols igh ipi h iliy o R2P i oigiiol lw. I will xpli h posiiv d giv sids o h o y osidigl wold xpls o wh R2P lid suss o ilu. Filly, I will olud y


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pdcg m mg k k ms s - d k c gs Rspsby Pc dscbs.

Ideas behind R2P

Principled BeliefsT ds bd Rspsby Pc d s

dg pcps Ud Ns. Pss I RsApc Spp, Fgg Fgs, xps pcpd bs ds ms. A m, s ss, s dy p p b d gy ccpd sdd pp b.1 Pss Sppcs c d -gm gzs (NGO) d pcpd bs ps d m NGO. T NGO c pjc pcpd bs cmmy d c cg g

d mds, sc s Kck d Skkks Bmg Md, Sdy s mds Exz d Iz. s s Pss Spps md As-sc Acsm.2 Pss Spp xps s pcpd bs b ds ps s b , sm ms.3

dsd ds R2P cm m, ds csd p-cpd bs m gs d ms c. Uk NGO, pc-pd bs d js bg ps b cc gp: Ud Ns.I c ds bd R2P bck c Ud Ns 1945 g Hcs cm pp xpss, N Ag. T b s

g d d sd d s d c m bgs k pcbcs c, c, s. T Ud Ns bd s c- ss, sd pp d, d , Dc Hm Rgs cm b. T Dc Hm Rgs g s cg d y m bg dss spc g bsc gs.4 Fg sgg dc 1948 cm c mb Ud Nsgzs d mds spcc c d m gs. Tscd G Cs, pcs m mdcfc, 1948 P d Psm Cms Gcd, 1966 cs

1 Rms Tk d Tms Wss, R2P: Fm Id Nm--d Ac? Global Responsibility to Protect1 (2009): 23.

2 Apc W Spp, Fighting for Foreigners: Immigration and its Impact on JapaneseDemocracy (N Yk: C Usy Pss, 2008).

3 Apc Spp, Gb C Scy : N-gm Ogzs (Lc, Usy S C, J-y 27, 2010).



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Responsibility to Protect

g c, pc, sc, cmc, d c gs, d S Rmsbsg I Cm C 1998.5

W d ms, s, pcs, d cs, smd s g d s mg g dc by mkg m gs py dsg. T 1990s, , pd b dcd d c cfcs bds sg ss.6 I 1994 Rd, d ssd s gcdsc Hcs 800,000 pp by mdd js ms.7T N Ag ss Hcs smd g s s ddd y mg y sp d c m bgs mccg. I ps Cd W , s scy cm m cs-gy m cfcs pg m mpss d ps gms cmmd mss cs pp.8 I dd, mb -cmbs dyg s 9:1 -cmbs cmbs.9 Wkg s cms gs my k pc 1990s, m Rd Sbc, d m H Ks, s d g Ud N dd k pc sm css, smg m dd b d dssy mg , N Ag. 10

T pbm dd sm b ck cg Ud Ns -m gs, b m ck d sc s dd k pc bds sg s. I Spmb 1999, Ud Ns Scy GK A cgd ss c m cgd Wspd bs s sgy d m .11 Fm pcpdbs Ud Ns, d cgm by Ud Ns ScyG, cm b Cd k s Rspsby Pc.12Fdd by Gm Cd, p ds, I Cmmss I d S Sgy s cd Sp-mb 14, 2000 by Cd Fg Ms Lyd Axy.13 W y, cm-

5 G Es d Mmd S, Te Responsibility to Protect(O: I Dpm Rsc C,2001), 6.

6 Ax J Bmy d Ncs W, Hm I Wd Pcs, Te Globalization o World Politics,

by J Bys, S Sm, d Pc Os, 4 d. (Oxd: Oxd Usy Pss, 2008), 528.7 Rms Tk, Te United Nations, Peace and Security (Cmbdg: Cmbdg Usy Pss, 2006), 244.

8 G Es, T Rspsby Pc: A Id Ws m Hs Cm...d G? International Relations 22, . 3(2008): 285, p://.sgpb.cm (ccssd Jy 8, 2010).


10 G Es d Mmd S, T Rspsby Pc, Foreign Afairs 81, . 6 (Nmb-Dcmb2002): 100.

11 Rms Tk, Te United Nations, Peace and Security (Cmbdg: Cmbdg Usy Pss, 2006), 246.

12 Tk d Wss, 28.

13 G Es d Mmd S, Te Responsibility to Protect, 81.


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mss pdcd p d T Rspsby Pc, sg gdsd dg sgy b pc y ss bds, b sczs s .

State Motivations for R2PSs spsby pc czs, d y d s, cmmy s spsby c gcd, cms,c csg, d cms gs my k pc.14 Ts sm cms dcym I Cmmss I d S Sgy cmmssp, b qs ms s y ss d pps d g sc m.Tg my sc, I cm p pssb ss; y m, s, d c. T s, m s s dsc cy p pp cy bcs y m s q ; s

cys czs m ss s. Ts bsc pcp csmp s cms m K d s b ss cg ms cg-c mp cg ds cmm mxm. F s s, s ss s pscb s Rspsby Pc. R2Pdmss ss d d d c b pp s gb pp,d ds s, d pcsc s m gs.15

T scd m s Rs b s y ms sm mpc dmsc d s s fs. Cs y p m bgs sfg bd y k by dg m, y g

smg . T g cd b pc, ms sbsg g-m d s, cmc, sc s cqg scs. E y, cy y pc m gs bd c ssy smm s s d. I sbsg R2P, ss c ssy s d ps dg pp.16

Tdy, s d p g c bd s scds cby. By g y, cs c spd ss myby sg dpmc mss pss sg s sp c s ppsd sg csy my c. Ts d d s R2P

ss ss s mpss dc ps p, sppsd . Spdg my smg gms czs

14 Ibd., XI.

15 Bmy d W, 526.

16 Ibd.


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Rebecca Wertman

s d smg -b, m d sg s b y d spcc cds.

Why Canada?

K A cgd d c m m dCd spdd cg c d dg ICmmss I d S Sgy. As mdd p, Cd s dg ps ds c s c s pckpg sysm. Accdg D. Rms Tk, Pss Pc Scc Usy W d cmmss ICISS, Cd k dg bcs m pcs b gm m.24 Tscdd yg Ky pc, bg dms, pssg ss c I Cm C, d sppg Ud Ns p

spcs Iq.25 I dd, D. Tk sd Cd Fg Ms LydAxy s cd ds sc msm d kg df cs cmmy, s s s c O P-css sy dpmcy. W Axy dg y, Cd md m ss pckpg cy kd -gm gzs dgms k dm cmmss d c ICm C. T, Cd g k d spdg A d sb-sg ICISS.

T ICISS, dd pmy by Cd, s m cc mmbs

psmc cmms m d d. I f b m m sds db, m N S d Es Ws, I- Cmmss I d S Sgy cdd 12 cmmsss s ds, G Es d Mmd S bg m As d Agspcy. Mgs k pc cs d ms mj cps cd pspcs d c d cs p.26 W gs b-c, c, dpdc, cmpsss, ss, d pc sm md, ICISS kd md sy csd -y

24 Rms Tk, by , Usy W, Jy 13, 2010.

25 J C, CBC Ns, p://.cbc.c/cd/sy/2009/07/13/-j-c.m (ccssd Ags 31, 2010).

26 Rms Tk, T Ud Ns, Pc d Scy (Cmbdg: Cmbdg Usy Pss, 2006), 247.


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dd spd As cg.27 T cmmss sccdd d cmpd pjc dd d psd dgs 2005 Wd Smm.

Explanation of the Responsibility to Protect

Redefning and RenamingO gs cgs I Cmmss I d

S Sgy d dpg Rspsby Pc s dg mssd d mspd xpsss. T s s d d sgy:s Wsp sysm b cgg mg. W gbz, sdmsg pysc bds ss, mg gbz s d, cmmc, d m cy .28 N cy s sd s ym, ccdg Tk.29 T ds sgy mg gs bds cy c y cy

s g .30 T ICISS cmmss p, , ds sgy b d spsby. Fs, sgy xy ms cy ms spc s-gy ss, d scd, sgy y ms spcg gs pp cys bds.31 W s d sgy md, cmmss c jsy s s m d ccp spsby s s pp. Sgy, , ms pcg -m bgs, s spsby pc, s y bds, d y cy s d s c cmmy .32

T scd cg gg I Cmmss I d

S Sgy kd s sppg y m d m - d mg ds pc c m bgs. T d, ccdg ICISS p, mps d c, d s sgy.33 R2P, k m , mpszs d p-

mss d dms kd mss cs m .I dd, Rspsby Pc cds spsby bdg f ccs.34 R2P ks sss m pspc s

27 Rms Tk, T Ud Ns, Pc d Scy (Cmbdg: Cmbdg Usy Pss, 2006), 248-250.28 Ay McG, Gbz d Gb Pcs, T Gbz Wd Pcs, by J Bys, S Sm,d Pc Os, 4 d. (1997; p., Oxd: Oxd Usy Pss, 2008), 17.

29 Rms Tk, T Ud Ns, Pc d Scy (Cmbdg: Cmbdg Usy Pss, 2006), 255.

30 Ay McG, Gbz d Gb Pcs, T Gbz Wd Pcs, by J Bys, S Sm,d Pc Os, 4 d. (1997; p., Oxd: Oxd Usy Pss, 2008), 23.

31 Ibd., 102.

32 Ibd., VIII.

33 Ibd., 16.

34 Ibd., 39.


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cd, ss kg p ss. By cgg mg sgy d pmg R2P s m m , Rspsby Pc s m p ppg s d.

Te Responsibility to Prevent

W I Cmmss I d S Sgy mp-ss Rspsby Pc bg b pg, spdg, d bdg css gcd, cms, c csg, d cms gs my bcms d ss m s p cc m - cmmy d p ss. T ss p,d dy pg p d, s mg p sps -gm gzs. T ICISS p dfs dy p by

cmmy b spsby ddss css d dccss cc d mmd css p pps sk.35 I Cmmss I d S Sgy cmmssG Es, mpszs mpc p spc R2P, Isb pg m ccg fs pc . . . Is b cm spss.36 T bs scs g Ud Ns cy I- Css Gp, Gb C R2P, d Wd Fds Mm R2P.37 N-gm gzs xps kg c, m g, dsg, d gz cms gg

cmmy.38

N-gm gzs , , mp sccss p sd Rspsby Pc.

Te Responsibility to React

W d -gm gzs xss mp p sg s, y md by c dy sb-sd ccs. I cc ds m qms gm gz-s, sc s Ud Ns, d dd cs, d spcfccds dscbd Rspsby Pc p. I, ms Rspsby Pc, s spsby spd ss cmpg

m d ppp mss. Ts mss c cd cc msssc s scs, psc, d xm css, my .39

35 Ibd., XI.

36 Rd Mc Cmc, Impc spsby pc s cc, T Is ms (Db), Nm-b 22, 2008 (ccssd Jy 10, 2010).

37 Es d S, 20.

38 Rms Tk, by , Usy W, Jy 13, 2010.

39 Es d S, XI.


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Sm Js W Ty ds mb qms , s dsR2P d spcc scs c k pc m mgs. T s s js cs sd c ss cc ms b c ppdd g-sc ss . Ts g-sc ss

c b gcd ( ) d my cm m db s cs, sgc, by c, m d s.40 T cmp js cssd jss g sc c csg ss (g, c ppdd) by kg, cd xps, cs , p cms. I,, d Rspsby Pc c k pc b s sdy bg d s b p mss kg c csg .

T pcy pcps xp jscs my , ms cs cmp Rspsby Pc. Rg I ss

ds ms b pmy m sg d m- ps, d ms b spp cmg m cms.My c y k pc c cc mss, sc s cmcscs d pc psss, b xsd. My s s ysd s s s d cfc d m c cms. My ms b mmm sc, d, d sy s xpd by PpMs. Fy, Rsb Pspcs cms d ss sccss ms b kyd csqcs c ss s c.41 Ts cds, xmy spcc, m mk sc my c b jsb,

ss d y s Rspsby Pc m s c mp-sc s dss.

T pc Rspsby Rc, Rg Ay, sbss m d pp z my . T I Cmms-s I d S Sgy bs y sbsm -y z my m m pc s UdNs Scy Cc, d Es ss , T Scy Cc s dd.42 T Ud Ns Scy Cc s cs spsby dc cc, d ms c qcky p Rspsby Pc s ss. T p, bs cc Scy Ccbg sd sc p, s g cmmss p s I- Cmmss I d S Sgy cmmd Ud NsScy Cc g ppy p Rspsby Pc s-

40 Ibd. XII.

41 Ibd. XII.

42 Sc Mcms, W I, N Yk ms (N Yk), Dcmb 14, 2008 (ccssd Jy 11, 2010).


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s.43 T cmmsss s cgzd sc m k m d y mc g, s y cd sm bckp p cs Ud NsScy Cc ds mp m css. I Scy Cc s c sd b cs s Rspsby Pc m , Ud Ns G Assmby k p G Assmby Spc Sssd Ug Pc Pcd Ud Ns C. Ad, G Assmby s c p spsby c, c jsdc by g sb-g gz s jsb. T ICmmss I d S Sgy s, , UdNs Scy Cc ds c d spd R2P s, cd-by Ud Ns d s.44

Te Responsibility to Rebuild

T d pc Rspsby Pc, Rspsby Rbd, gs -gm gzs kg ss. Rbdg ms c cfc ds s d ms sy s css css cs xs, pc s db, d gd gc d ss-b dpm s kg pc.45 Ts d pc R2P mks s g b scy d jsc mmbs s.46 N-g-m gzs dy dpd jsc pckg, c ccdg I Cmmss I d S Sgy d b pc y g gs R2P. Ts jsc pckgs cd sdd md p

cd, c ss pc ms d s cs d pp cmmg cms.47 Ts spc Rspsby Pc, Rspsby Rbd, s mp m s ms s cfc s smsy sgyg -mpsc , d py m- d gs Rspsby Pc.

Controversies Surrounding R2P

Te Problem of State Sovereignty

Accdg Rms Tk d Tms Wss, mmbs ICISS, ccs

R2P g m s m bcm sm bs by msp s y g p xcs d

43 Es d S, XII.

44 Ibd., XIII.

45 Ibd., 39.

46 Ibd., 40.

47 Ibd., 42.


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c.48 T c pc c ss cs m d gyg cy cys bds, m- ppss m s s .49 Udsdby, ssy b sc mpsc g ps d ,

spcy my c, d s ss sgy. W ms , ccdg Tk, g p ss ys b k gp ss d sm s ds, y c, d sc R2P.50 E g s m ppss mg bd m s, s bckgd ds ds b csdd s g. As g s ss g spcc d s R2P, ds cy pc css sd m. Ts bg sd, c gpsgd ms g jsc y ds d, d cy ms m s-g d mpd p c g cs .

A sg p sgy d d jsd my -, s c ccc scs qg sc c. Tk md p ccss qg my pbby y cc c pdcd. D, sd dg ps , s pm xmp R2P s-, Ud Ns d spsby c b cg m-y c js dd k. Tk mpszs sm scs, myc my d m m gd, d s dcy s sb pspcsp R2P.51 Uy, ss my csg d s sgy sms b c R2P dbs Ud Ns,

s d ky .

A Trojan Horse for Great Powers

O gs s b Rspsby Pc ss psmp- ss s m s xcs py -ss. Ady, b mps sg m s s. Rss d-sd s R2P s jsc Gg, cmg gcd skg pc d s d pc g s. T Ud Ns,, d cs d d s s ppp s m.

T scd mp s R2P cm m Fc d s s R2P My-m, Bm g Cyc Ngs. W cyc f 138,000 dd, 1.5 mdspcd, d my gm d ccp d, s cs dd cmpy

48 Rms Tk d Tms Wss, R2P: Fm Id Nm--d Ac? Gb Rspsby Pc 1 (2009): 40.

49 Ay McG, Gbz d Gb Pcs, T Gbz Wd Pcs, by J Bys, S Sm,d Pc Os, 4 d. (1997; p., Oxd: Oxd Usy Pss, 2008), 23.

50 Rms Tk, by , Usy W, Jy 13, 2010.

51 Ibd.


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sc R2P.52 T gm Bm d mgzs cy, d Fc dsd ps g pdd sg R2P m s bss, s css s s gcd, cms, c csg, cms gs my.53 Tk gs by -mpg s R2P, s cs d m d sd s, dd, p-. Tk ss by syg m ds ppy, cs ppdbcs y jsy s xsc.54 I ccd Gg d Mym m d bcm j Hs, c p, g cs.55Ts css, cy kd R2P, sgd m by

jsyg c cc.Tms Wss gs Tk s c d, Mspsg R2P d

Adcg Nms: A A Sp? I s c Wss xps cs,Nm Csd Ty, ms dcd g msps,by spccy csdg R2P.56 H ks Gg d Cyc Ngs css s s Ud Ss mp jsy s Iq R2P ps spcs. Wss gs c s d mps k Rspsby Pc s sgd m by g s dd pg s gmcy sysm. H xps , B ppcd msppc c d yc s ms dcm.57 Wssgs sy , T mss R2P gg, d spcy c pss,sggs pdx: s m s b d m bdy ccpd s bd.58Accdg Wss, , Rspsby Pc m s ss s ysgs dpm d R2P s d d ds d m, k sm m R2P bcms sdd sysm s.59

Te Value of a Human Life

O qms d bsc ccps R2P d csmp s -m gs g d d. I d Rspsby Pc b y p-, cs d d c s czs s cmm my.T d s c s cmm my, s K dscbs, bcms y

52 Ax J Bmy, T Rspsby Pc: F Ys O, Ecs d I Afs 24, . 2 (Smm 2010): 4.

53 Cyc Ngs d Rspsby Pc (Bgkk: As-Pcc C Rspsby Pc, 2008), 8.

54 Tk

55 Bmy, 5.

56 Tms G Wss, Mspsg R2P d Adcg Nms: A A Sp? I Sds Pspcs11, . 4 (Nmb 2010): 355.

57 Tms G Wss, Mspsg R2P d Adcg Nms: A A Sp? I Sds Pspcs11, . 4 (Nmb 2010): 369.

58 Ibd.

59 Ibd., 370.


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m k q . E s csmp my s cd, d skg y s sm k y sms kb. Dyg ssm s d b d g sm y k, b mg dyg sm- y m, m y y cc s y my. Ts d

cs mc db R2Ps spsby c my . Ss,ccdg sm Rss, c sd bd czs, d c sk s sds s sgs.60 I c d sysm, sms s g s c dds m s. Ts pc-sc s m gs Rspsby Pc cy bpps b skg s s czs s pp bd. FR2P y k, gms d czs k d ccp cmm my, K csmp s, pp d, s -y cy , d s d skg s g

gd d pc d qy.

Terrorism vs. R2P

T pbsg ICISS p k pc Spmb 14, 2001, js dys ddy Spmb 11, 2001 cks Amc s d scy. Ws cks g pcy Bs Adms sd m mm g pcy d cs cmc ss, Hm , Mc, Us ss Tm pcy.61 T s s cs s Amc pp, d m bcm ss d d, b spcfcy s Mdd

Es. T bd mg p m 1990s mpss m gs s ps, s c cs bcm fgg sm, spcy by Ud Ss. W Ud Ss s cy csd W d spp g g cpcy fg , g ps Iq dAgs, d sg my R2P smsy, smd mps-sb. Ccs Rspsby Pc g bss my sd cm m Ud Ns y d Ud Ss cpcy, spb. T Ud Ns s gb mmbsp Ud Ss

60 Ax J Bmy d Ncs W, Hm I Wd Pcs, T Gbz Wd P-cs, by J Bys, S Sm, d Pc Os, 4 d. (Oxd: Oxd Usy Pss, 2008), 257.

61 Lmy


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s gb c d p, d d Ud Ss, d gR2P bg y p sms ky.62

Te Future of the Responsibility to Protect

Current UsesA Ud Ns d msy cg R2P 2005, d

b m d b p m d s s d b s g d ms m css. Sm d g R2P s b p s, s s . Ts bs R2P sy Ky s pm xmp Rspsby Pc c s p pcss k pc.63 Vc pd kg 1,000 pp dspd cs 2008.64 Accdg Edd Lck, Spc Rps Ud NsScy G Rspsby Pc, s c s y -sc

c csg, b cd pd s. K A d cs s, Gssd sysmc m gs bss czs, c pmd cmmy k c. K As dsp Ac U mdd mmdd m Acs d bg p-sg s css.65 By Ud Ns dcdg ppy R2P c d cs s g, dg p c csg k pc, d sds Kys sd.66

Cy, s -gm gzs mg cm-my Kygyzs bg p fsp, d s -gm g-

zs cg cfc s , Ocsd, gd, d pd c.I Kygyzs s pc s pp bcm spsby cmmy d s.67 I s s g c m m gs k pc b R2P, b s m p Rspsby Pc b mk s c s sbjc c gs ss. W R2P, s , c g d s s s-

62 Tms G Wss, T Ss Hm I? T Rspsby Pc Up E, Scy

Dg 35, . 2 (J 2004): 141.63 Ax J Bmy, T Rspsby Pc: F Ys O, Ecs d I As 24, . 2 (Smm 2010): 6.

64 Css Ky, T Rspsby Pc, ccssd My 8, 2011, p://.spsbypc.g/dx.pp/css/css--ky.

65 Css Ky, T Rspsby Pc, ccssd My 8, 2011, p://.spsbypc.g/dx.pp/css/css--ky.

66 Ry Sz d Db Ams, Amc Abd, T Rspsby Pc, Pbc Rd I, Mc 7,2009, PRI Pbc R I, ccssd Mc 8, 2011, p://.p.g/d/gb-spsby--pc.m.

67 Ad Bg, Kygyzs: Dcs Ac Ndd R Vc, Hm Rgs Wc, J 13, 2010, p://..g//s/2010/06/13/kygyzs-dcs-c-dd--c (ccssd Jy 8, 2010).


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gy ys b k m ppss d spcc cds R2P.68

Predictions for the Norm

Igm gzs, gms, -gm gzs,d dds k c s Rspsby Pc s y p-cg m gs. As dg cy c I Cm-mss I d S Sgy d Rspsby Pc, Cd c py ky p mkg s R2P ms UdNs db d s g d sg. Accdg Tk, Cd sp mc my d c ICISS d R2P bcm g ss.69 N-gm gzs c c cmmy by pyg mp p mg p

sps. Ts -gm gzs s b spsb mg Ud Ns sc sps p ss s mp s c m bgs. Gms k cgz R2P d c m-y gcd, cms, c csg, d cms gs my k pc.W Ud Ns Scy Cc z, s dd gms c p d s sgy d by R2P, d sym ppss. Fy, g cs s css, -g-m gzs g s bdg s d sg css cc.

T Rspsby Pc s c s cmps, gmgzs, ss, d -gm gzs, kg g c cmm g. T dd pp d d, , ms dd b f g. Idds sd b pcd mg s cs by pss gms s m .T dd, ypc cz y g cy, ds ccss m b Rspsby Pc d d s. Cy, m b dds, d s sp m, s mm d cmpx. Sds dscs I Rs dsd bss sc m, b

xp d ss g bsd y m gs pcps smsppss md dcd d. T md, xc sc -m, s sc d pys ms cs pcs c ms -s. R2P, cs d I Rs d m s

68 Rms Tk, by , Usy W, Jy 13, 2010.

69 Rms Tk, by , Usy W, Jy 13, 2010.


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smg s, sms m cmpd ss , bdsd, d cs Rspsby Pc ms m.

U m pc bcms -pc s, cg dsb-g ds Rspsby Pc ss dds, d G Esxps m s cg c s m ss dcg sds pc.70 T m pp d pm ds m -s s, g R2P ccpc d s bcm. T ds g sk m gs, gdss ms g dss sgy, bcm cmm pcc. As s ps cm s R2P Ky, d ds c cgz mpm Rsp-sby Pc c d ds y c ps cg. W s dbs cc , sm dscsss ms s k pc dd s d N Ag, y bcms y. Oc s ds cc, cs Rspsby Pc bcm m cmm, b sm m, pyss d m s.

T ds Rspsby Pc dsc y cg Wsp d bs s sgy dg bck 1600s. R2P ms cg s c d ccp sgy, d s m b m-s ppc s. N m b-g sd gm bd m bcs cy, c, c bs, ds, b s ds pp, y sd k Ud Ns d s cmmy d b pcm. W c fd m k s b g Hcs, Rd, D s b. Fgg R2P d s b sdg mssg d ss d Ud Ns k d p m gs p s ps d d s mk Ud Ns xmyk gz ys msss. T s y gms, sm ps,mdd ps, d g ps k, d , d cm g Ud N-s d c p m sgy s b bds b s spsby, spsby pc.

70 G Es, T Rspsby Pc: A Id Ws m Hs Cm...d G? I Rs 22, .3 (2008): pg #s, p://.sgpb.cm (ccssd Jy 8, 2010).


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imothy McNally is a Senior majoring International Relations

IntroductionAn eergng rend n e un rgs ndspe e Mdde Es s e esbs-

en Nn Hun Rgs Insuns, genes nn gvernens skedw prng un rgs nd nvesgng reprs buse. Te prern ese nsuns represens new dren r un rgs dv nd sfs respn-sb r un rgs r nn-gvernen rgnzns (NGOs) gvernenseseves. Sne 1990, en gvernens n e regn ve reed r re n e press esbsng Nn Hun Rgs Insuns (NHRIs), ve s e pen

An emerging trend in the human rights landscape o the Middle East is the estab-lishment o National Human Rights Institutions, agencies o national governmentstasked with promoting human rights and investigating reports o abuse. Te proliera-tion o these institutions represents a new direction or human rights advocacy andshis responsibility or the human rights agenda rom non-governmental organiza-

tions (NGOs) to governments themselves. Since the development o these institutionsbegan in earnest in the 1990s, researchers have only begun to examine their impacton the status o human rights in the Middle East. Te aim o this paper is to ofer acritical look at the record o one particular NHRI (the Egyptian National Councilor Human Rights) in promoting rights in the region, ofering its example as a casestudy to demonstrate the inability o NHRIs to initiate transormative change. Teunortunate truth is that the Egyptian National Human Rights Council and similarNHRIs cannot efectively advocate or rights promotion in the Middle East. NGOs inthe region must stand in the gap and prevent governments in the region rom violat-

ing rights with impunity. Tis paper was researched beore the events o the January25 Egyptian Revolution, and initially concluded that legal obstacles and intererencerom state security services impeded the work o Egyptian NGOs. As the revolutionhas resulted in the dismantling o the Egyptian state security service, there is an opportunity or the development o an organic and invigorated rights agenda, withNGOs taking the lead in rights promotion.

Agents of Change:Te State and Global Civil Society in the Preservation

o Human Rights in Egypt MN


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Timothy McNally

pdy c ss m gs g.1 Sc dpm s ss bg s 1990s, scs y bg xm mpc ss m gs Mdd Es.2 T m s pp s cc k cd pc NHRI ( Egyp N Cc Hm Rgs) pmg gs g, sg xmp s NHRI s cs sdy dms by NHRIs mc p smcg. Ts pp s xm mpc Egyps Jy 25 dmpcs NGOs kg cy.

W sm my b mpd ps ss g sb-sg s gcs, y s Egyp N Hm Rgs Cc dsm N Hm Rgs Iss c cy dc gs pm- Mdd Es by qg -gm gzs sd gp d p gms g m g gs cs-qcs; , k -gm gzs s s mpdd by gbscs d c m s scy scs. B css EgypsN Hm Rgs Cc ( s Mdd Es d sbsd 2003) c b ssssd, ms b dd ps s m gs g dm Egyps NHRI s ppp cs sdy g.

Te Current Status of Human Rights in the Middle EastI ys gb m gs cmmy, Mdd Es s sm

ms pc s m gs. W sm pgss s b md gds

m gs mpm, gms g y dms y cpb sgdg m gs czs, sb-sm NHRIs. C gms cg b s csd p d d psss gbz d dmcz, cg pcsm cc d ppss c gd csm. My scs yzd g d s mbc ( ck ) m gs, b dm css ps s m gs g? Ag my cbg cs s pdcm, css Ws pcs, ps-c gms, ck g ssm sm spcs

m gs p (spccy ms gs) d dpdcy Ws g-

1 T s NHRIs bg s y 1990s, ccdg UNHCRs 2009 sy NHRIs (T Ud N-s Ofc Hg Cmmss Hm Rgs. Sy N Hm Rgs Iss. G: UNHCR,2009. P). Accdg sy, Amc ss s sbs NHRIs, d by Ac d As s md 1990s.

2 Cds d Fbb s ccd g NHRIs Mdd Es 2005 c T Mdd Es J- (Cds, S d Fbb, Ad N Hm Rgs Iss Mdd Es. T Mdd Es J.59, 3 (2005): 411-436).


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Timothy McNally

m gs pm d dm bz ds. As s sy gms g,

While Middle East republics such as Egypt, Yemen, Sudan, Algeria, and Syria have

a presidential system, judiciary, and some variety of consultative body all institutions

that would advance liberalization the status quo has barely changed. This is because

republics enjoy less legitimacy, and base their rule on military coercion. Having achieved

power via coups, republics maintain political control through an oppressive one-party

system. Further, although elections are prevalent in many republics, participation is com-

pulsory, and candidates are considerably limited and/or restricted in their bid for ofce.

In some republics, civil society organizations are prohibited. Regime legitimacy is based

primarily on its ability to provide for the public good and establish security. However, a

majority of republics have historically failed on these counts.4

As spcd, pbcs sg gs d md c p-cds scd y m gs pm d dmcz. Pgss s sc-cd s gms xps s-pm d ps. Bcs sgms bd p g my cps d gm s, - ds sm pccpd mg ss q d cmg gp s xps -bg czs. Fd, sg pybg, cdd md d scs ssmby d pc gzsdm cs, y ssb dcs pgss ds dmccy.Lds s pbcs s cc s scy pps m gp p d ms sppss sc ccs, s sk g s d dmds gm cg. W sm s gmcy css pg pbcs Mdd Es, s c pgss m gs c b cd sd mcs g.

Rsc E B s xpd gms d csd s cc scy pps c pcy gs. S gs Spks, Sy dCs ss s scy cmpxs mpd pgss dmcz dm gs pm.

T sg, cc, d fcss ss cc pps ds-gs mg css sccss , y , d ccc. Tsm mg b sd dmcc s. Dmcc s c b cd sccssy y ss cc pps cks cpcy cs .

4 Spks, B. dd, Sy, Em d C, B, T Ss Dmccy d Hm Rgs Mdd Es: DsRgm yp Mk Dfc? Democratization, 15: 2 (2008): 321-341.


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Agents of Change

W cc pps ms c d ppsd pc m, dmccs cc5

B s cgs sd y dmcc s yss c cc sysms pc scs. Ts scy pps

sz c gg gms d s ccs ppss, sppssd psc m p d sc dss. As g s Mdd Es gms pppd p by cmps d p scy pps, s dmccy s qs. Hm gs sy pgss g bz(cmd by Spks, Sy d Cs yss), s s pds dc p m gs dccy g. Bs sdy mks c dmccy,bz d m gs pm mk mj dcs sd m s dpd sd-d s scy cmpx.

O Jy 25 pp Egyp d csm d cd g dys

pss sd Hs Mbks sg s Psd f y ys smgy dmb . Pss Egyp pd k s Ps-d B As sg d s spd cs css Ab d cdgB d Lby.6 I Egyp, d ccy s md pssb bcs pp g d Hs Mbk (spcy k sccss bys). Asd m mbdd ppc, Egyp mys y dpdd ps pc ms s xpd by -gm pss, cd mg my sdg pp. T mys sbsq s pc Mbks gm pd y cps s gm. Umy,

b pp d sd-d scy scs ( s cs d mys pc dpdc) cd pc sm cds d d sm Egyp.

As g s gm s cpb mpsg s by c, s md p dmcc m, Egyps sccss sy sdg.I d pcd, ps ss scy pps ms gs gg gm d spp pc m. Pp psg mg d ps g m gs cg, b s g s scy scs p ym p pp s c ms.

Byd pc csds, c d gs csds ms b k cc. Fms mg s ccs s pcd dscpcy b Ws d Mdd Es m. Hscy, Msm ss c-

5 Bellin, Eva The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective, Com-parative Politics, 36: 2 (2004): 139-157.

6 Egyp Bg. A Jz Egs. Wb. 12 Ap 2011. .


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Timothy McNally

bd s ky m gs dcms, s ssd by Ss Wz c,Us Hm Rgs d Cb Msm Ss. Wz dscbs 1940s dg pcss d m gs dcms k Ud NsDc Hm Rgs, cgzg Msm ss cbs sdcms sp pg pc d sc cds:

T c s ss, cdg Iq, Mcc, d Lby, s s Pkscs pc m UN dgs s spks cm b

s, d mg y sg c d pjc. E s Ab scsm k d spd g Mdd Es, Ab d Msm dgs cd cm b s.7

Wz dbks my Msm d Ab ss dd pcp d-g m gs gms d s scss pgss y dgsm s g . Rgby, pmsm d pgss sm 1940ss ydd sgy d y ps sxy ys. Ts y pss ss cgs mpm ms gs Mdd Es.

J Ay, pss Pd Usy, ps dk pc cs ms gs g c, T Hm Rgs Mdd Esd Msm Wm: A Pjc 21s Cy. S ms , g Isms mms dd d s sms SU sd cs md m.8 Ays yss, c ps cs cmmd gs m dg ccs Bs, Ksd Ags, ds mk g s bk s, b s p g ms gs css c sp p cg dc py cg ss q. T 1990s, dcd s b ms gs bss,s ssd

T p d g ms scsp Msm m y fds, sc s Apgy, Hsy, Scgy, Pc Scc, dL. A sm m, g gsss s, mb ss bsd m, s, d ms cs b sbsd g. II, Is, ky, Egyp, d Jd, cs m d ccs, d pbcdmss.9

I mds cs, gm ppss, p d mpd ccsg, sm gps Msm m d cg spk d c-

7 Wz, Ss E, Us Hm Rgs: T Cb Msm Ss, Human Rights Quarterly 26: 4 (2004):799-844.

8 Ay, J. T Hm Rgs Mdd Es d Msm Wm: A Pjc 21s Cy, Human RightsQuarterly 26: 1 (2004): 106-125.

9 Ibd.


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Agents of Change

, bgg m Mdd Es scs gcg-dg cdmc sc d d-sd, --s csm. Ts ssccdd bgg b sm m b m m 21scy, b mc k ms b d d c d q gs

m Mdd Es.

Dual Dependencies

A dm ss bg spd m gs g sm gs dpdcy, c pss cg b g m gsgzs d m gs ss. Nd Mdd Es sc AbdA Amd Nm s cd ccp m gs dpdcy s sm-bg bck gc dpm m gs gzs Mdd Esd Ac s c Hm Rgs Ab Wd: A Rg Pspc. Nm

dd gs dpdcy s c g d m gsgzs Ws c d pc spp, d md Wsc ( m c d pc pss) s dd, -d, gs Mdd Es m gs gzs.10 W Ws -m bgs mc-dd c spp g NGOs d ss ss gs sss, c s b gcy dpg -gmgzs gmcy d pc dpdc. Hm gs dpdcys spcy pcs pbm Mdd Es g bcs sgm ccmps y pbc pcp Ws mddg. T Mdd Es pbc s

y ssc b c gzs d mgd csm Ws gd, d s y ssc Ws gzs cd mss d pgss m gs dccy gps.11 Gms g k xp s s d g c NGOs ccsm, bgs m gs gzs s gs Ws mps ps. Nm s s c gms g b mpd k c NGOsby dyg css ps d mpg pc cm pjc sgzs y b g. Byd mp pbc pcp,gms s b k s s mds sc ccs. Ld-

10 Nm, Abd A Amd, Hm Rgs Ab Wd: A Rg Pspc, Human Rights Quarterly, 23: 3(2001): 701-732.

11 T ppsy Mdd Es c ds csp kg my b sm bm ps Ws gd g, bgs sm Ws-fd m gs gzs d g scyd mks m sy gs gm ccsm. Zs d Jsp sg yss s p cmpx c J Pc Psycgy (M, Cg, d Jsp Zs. Cspcy Tkg Mdd Es.Political Psychology. 15.3 (1994): 443-459).


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Timothy McNally

g mmbs NGOs Mdd Es b jd, dpd, dsppdd myss ccmscs.12

Acks c NGOs pcy bg bcs m gs scs(cdg Nm) ss c -gm gzs bs dcs cg spc cs, d c c bjcs d Ws-g gzs c bcs dp kdg dbd c ccs. I s c NGOs cmpmsd bcs c pcd dpdc Ws gzs gm c,gs pm gss. Hm gs dpdcy cs pbc p-cp Ws c Mdd Es sss, c c cpp gds c -gm gzs bcs s kgs b Ws -m d s ms mpsm.

NHRIs g my ps y d dpdcy pbm. NHRIs b my gdd s g pps Ws g-ms d gzs k UN sd ds cypm m gs. I dmk sdy s ss Mdd Es,S Cds d Ad Fbb d , xsc s ss pdx-c [s] ss cg m pcp s m gs yg dmsc cx.13 Ts pss ms cc NHRIs d cs qs gmcy. I c NGOs c gmcy css bcs dp-dcy Ws gzs, m gs ss Mdd Esc gmcy css bcs dpdc y gms gs y cd dd. Ts my b g mgs ss s g m mss ppgd, b Cds d Fb-b ss cgd by sy NHRIs g. Ty ccdd p sm ps ccs , mmm, [ mgs ss Mdd Es] c cfg dscs d s d scy c dfg m gs gd. Ud bs c-cmscs, y my cb pcss dmcz d pc m gs g.14 Ts s sm ms p NHRIs c sccd dcg gs sppg gms, b y Egyps N

12 Nm ccs sckg g gs bss dcd NGOs cs Mdd Es (Nm, Abd A Amd, H-m Rgs Ab Wd: A Rg Pspc, Human Rights Quarterly, 23: 3 (2001): 701-732.).

13 Cardenas, Sonia and Flibbert, Andrew National Human Rights Institutions in the Middle East, The Middle East Journal,59:3 (2005): 411-436.

14 Ibd.


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Agents of Change

Cc Hm Rgs dms (b md) cdc Cds dFbb pcd NHRIs g y my b md c mgs bss ppss gms, m gs ss mpcd g psy.

Egypt as a Case StudyI g b gdg m gs Mdd Es, p-

ypc s sdy m gs ccs c b dd. b ps g, sc s d d s cssds Ws c dg p, sy dd xps s scypps. Addy, s d d sbsd NHRI d mgg -k c NGOs s by dq pg gs sss. Egyps d s pd cs sdy css m gs dccy

g. I s sg g p, m b pm c IsmcSds (A-Az Usy) d Ab Lg. Egyp s ss dpy d Ws, s s f-gs cp g d m Ud Ss (f Is-, Pks, Ags d Iq).15 W Egyp s ssby cs pbc gy scdd cs, -dcd g psd-d-dcHs Mbk ( y ssmd psdcy f ssss A-Sd) sd dspd cp d f Egyp cs sysm s bjc dsp. F y ys, pbc spp Mbks s md sssc Egyps s scy pps, c mpyd

y 500,000 pp (m 0.6 pc pp Egyp) css g gcs sbjc m Mbk Adms.16

Af Jy 25 , m my gg cc dsmd Egyp S Scy Scs.17 Ts s xdy dpm -m gs dscp Egyp, s s gcy s spsb g mb bsd css c ys. T dsmg s s d Mbk gm s pd y s dmcc gc Egyp,dcd by ss cys Mc 19 cs dm c 77pc s dsd mdms d bg cy cs sp-

d cg dmcc s. M 40 pc gb s pcpd s dm, 30 pc cs m ps (dpy d) cs d

15 Sp, Jmy. U.S. Cgss Rc Sc. Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations. Wsg, D.C.: CRS, 2009.P.

16 Lby Cgss. Egypt: A Country Study. Wsg, D.C.: LOC, 1990. C Nmb D46 .E32 1991.

17 Egyp S Scy Dsbdd.Al Jazeera English. A Jz, 15 Mc 2011. Wb. 16 M 2011. .


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Timothy McNally

d Mbks . I bsc c m s scy scs d d sp pmsm, Egyp NGOs sd b mbdd mk gsds m gs pm N Egyp ( sd c ps-Mbk gm). F sc d sdy s sbjc s cssy s Egypss m m dmcc s. Egyps N Cc Hm Rgs my d sm dg dpdc d cd bg p ms fc Egyp NGOs, cg cm cp d pg-ss m gs sss.

Egypts Past Climate of RepressionEgyp s g b d sg cdg m gs ccs, d

s b m by s NHRI. T m gs m Fdm Hs scdEgyp 5 d 6 7 p sc ( 7 s s ) pc d c bs,

d d s pm css bs gs pc css. FdmHs dsccgy yd c p-y Egyp s, cdmccy. T pc sysm s dsgd s sd mjs g NDP s gm [] cp ps s gm.18Ag Hs Mbks gm psd s d s dmccpbc, y gd s y df. A y gm -mpd m pc dms d sbsd sysm dsgd scMbks gp pc p. Wdspd cp dd y smbc s Egyp gm, d s cd dsssc

g p sy psd. Amsy I d dcy scy cs, pg d -m sysmc p-c ss, pss d SSI [S Scy] d cs. Impy cd ms pps, xcbd by pc g cms -s s s y dgd cmps.19 Isd pdg pc cms dsgg gs , s scy scs p dsmm sm dg pps d m gs bss d mpsc dd cms cmpy pss. T bysm bss scyscs, cmbd cmps, cd

mpssb s cms bss Egyp. D x c sbss pdd scy scs, Hs Mbks gm s cmpc gs bss s cmpy b p m. I cx s cmp

18 2010 Cy Rp: Egyp. Freedom House. 30 Jy 2010.

19 Hm Rgs Ab Rpbc Egyp: 2009 A Rp.Amnesty International.


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Agents of Change

by pc s czs, sbsm NHRI by Egyp g-m ppd b gb dkg 2003.

Te National Council for Human Rights

Ppsd by Exc bc d d by Pps Assmby (Egyps p-my bdy), N Cc Hm Rgs s sbsd ps-sg L 94 2003 pc, s s, s ss, ds bsc m gs. Hdd by Bs Bs-G, mScy-G Ud Ns, Cc mps s y mds gcy cdby pss gm cmpcy md c gs bss. Ccdg s pgp dg gs s ss Cc s dpdy pm s ds, cs d cs. Tsss dmss ds L 94 dsd pdxc md

Cc d sg ssg ccs Egyp pp d - cmmy s c ds. Byd bs qs pc dpdc, ccs dg gs dms s c d-pdc. O qm mpsd dg gs s dc Ccs cs b dpsd bk s d c C Bk Egyp, gm gcy dbdy sg ys Mbk gm.20W c my, gmcy cc ms b mmdy qs-d. Hm gs k s xps pcc, d ms gzs b-d spss. Bsd s c d , s c

Egyp N Cc Hm Rgs c c s dpd bs m gs s cmmd by Egyp gm, dm gd . Byd s gs ds, Ccs ck csm cc s s g byd s sssss s pmy gd -m gs Egyp.

T Ccs mj pbc cmmcs m ps psd Ccs bs. Ts ms czs ccss m Ccs k cy m 12 pc pp s I ccss, 30 pc d cy .21 Hscy, s ps d

m m gs bss d g g gs dsc bssmss. T Ccs ms c p by dd c gp b- fc pcs d d sps scy pz spc m gs d czsp d ccy pcd bm

20 Esbsm: L 94. Egyp N Cc Hm Rgs. N Cc Hm Rgs, 17 Fby2010.

21 Egyp Cy Rp. T CIA Wd Fcbk. U.S. C Igc Agcy. 7 Dcmb 2010.


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imothy McNally

s cd gms gg py scy csds s ppsd pbc dms, [d] gg py cmc g s ppsd sc jsc,b sppd s cczg gm gg ppg b -m gs s. T p cd xm gd cds mg pss d by scy pps Msy I, d d cmmys ps s sysmc pbm Egyp pss, b dscd my ms pm css dscm, cms c d y my b sd d ccss pss m sd s cm xps d -m.T sc ps bss ccdd m Ccs b Msy I s cc cpbs d ccy c c spc m gs pjdc scy ssgms.22 T Ccssggs msy d szd cd b cpb s-g s pcy s sg cms s bss d ms. W p s pppd cs Ccs dpdc, s pysc s m gs bss (spcy ) cd dg c g-ms c s g mpdd Ccs cs.

Sc , Ccs pbcs k spy cc , Egyp s md pg Ccs j sm Ab HmRgs Ogz, c bmd m Psd Mbk sg ds pss css cy ds scy scs dg g-dy.23 W dsmg s scy scs d dm spc d cdc d by m my gg cc, NCc Hm Rgs s cdb ppy dc gs Egyp pp s m sc s dg, ps by gm gcs k Msy I.24

Law 84 and Government Harassment of NGOs

I N Cc Hm Rgs s b cy dc mgs pm d pc psss, spsby m gs dccys bck -gm gzs. Sm ms c m gs

gzs Mdd Es (cdg Ab Nk Hm Rgs I-

22 T Sx A Rp N Cc Hm Rgs: 2009-2010. Te Egyptian National Council for Hu-man Rights.

23 Fm,Mm. Cmm Bms Mbk Pss Sg, Am Sys. Bmbg 23 M 2011, p://.bmbg.cm/s/2011-03-23/cmm-bms-mbk--pss-sg-m-sys.m.

24 Ts s sbjc mds sdy, b sgs sf N Ccs pcy q mm d dsc m s . As Egyp ss ccy, y m (d cs scdd J) m gm k.


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Agents of Change

m) dd Egyp b y md c ssm by Egypgm.

T N Cc Hm Rgs s ssby cmmd sppg cNGOs, d cs s 2009 p s s dc b s NGOs

sbjc by mss ssm by Egyp gm.H, ps m Hm Rgs Wc d ms dc x c k NGOs Egyp b cmpmsd by gmpcy, ms by L 84 (pssd js p sbsm Cc) ccs NGOs dk cmpx d bcc pcss d ssy cm-psy gs qms s by Msy Isc d Sc As. ys s pssg, Hm Rgs Wc ccd y NGOs ssss xpc d d d y s d sccssy gd gs pcss, f dd gps ppd gy g pcd-

gs gs s gm mss. T p d gs b gs NGOs b c bss my, p S Scy Isgs (SSI) b Msy I.25 T xp-c c NGOs d L 84 dmss y g psss sscy pps d mpc scy pcy s b d dmgcy sc 1981.

Egyptian NGOs: Progress Amid SetbacksI sp dcds ssm m scy cs d dzzg y g

dbcks, NGOs Egyp mgd c dcs fg pmm gs. gzs: Ab Nk Hm Rgs Im d Egyp Ogz Hm Rgs, dcmd css gs bss pd by N Cc Hm Rgs d sccssysg ss b Egyp d y.

T Ab Nk Hm Rgs Im s dk gs pg sss gd by gm d, dsp gm pss, s bckdd m s mss dssm cc d my m gs bss g d dc. I 2009-10, gz bg css

mpsd bggs c cmmy, gg g m cmmd by Fdm Hs, c dscbd ANHRI s dg dd dm xpss Ab d.26 P ,ANHRI, k my pm Egyp m gs gzs, s g

25 Egyp: Mss Rpss. Human Rights Watch. 3 Jy 2005. Wb.

26 McGuire, Mary. Some in Egyptian Government Call for Use of Violence Against Peaceful Protesters.Freedom House.Freedom House, 20 April 2010. Web. 5 Dec 2010. .


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imothy McNally

c ccsm b N Cc Hm Rgs d Mbks g-m. I pss ss s cdg T Egyp Hm Rgs Cc: TApp Fs Cs d T N Cc Hm Rgs, DmccRms Dss Spd, ANHRI cgsy md pbc p gs my d pm m gs Egyp.27 W ANHRI d mmbs Mbks NDP py, dcd gz s ms s-by d gs Ws ps,23 ss s b g m bdg ss m gs Egyp d N HmRgs Cc s.

A b NGO s Egyp Hm Rgs Ogz, gp dd m gs pg. I 2009 p, EHRO dpdy -d dd d y c ds csd by dg mpsm d, N Cc Hm Rgs y dd css s p sm pd.28 A s, EHROs pg ds mpd Egyps NHRI cd p dds css g ms sm gs s. W k gzs k Egyp HmRgs Ogz, d d b b cmp gs c gs,d cmmy, s s Egyp pbc, d b msd bg pgss s bg md m m gs pm g Mbks .

Conclusion

W dc s dmsd Egyps N Cc Hm Rgss psy cpb ddg czs gs m gs bss bcs sps s c gcy Egyp gm, Cc my bg py g dcg dg m gs, g Egypgm cs N Ccs dg d s sd Cc ps- m f ck ss m gs bss. Dg yg dcds Hs Mbks , c -gm gzs, k Egyp Ogz Hm Rgs d Ab Hm Rgs Im N-

27 Qy, Amd. T Egyp Hm Rgs Cc: T App Fs Cs .Arab Network for HumanRights Information. 2004. Wb. 15 Dc. 2010. p://..//dscss/2004/c.sm, dIsm, Abd M. T N Cc Hm Rgs.. Dmcc Rm Dss Spdg. Arab Network forHuman Rights Information. 2004. Wb. 15 Dc. 2010. .

28 T mb d css d m pd EHROs 2009 p s cmpd gs mb md css d m N Cc Hm Rgs Sx A Rp. EHROsp s T S Hm Rgs Egyp 2009. Te Egyptian Organization for Human Rights. 14 Jy 2010. Wb.14 Dc. 2010. .


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k, fd gp b y gd d mspsd spdd by Egyps NHRI by sg cc pg d gg c cms m gs bss. E g gm pss s c gzss s, y s mgd dc cs m gs Egyp by g-

g ss d dg dscpcs b g-ms c d y. I k Mbks dp, N Cc Hm Rgs s pd c NGOs k Ab Ogz HmRgs, d cc cs bd psps d sg m gsdccy cd cm s pc sy s g p y ms s m ccy dmccy, b s m gcy gms bs gs m gs pm. Icm msdg ys ccy md pssb bcs cg Egyp dAb NGOs c k c gm pps. Uk Egyps

N Cc Hm Rgs, c sd s g m spc gm ppgd dg Mbk ys, NGOs b gs cg Egyp d g. T k sd b sppd d cgdby m gs gzs d N Hm Rgs Issskg g m ps gs cd Mdd Es. As dmsd by cs sdy Egyp, y pgss m gs pm Mdd Es my b pssb s scy pps dpss gms, b q d cs pgss c b md by c NGOs kg c gm pss.


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Historical Policy Papers


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Rosaleen OSullivan is a Senior majoring in International Relations andEnglish

BackgroundI 1991 rt brk t th ctry Sm, rty m tt th

Hr Arc. Sm dcttr Mhmmd Sd Brr d th ctry d r rct bg ghtg r ctr. I J 1991 cr w dcrd bt d thd, d Sptmbr r ghtg brk t th cpt cty, Mgdh.

T ghtg prd thrght th ctry wth r 20,000 dd by th d thyr. T c wr d t m dct d th dtrct th t grc-tr. T tr d t m trt prt th ctry. T Utd Nt (UN)

d mmt t d d pp t th ctry, hwr th t mjrty thpp wr t, t t c dr, d d r wp. Or m ppfrd d hdrd thd dd th wg yr, prkg tcry by thtrt cmmty.

Nw, Agt 1992, thr c wth th Utd Stt t tk drhp r dg th trt d frg rtg rm th c wr.

Statement of the ProblemShd th Utd Stt crt mtry prc th rg tt Sm r

pry hmtr c?

Goals and Objectives

Short-term objectives:

tp m dth Sm. tp m trt Sm. pct dmtc cttc. cr th fct xtg UN mttr r.

Long-term objectives

prt Sm rm bcmg d tt. d tkg rpbty r th cr Sm. d mtry cct r hmtr . d trg t g-trm, t-bdg trpr.

Risk and Responsibility: Options on SomaliaR OS


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Risk and Responsibility: Options on Somalia

Options

Option A. Unilateral Military Entry

Ts d Ud Ss kg dsp by -

y g Sm d sg my ps pd d m gs cy cg d m UN. Oc ps d, y d m d c pdg spp d pd sbgc d gc s sd.

T b U.S. p d b mmd ss pp Sm d d d. T U.S. d g cdby m d bd s md bcmg d m cs dmsc p-c sss sk. T U.S. d s b g cd dg Sm cc pc s sbsd s s U.S. s -bdg d cg sby.

T m cs y d b sc. T Ud Ss d cmm spg d pdg d ms pp ss kg m. T cs mg d sppg U.S. my ps Sm ds b sbs, pcy s b g m cmm-m. Fy, Ud Ss d jsy s xpss cscs d spp , c cd dmsc pc css.

T s mj sks y Sm. T s s p- bcm ggd my cc d cs Amc s. I Amc sd s kd, s d g dmsc pc cs d d b

y dfc jsy sc gm s pc ss b Sm. A- mj sk s by g, Amc s mkg s spsb Smpc d scy. Ts, s s, s pp c s, Amc cdb d spsb. Fy, dgs Amc my b cd sy g s pcy jsb, s b y cczd g cy sds d.

Option B. Multilateral Entry through NATO

Ts p d cg p Amcs s NAO k d sc s m ss. T U.S. d s b sg s my ps c m b d b cdd g m- .

T s m bs s sgy. Fs, d Amc spd c css, b m d sc, css mb d s.T U.S. d s g gmcy s cs by gzg s s sd js cg y. J c d py mp sggAmcs NAO s, c s ky s my b qsg sss


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Rosaleen OSullivan

gz sc cps S U. Bcs Amc s sc cs s s NAO s, U.S. d b b g mmd d, s U.S. c c g cd k g gz d mpm . M d Amc pps dmsc c-

scs dmd c s mmzg sk kg spsby gs g g.

T d s b sbs c css, spcy U.S. s cd m Sm xdd pd m. By cg NAO U.S. d b g cd cg s m ds, d Amc d s cd cy sbsd pc d sd s. Fy, U.S. d d ds m s my d gs d sgs, s Amc d y cd mk dcss by s.

T m sk s pssby sg Amc s ssy cssy

g cfc. By kg NAO, U.S. d s sk bcmg -cd g m . As, s mmbs UN mys NAO kg c skg m j. I U.S. cd s NAO -s d cd g sps, c cd cy dmg gz cg sg s. Fy, p s y y cmpmsdd Ud Ss dcdd d, d c ccdc NAO s c mbssg s m y d d.

Option C. No Action

I s , Ud Ss d smpy c sppg UdNs s Sm. Cs y Sm d b gd, d g-m d cs sss.

T m b s sgy s d b c m css.Bcs Sm css ds dcy c Amcs, gm cd s-y jsy s dcs bss s skg Amc s.Dmsc cscs g gs -bdg d d bppsd.

T m cs s c gm d c m dmm -

g ms g d, y csg g y d d s g m-s pp d s s. T d s b sm dmsc bcks m g


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Risk and Responsibility: Options on Somalia

mb pp dmdg U.S. k c. Csg k c cds b dmgg Amc s s m ds.

T y sk s dmsc cscs mg dcd s s ky s-s pcmg cs. I cs -c cd b m dmgg cpd.

RecommendationT bs Ud Ss s Op B, m y g

NAO. Ts d s mmd gs sppg mss d d s Sm d pcg dmsc cscs. I s s Amcs g m gs pg Sm m bcmg d s d dg spsby cm Sm css.

Op B s sp Op A bcs mmzs css d sks

d. T U.S. d b bd fc d m css, d sk bg sy spsb p s. Op B ds s c mp c g Amcs s, s y cd d.

M y s sp Op C bcs Amc ds c, d b kgy g gs m css cy cc. TU.S. d s b dmg s ps s m ds cmm-y. Fy, U.S. d b mmbd g sy s spp d by c d s ms s, b cs .

Bibliography

K Rd, Humanitarianism Under Fire: T US d UN I Sm.Km Pss, Jy 2008

T gp. Sm: Ayss d s Dd B, Nmb 2008.

J Dy Fg d Rd Ay O.Journal of African History.

BBC. Sm Cy Pf. BBC News. p://s.bbc.c.k/2//c/cy_pfs/1072592.sm (ccssd Nmb 2010).


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Won Lee is a Junior majoring in International Relations

BackgroundO Ju 25, 1950, Kim Il-sug ld th Nrth Kra army acrss th 38th paralll t

ivad Suth Kra. Tr yars latr, a cas-r armistic was sigd that brught thwar t a tmprary halt. Nvrthlss, th tsi i th Kra pisula did t dad r th past v dcads, Nrth Kra has rpatdly prvkd its Suthr cutr-part, lavig a sigicat umbr Suth Kra casualtis ach tim.

Nrth Kra is strugglig as th mst clsd stats i th wrld. Du t thwrsig stat Kim Jg-ils halth, h rushd th succssi th prsidcy t his

third s, Kim Jg-u, makig him a v-star gral vright as wll as icludighim i vry majr gvrmt cmmissi. Tis has causd disctt i th tp raks th Nrth Kra gvrmt ad amg its citizs. Additially, asid rm a-tagizig th itratial cmmuity with its uclar prgram, Nrth Kra has usdthir sris prvcatis as lvrag i bth dmstic ad itratial plitics. Mayxprts suspct that th Nrth is tryig t draw attti t thmslvs t gai advatagi gtiatis. Suth Kra ad its allis i th UN hav impsd varius sactis i r-sps, but ths sactis hav b largly ictiv du t Chis supprt r NrthKra.

Nthlss, Nvmbr 23, 2010, Nrth Kra castal artillris bm-bardd th islad Ypyg rsultig i twty-thr casualtis icludig civilias. Irsps, Suth Kra rd back ighty ruds ammuiti ad raisd its alrt t thhighst lvl. S thrafr, th tsi i th Kra Pisula rachd critical lvl,with vr 13 milli sldirs at gupit. Nrth ad Suth Kra vwd military actii ithr sid mad urthr prvcatis. Ad althugh th itratial cmmuity,icludig Chia ad Russia, cdmd th bmbig, it was hard t prdict what NrthKra wuld d xt.

Statement of the ProblemWhat is th bst rsps th US shuld tak t th Nrth Kra shllig Ypy-

g Islad?

Goals and Objectives

Short-Term Objectives:

North Korean Bombing of Yeonpyong IslandW L


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North Korean Bombing of Yeonpyong Island

p - . s sy U.S. ps S K. m gd sp C. pp k d ppsg ys cmmy.

Long-Term Objectives:

m S K s sg y Es As g. sg pc y cy dg K W. dcz N K. bg d Km Jg-s gm.

Options

Option A: Military confrontation

T Ud Ss d S K ms d cp d gs N K ggss. T ds d cd mss fs-sks s pmy c ps dsy N K scs bcg -sc ss.

Ts d b ms sgd sps cg NK pcs gs S; d cby m Kms gm d spc K ps gs pbby sccss ssm m. T d, , b sgfc css b sds s scmc dsss sg m dsc scs. T d s b

cc C d/ Rss my spp N K d j , b d b ss ky b Ypyg bmbg.

Option B: Diplomatic pressure from China and Russia

T Ud Ss d S K gm d y cc C dRss cs spp N K d qs Ud Ns Sc-y Cc mps scs N K. W spp m C dRss, N Ks sb cmy d cs gm cps.

Ts p d b ms pdcb . I d s smb css, b kd sccss pmy ss. Fsy,

g C d Rsss spp N K s s mc s c ys, y my c spp sgc pc ss gs UdSs. Scdy, dy ms scs gs N K m Ud Ns, b y ydd mc sccss.

Option C: Pulling out of U.S. forces from Korea

Ts ppsm d b md dmg N K gmcy.N d b cmg ggss d c pgm bcs


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Won Lee

Ud Ss my psc S K. T, Ud Ss d sgc c my ps S K d p s ps m

s gss As s.Ts d b gmb. I d xps S K sgc sk

s m N, b c N K ss s gmcy, g-s d dpmcy b s mmbs Sx-Py ks. I s ssp; , pbby sccss d b c d pcss my k

y g m. Fm, Ud Ss d s d pp k SK d Jp s s cs cmmy.

Recommendation

Op B d pd qcks d ms c ms c m gs pg - , sg sy U.S. ps K, d

mg gd sp C. I s d s bs m dmds g m U.S. bjcs bgg d Km Jg-s gm, mgS K s sg y Es As g, d y dg K W.Ag Op B my c sk N K pcs, d cc csg -sc cmps Op A. Cmpd Op C, Op B d b css g dg Kms gm d pg U.S. pp k d s spp m S K. Op A d Op Cs d cy sk gg cfc, Op B d sgc cc sccss s m m.

Op A, g d b css gs ppg k,mg S K c, dg K W, d bgg d Kmsgm, d cmp s ky css Op B bcs d p-y b y dgs. W N K d scd-sk cpby s qsb, d sms cc c ck S d bcmpy ccpb. As, b - Es As, - cmy d b gy cd sc C, U.S., Jp, S K,d mmbs G20 d b d mss . My c- d s dg Amc s d my dsy y gd sp

C s s sgcy kg S K.Op C d pssby m dmds U.S. bjcs pg -

, sg sy U.S. ps K, gg C, d sgg pcy, b d s cmp s ky css Op B bcs d b css U.S. gs ppg k, dczg N


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North Korean Bombing of Yeonpyong Island

K, bgg d Kms gm, d mg S K s sg y Es As g.

O d, Op C cd s sppm Op B mg d g ms gs by sgg U.S. ps gs C d Rsssc b s d spp U.S. psc S K. Op C d dd-y k s U.S. g gs C d Rss by sgg css Op B.

Hc, cmpd s, Op B pssb sppm OpC d b bs ppc spdg N Ks bmbg YpygIsd d cd ggss. Ad by kg d d ppc,U.S. d py pm cp, y K, d bd y fd K g y.

BibliographyK Hd. Wd ds d cdmg N. K.

p://.kd.cm//D.jsp?sMLId=20101124000857

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