SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

F W Taylor is recognized as the F W Taylor is recognized as the father of scientific management, father of scientific management, who attempted to introduce a who attempted to introduce a rational and systematic approach to rational and systematic approach to management. management.

Emphasis is given to planning, Emphasis is given to planning, standardising and improving human standardising and improving human efficiency at the different operation efficiency at the different operation levels, in order to maximise output levels, in order to maximise output with minimum input.with minimum input.

Principles / Elements of Principles / Elements of Scientific Management Scientific Management

1.1. Scientific task settingScientific task setting2.2. PlanningPlanning3.3. Study of the different works / activitiesStudy of the different works / activities4.4. Scientific selection and training of Scientific selection and training of

workersworkers5.5. StandardisingStandardising6.6. Differential piece-rate system of wagesDifferential piece-rate system of wages7.7. Functional organisationFunctional organisation8.8. Mental revolutionMental revolution9.9. Cost accounting Cost accounting

1. 1. Scientific task setting task setting

Standard task is the Standard task is the quantity of work which an quantity of work which an average worker can perform average worker can perform under ideal standardised under ideal standardised conditions in one day, generally conditions in one day, generally called ‘a fair day’s work’, which called ‘a fair day’s work’, which for every worker should be for every worker should be fixed after a scientific study.fixed after a scientific study.

2. 2. PlanningPlanning is the heart of Scientific

management as per Taylor. He wanted to set up a Planning Department for every enterprise.

Thus “what to do, when to do, where to do and how to do” is planned before the commencement of the project.

3. 3. Study of worktudy of work

It is the critical examination It is the critical examination of all the factors governing the of all the factors governing the operational efficiency of any specific operational efficiency of any specific activity. Study is conducted activity. Study is conducted regarding the movement of the regarding the movement of the worker, time taken, fatigue, etc.worker, time taken, fatigue, etc.

Thus the best method of Thus the best method of doing a job and the standard time doing a job and the standard time required for its completion is required for its completion is determined.determined.

4. 4. Scientific selection and training of selection and training of workersworkers

A systematic way for the selection A systematic way for the selection of workers is to be followed, depending upon of workers is to be followed, depending upon the nature of work to be done. the nature of work to be done.

Every job must be entrusted to the Every job must be entrusted to the best worker considering his skill, experience best worker considering his skill, experience and trainings undergone.and trainings undergone.

Before appointment the workers are Before appointment the workers are to given an induction training. Proper to given an induction training. Proper trainings to update their knowledge in the trainings to update their knowledge in the latest techniques are also to be conducted latest techniques are also to be conducted when ever needed. when ever needed.

5. 5. Standardisationandardisation

Standardisation of Standardisation of performance, tools, equipments, performance, tools, equipments, materials, working conditions, etc. is materials, working conditions, etc. is necessary as per scientific management.necessary as per scientific management.

Workers are to be Workers are to be provided with the required tools, provided with the required tools, materials and the environment, so that materials and the environment, so that the works are executed with the optimum the works are executed with the optimum no. of workers, expenditure and time.no. of workers, expenditure and time.

The steps involved in The steps involved in STANDARDISATIONSTANDARDISATION

1.1. Establishing standardsEstablishing standards

2.2. Appraising performanceAppraising performance

3.3. Taking corrective Taking corrective measuresmeasures

(1) Establishing (1) Establishing standardsstandards

Standards of performance are set up Standards of performance are set up for various operations at the planning stage, for various operations at the planning stage, which serve as the basis for any control system. which serve as the basis for any control system.

Establishment of standards in terms Establishment of standards in terms of quality, quantity or time is necessary for of quality, quantity or time is necessary for effective control. Standards may be of physical effective control. Standards may be of physical nature like units, men, hours, etc. or of nature like units, men, hours, etc. or of monetary nature such as sales, revenue, monetary nature such as sales, revenue, expenses, etc. which should be precise, expenses, etc. which should be precise, acceptable and workable. They should be acceptable and workable. They should be flexible also, if circumstances arises they are to flexible also, if circumstances arises they are to be changed. be changed.

(2) Appraising (2) Appraising performanceperformance

This step involves This step involves measuring actual performance of measuring actual performance of various individuals, groups, or units various individuals, groups, or units and then comparing it with the and then comparing it with the standards and investigate the causes standards and investigate the causes of any deviation from the standards. of any deviation from the standards.

(3) Taking (3) Taking corrective measurescorrective measures

If there is any deviation If there is any deviation from the objectives of the from the objectives of the enterprise, corrective actions are enterprise, corrective actions are to be taken. If the standards are to be taken. If the standards are found to be defective, found to be defective, modifications are to be made. modifications are to be made.

6. Differential piece-rate system of 6. Differential piece-rate system of wageswages

Financial incentives helps to Financial incentives helps to ensure efficiency and speed of work ensure efficiency and speed of work done by the workers.done by the workers.

A worker is to be rewarded A worker is to be rewarded depending upon the efforts put by him depending upon the efforts put by him for the betterment of the enterprise. for the betterment of the enterprise. This will encourage each and every This will encourage each and every worker to be committed to the worker to be committed to the company.company.

7. 7. Functional Organisation

Planning and Planning and production activities are to production activities are to be separated under be separated under different managers. different managers. Depending upon the Depending upon the functions the organisational functions the organisational set up is to divided. set up is to divided.

8. 8. Mental Revolution

Scientific management aims Scientific management aims at revolutionising the minds of at revolutionising the minds of both the workers and the both the workers and the management in such a way that management in such a way that the workers start feeling that the the workers start feeling that the enterprise is their own and they enterprise is their own and they put their heart and soul in the work put their heart and soul in the work assigned to them. Management assigned to them. Management and workers should have mutual and workers should have mutual respect and work in co-operation.respect and work in co-operation.

9. 9. Cost Accounting Accounting

It is a direct offspring of scientific It is a direct offspring of scientific management. Right from the first management. Right from the first stage of production to the last stage, stage of production to the last stage, cost accounting enables the cost accounting enables the management to plan, organise and to management to plan, organise and to direct the production and marketing of direct the production and marketing of the products in a manner by which it the products in a manner by which it helps in reducing the production and helps in reducing the production and distribution cost and increasing the distribution cost and increasing the profit of the enterprise.profit of the enterprise.

Weakness of Weakness of Scientific ManagementManagement

Scientific Management is confined to increasing Management is confined to increasing the production and profit of the enterprise and the production and profit of the enterprise and is devoid of human element, the health and is devoid of human element, the health and welfare of the workers. welfare of the workers.

Sometimes it gives birth to the workers’ trade Sometimes it gives birth to the workers’ trade union movements. union movements.

Role of ComputersRole of ComputersDatabase is created to be manipulated and Database is created to be manipulated and

presented as reports rather than asking presented as reports rather than asking data processing personnel to create new data processing personnel to create new programs to manipulate specialised data. programs to manipulate specialised data.

The decision maker can work with The decision maker can work with unprecedented speed and accuracy due to unprecedented speed and accuracy due to the introduction of computers.the introduction of computers.

Inflation creates complications in the financial Inflation creates complications in the financial planning and which can be solved easily planning and which can be solved easily using computers. Tight control of financial using computers. Tight control of financial aspects is required to make the project aspects is required to make the project viable and profitable.viable and profitable.

Project Management Project Management ProgramsPrograms

Project management is the Project management is the area where the application of computer area where the application of computer system is inevitable. system is inevitable.

Sophisticated commercial Sophisticated commercial programs are available like Harward programs are available like Harward Total Project Manager, Prism, Instaplan, Total Project Manager, Prism, Instaplan, Promis, Success planned, Primavera Promis, Success planned, Primavera Project Planning, Microsoft Project, etc. Project Planning, Microsoft Project, etc.

MANAGEMENT OF A MANAGEMENT OF A

““CONSTRUCTION PROJECT”CONSTRUCTION PROJECT”

It aims at the completion of the It aims at the completion of the project, with the optimum use of project, with the optimum use of materials, man power, time, finance, materials, man power, time, finance, etc. without compromising on the etc. without compromising on the quality of work, with the proper co-quality of work, with the proper co-operation and co-ordination among operation and co-ordination among the different wings of the project.the different wings of the project.

The various steps involved The various steps involved are:-are:-

1.1. Establishment of the objectives of the projectEstablishment of the objectives of the project

2.2. Administrative, financial and technical controlAdministrative, financial and technical control

3.3. Planning and designingPlanning and designing

4.4. Procurement of resourcesProcurement of resources

5.5. Recruitment and training of staff and labourRecruitment and training of staff and labour

6.6. Payment of wages and salariesPayment of wages and salaries

7.7. Welfare of the staff and labourWelfare of the staff and labour

8.8. Establishment of round the clock communicationEstablishment of round the clock communication

The different stages of a Construction The different stages of a Construction ProjectProject

1.1. Conceptual or Initiation stageConceptual or Initiation stage2.2. Study and Evaluation StageStudy and Evaluation Stage3.3. Design, Drawing and Estimate Design, Drawing and Estimate

preparationpreparation4.4. Defining SpecificationsDefining Specifications5.5. Contractor RealisationContractor Realisation6.6. Procurement of materialsProcurement of materials7.7. Construction stageConstruction stage8.8. Utilisation and MaintenanceUtilisation and Maintenance

1. Conceptual or Initiation stage1. Conceptual or Initiation stage

Due to the efforts of the individuals or Due to the efforts of the individuals or groups or to satisfy the needs of the groups or to satisfy the needs of the society, many construction projects society, many construction projects take shape. The ideas conceived by take shape. The ideas conceived by them are to be analysed by the them are to be analysed by the Engineer and the most economical Engineer and the most economical project having the best utility, project having the best utility, depending upon the necessities is to be depending upon the necessities is to be taken up.taken up.

2. Study and Evaluation Stage 2. Study and Evaluation Stage

The ideas put forward during the The ideas put forward during the initiation stage are analysed with initiation stage are analysed with respect to its feasibility, social utility respect to its feasibility, social utility and “COST and BENEFIT”. For this and “COST and BENEFIT”. For this preliminary survey is done and rough preliminary survey is done and rough estimate is prepared. Once the project estimate is prepared. Once the project is accepted, an administrative approval is accepted, an administrative approval is accorded and the budget provision is is accorded and the budget provision is made.made.

3. Preparation of Design, Drawings 3. Preparation of Design, Drawings and Estimates and Estimates

This is the most important stage of This is the most important stage of construction. Detailed investigations and construction. Detailed investigations and surveys are conducted regarding the site and surveys are conducted regarding the site and surrounding environment and the sources of surrounding environment and the sources of materials, labour, infrastructural / materials, labour, infrastructural / communication facilities, power, etc. Land communication facilities, power, etc. Land acquisition and approval of the local authority acquisition and approval of the local authority are acquired. Design, Drawings and Estimates are acquired. Design, Drawings and Estimates are prepared, the precision of which affects the are prepared, the precision of which affects the economy of the whole project.economy of the whole project.

4. Specifications 4. Specifications

Standard Specifications are to be Standard Specifications are to be followed as far as possible. The followed as far as possible. The Engineer should have practical Engineer should have practical common sense also, locally common sense also, locally available materials and labour available materials and labour are to be made use of as far as are to be made use of as far as possible.possible.

5. Contractor Realisation 5. Contractor Realisation

Generally large and medium projects are constructed by Generally large and medium projects are constructed by awarding a contract at suitable terms and conditions. awarding a contract at suitable terms and conditions.

This stage involves preparations for calling tenders, their This stage involves preparations for calling tenders, their evaluation and the final award of the work to a evaluation and the final award of the work to a contractor, who has successfully executed similar contractor, who has successfully executed similar works in the past.works in the past.

Medium and small works are carried out departmentally Medium and small works are carried out departmentally by the department engineers. In this case also by the department engineers. In this case also internal orders are issued for authorised expenditure internal orders are issued for authorised expenditure and execution of the work. and execution of the work.

When two or more persons have a When two or more persons have a common intension communicated to common intension communicated to each other to create some obligation each other to create some obligation between them, then it is an between them, then it is an “Agreement”. “Agreement”.

An agreement endorsed by law is An agreement endorsed by law is called acalled a “Contract”. “Contract”.

6. Procurement of materials 6. Procurement of materials

The engineer should determine the The engineer should determine the required type and quantity of required type and quantity of materials and procure them before materials and procure them before starting the work or its regular starting the work or its regular supply be ensured without causing supply be ensured without causing any wastage, storage problems or any wastage, storage problems or obstructions to the workers at site.obstructions to the workers at site.

7. Utilisation and Maintenance 7. Utilisation and Maintenance

After completion of the project the After completion of the project the structure is handed over to the structure is handed over to the promoter for its use and operation. promoter for its use and operation. Its performance and the extend of Its performance and the extend of maintenance or repair works maintenance or repair works needed as years pass by provides needed as years pass by provides a valuable feed back and helps in a valuable feed back and helps in creating better ways of creating better ways of construction and management of construction and management of similar projects in future.similar projects in future.

Preparatory Works of a Construction Preparatory Works of a Construction ProjectProject

The requirements of the preparatory The requirements of the preparatory work can be assessed only after work can be assessed only after examining the nature of the work, examining the nature of the work, magnitude of the work, execution magnitude of the work, execution period of the work, etc.period of the work, etc.

The works include:-The works include:-

1)1) Access to the work siteAccess to the work site2)2) Acquisition of landAcquisition of land3)3) Setting up of a construction campSetting up of a construction camp4)4) A site service plantA site service plant5)5) Provision of infrastructural facilitiesProvision of infrastructural facilities

(1)(1) Access to the work siteAccess to the work site

The most economical and practical mode The most economical and practical mode of transportation system, of transportation system, road/rail/waterway, to the work site is road/rail/waterway, to the work site is to be determined.to be determined.

Roads must be constructed before the Roads must be constructed before the starting of the project, if necessary.starting of the project, if necessary.

(2) Acquisition of land(2) Acquisition of land

Land required for the site camp, Land required for the site camp, service plant, work site etc. are to service plant, work site etc. are to acquired by the owner of the project acquired by the owner of the project before the commencement of the before the commencement of the project.project.

(3) Setting up of a construction (3) Setting up of a construction campcamp

The size and type of construction camp The size and type of construction camp depends upon the type of work, depends upon the type of work, magnitude of work, duration of work and magnitude of work, duration of work and the fund available for the purpose. the fund available for the purpose.

Planning of a construction camp should Planning of a construction camp should depend upon certain principles. depend upon certain principles.

They are:-They are:-1.1. Store should be located near the accessStore should be located near the access2.2. Temporary/permanent quarters for the Temporary/permanent quarters for the

workers are to be provided near to the workers are to be provided near to the work site.work site.

3.3. All basic needs are to be provided, health All basic needs are to be provided, health clinic, primary school, recreation club, clinic, primary school, recreation club, etc.etc.

(4) A site service plant(4) A site service plantThe service plant requires a great deal of study, as The service plant requires a great deal of study, as the smooth flow of different activities depend on the the smooth flow of different activities depend on the design and functioning of the service camp.design and functioning of the service camp.

The general requirements include:-The general requirements include:-1)1) Main office for the EngineersMain office for the Engineers2)2) Time office for time keepers and pay roll clerksTime office for time keepers and pay roll clerks3)3) First aid facilities in case of emergencyFirst aid facilities in case of emergency4)4) Testing laboratories for the testing of the building Testing laboratories for the testing of the building

materialsmaterials5)5) Warehouses for storage of electrical equipment, tools, etc.Warehouses for storage of electrical equipment, tools, etc.6)6) GaragesGarages7)7) Various shops like carpenters’, electricians’, machine, etc.Various shops like carpenters’, electricians’, machine, etc.8)8) Reinforcing steel yard- for placing and working with steelReinforcing steel yard- for placing and working with steel9)9) Storage yard- open yard for sand, stone, bricks, pipes, Storage yard- open yard for sand, stone, bricks, pipes,

timber and enclosed yards for cement, lime, paints, etc.timber and enclosed yards for cement, lime, paints, etc.10)10) Power plant- for generating electric powerPower plant- for generating electric power11)11) Pump house- for fire fighting, water supplyPump house- for fire fighting, water supply12)12) Weigh Bridge- for weighing materialsWeigh Bridge- for weighing materials13)13) Check-post and security post.Check-post and security post.

(5) Provision of infrastructural (5) Provision of infrastructural facilitiesfacilities

The necessary infrastructural The necessary infrastructural facilities are to be provided in the facilities are to be provided in the construction camp, site office, construction camp, site office, quarters, service plant, etc.quarters, service plant, etc.

THE CONSTRUCTION THE CONSTRUCTION TEAMTEAM

1.1. The OwnerThe Owner

2.2. The EngineerThe Engineer

3.3. The Contractor or the The Contractor or the BuilderBuilder

The OwnerThe Owner

The EngineerThe Engineer

The ContractorThe Contractor