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Satellite Remote Sensing of Aviation Hazards. Gary P. Ellrod , CCM* NOAA/NESDIS-retired Granby, CT. * AMS Certified Consulting Meteorologist. Outline. Current capabilities of satellite data Fog and low clouds Inflight icing Turbulence Thunderstorms (initiation, convective gusts) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Satellite Remote Sensing of Aviation Hazards
Gary P. Ellrod , CCM*Gary P. Ellrod , CCM*
NOAA/NESDIS-retiredNOAA/NESDIS-retired
Granby, CTGranby, CT
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008Islip/Macarthur Airport, NYIslip/Macarthur Airport, NY
* AMS Certified Consulting Meteorologist
Outline
Current capabilities of satellite dataCurrent capabilities of satellite dataFog and low cloudsInflight icingTurbulenceThunderstorms (initiation, convective gusts)Volcanic ash
Future improvements (GOES-R)Future improvements (GOES-R)
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
U.S. Weather Satellites
Polar (low orbit) (NOAA-Polar (low orbit) (NOAA-18 / METOP-A)18 / METOP-A) 1 km resolution 4 looks per day 6 channels
Geostationary (GOES-Geostationary (GOES-11/12)11/12) 4 km IR, 1 km visible 15-30 min frequency 5 channel Imager 19 channel Sounder (10
km), hourly over CONUSAviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19,
2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Nighttime Fog Detection Using GOES Multi-spectral Image Data
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Fog in the Northeast: 14 June 2001
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
GOES Low Cloud Base Product Based on GOES Based on GOES 11m-3.9 m and surface minus GOES and surface minus GOES
cloud top temperatures (now available on AWIPS)cloud top temperatures (now available on AWIPS)
Red areas show where cloud bases <1000 ft are likely, green areas > 1000 ft, blue are cirrus clouds.
Fog Depth Estimates Estimates of fog depth also possible based on Estimates of fog depth also possible based on 11m-3.9
m temperature difference (to forecast burn off time) temperature difference (to forecast burn off time)
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
SnowSnow
Snow and Fog Using Visible Imagery
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Fog Discrimination with 3.9m Imagery
GOES Icing Risk ProductMulti-channel threshold techniqueMulti-channel threshold technique
Merged with Sounder cloud top heights Product available hourly day and nightProduct available hourly day and nightStrengthsStrengths
Good spatial, temporal coverageGood POD (~50-75%), low FAR (~25%)
WeaknessesWeaknessesObscuration by high cloudsUnable to distinguish SLD regions
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
GOES Combined Icing + Cloud Tops (‘ICECAP’)Available at: http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/smcd/opdb/aviation/icg.html
Icing intensity (3=mod, 4=mod/sev), aircraft type, altitude (feet)
GOES Water Vapor + IR WindsJet Stream
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Detection of Mountain Waves Using Water Vapor Imagery
Low and mid-Tropospherice wavescan be seen in GOES 6.7 m water Vapor imagery, but not in IR or visible
GOES-12 IR, 13 Nov 2003
GOES-12 WV, 13 Nov 2003
MountainWaves
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Total Column Ozone from GOES Sounder
Stratospheric Intrusion
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Convective InitiationCritical for air traffic managementCritical for air traffic managementGOES Visible Imagery Applications GOES Visible Imagery Applications
(boundary interactions, stability, etc)(boundary interactions, stability, etc)Stability and moisture Products from Stability and moisture Products from
Sounder (Lifted Index, PW, Cinh)Sounder (Lifted Index, PW, Cinh)Automated Nowcast ProductsAutomated Nowcast Products
Convective Initiation (UW-CIMSS and U. of Alabama-Huntsville)
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Convective Initiation (CI) Product(U. of Ala-Huntsvile/ U. of Wisconsin CIMSS)
Uses satellite Uses satellite parameters to parameters to identify convective identify convective clouds:clouds: IR temp. change WV - IR temp.
difference
Cloud motion Cloud motion vectors to advect vectors to advect developing clouds, developing clouds, produce nowcastproduce nowcast
CI valid 2000Z, 4 May 2003
Radar, 2100Z, 4 May 2003
Wet Microburst Severity Index
Uses GOES Sounder Uses GOES Sounder retrieval dataretrieval data
Based on instability and Based on instability and vertical distribution of vertical distribution of moisture (CAPE, dmoisture (CAPE, dθθee/dz)/dz)
Correlates well with Correlates well with observed peak surface observed peak surface wind gusts wind gusts
WMSI > 200 indicates wind gusts > 65knots possible. 85 knot gusts were reported at Patuxent River, Marylandat 2100 UTC (*).
*
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Composite “Split Window” ImageryMt. Spurr, Sept. 1992, NOAA-AVHRR
(Schneider et al 1992)
International Warning System (VAACs)
Established by International Civil Aeronautical Organization (ICAO) in mid-1990’sVolcanically active regions source: Smithsonian Inst.
Technology OutlookOperational Spacecraft
Near-TermNear-TermGOES-N (launched May 2006) through P
Improved navigation, power to operate through Improved navigation, power to operate through satellite eclipse (Spring, Fall)satellite eclipse (Spring, Fall)
Mid-Long TermMid-Long TermNPOESS VIIRS imager (NPP prototype
launch in 2010)Twenty-two bands at 370 to 740 m resolutionTwenty-two bands at 370 to 740 m resolutionIncludes day/night visibleIncludes day/night visible
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Technology OutlookOperational Spacecraft
Long-TermLong-TermGOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (2015)
Sixteen spectral bandsSixteen spectral bandsResolution: 0.5 km visible, 2 km IRResolution: 0.5 km visible, 2 km IRFive minute CONUS, 15 min Full DiskFive minute CONUS, 15 min Full Disk
GOES-R Lightning MapperGOES Hyper-spectral Sounder - ????
Hyper-spectral capabilities, hourly global coverageHyper-spectral capabilities, hourly global coverageGood resolution (4 km horizontal, ~1 km vertical)Good resolution (4 km horizontal, ~1 km vertical)
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
2222
ABI Improvements
1/5 Disc
GOES-I/P
5 Minute CoverageGOES-R
Full Disc
ABI covers the earth approximately five times faster than the current Imager.
2323
Imager Coverage in ~30 minutes
Current Imager
(Rapid Scan mode)
Future Imager
(“Flex” mode)
Full Disk 0 2
Northern Hemi 1 -
CONUS 3 6
Mesoscale 0 60
Full Disk N. Hemisphere CONUS Mesoscale
IR Resolution – ABI versus GOES-12
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Use of 1.6 m “Near-IR” on ABI
1.6 m
Simulated GOES-R Fog ImageBased on AVHRR IR (3.7 m and 11.0 m)
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
GOES-R Icing Product (NASA LARC)
Explicit parameters fromGOES (droplet size, liquidWater path) can estimatePotential icing severity
Simulated Water Vapor Imagery (Low, Mid, High) on ABI
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Observed GOES-12 Band 3 (6.5 micron)Observed GOES-12 Band 3 (6.5 micron)
Simulated ABI Band 9 (7.0 micron)Simulated ABI Band 9 (7.0 micron)
Automated Turbulence Detection – GOES-R Water Vapor(U. of Wisconsin – CIMSS)
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Simulated GOES-R Ash ImageBased on MODIS IR, Near-IR, Visible Channels
Volcanic ash (red)Volcanic ash (red) Composite of 8.5, 11,
12m channels Land (green)Land (green)
Near-IR (1.6m) Ocean/ice clouds Ocean/ice clouds
(blue)(blue) Visible (0.6m)
Popocatepetl, 20 Dec 2000, 1715 UTCBased on data from Terra MODIS
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)
• Detects total strikes: in cloud, cloud to • Day/night total lightning (in cloud,
intra-cloud, and cloud to ground)
– Compliments today’s land based systems that only measures cloud to ground (about 15% of the total lightning)
• Increased coverage over oceans and land
– Currently no ocean coverage, and limited land coverage in dead zones
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
longitude (deg)
latit
ude
(deg
)
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Example from Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
NASA Marshall Space Flight Centerhttp://thunder.nsstc.nasa.gov/lms/
SupercellStorm
Simulations of Low vs High Spectral Resolution Retrievals Geo-I gets <1 K rms for 1 km T(p) and <10% rms for 2 km RH(p)
Moisture
Temperature
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
3434
BT(K)
Capability: Vertical ProfilingCapability: Vertical Profiling
Eye
AIRSalonemoisture
AIRSalonetemperatureEye
Hyperspectral sounder on geo will provide rapid observations need to monitor hurricane eye temperature anomaly, which is a surrogate measurement of hurricane intensity
Temperature and moisture cross section along AIRS scan line 119, demonstrating profiling capability, but AIRS does not provide the
monitoring requirement
BT(K)
An
aly
sis
cou
rte
sy o
f Ju
n L
i, C
IMS
S.
Summary
Satellite remote sensing is critical in Satellite remote sensing is critical in providing needed observations to support providing needed observations to support aviation warnings and forecastsaviation warnings and forecasts
Future instruments will provide excellent Future instruments will provide excellent opportunities for improved productsopportunities for improved products
Much work is needed to fully utilize future Much work is needed to fully utilize future deluge of high quality data!deluge of high quality data!
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Internet Resources:
GOES Aviation Products (Imager and Sounder) http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/smcd/opdb/aviation/
(NESDIS) http://weather.msfc.nasa.gov/goesprod/ (NASA GHCC) http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/NEXSAT.html (NRL-Monterey)
GOES-R InformationGOES-R Information http://www.goes-r.gov/ (GOES Program Office) http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes_r/ (UW-CIMSS)
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY
Acknowledgments
Slides obtained from:Slides obtained from:Brian Motta (COMET)Ken Pryor (NESDIS)Tim Schmit (NESDIS)William Smith, Jr. (NASA)Anthony Wimmers (UW-CIMSS)Kris Bedka (UW-CIMSS)
Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NYIslip/Macarthur Airport, NY