Sanket Project

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Control &Control &

coordinationcoordination

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped

and supported me during the writing of this prestigious

powerpoint presentation. My deepest thanks to

Lecturer, [Mrs. Harwinder mam] the Guide of theproject for guiding and correcting various documents of

mine with attention and care. She has taken pain to go

through the project and make necessary correction as

and when needed. Thanks and appreciation to the helpful

people at my school & home for their full support.

ThanxThanx mammam,, frnzfrnz. & students. & students

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BibliographyAll the information in this ppt is

collected from the mentioned sources ²

1. INTERNET google.com , slideworld.com, youtube.com etc.

2. N.C.E.R.T BOOK

control & coordination

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Functioning of

nerves

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Nervous System

Nervous System

Central Nervous

System (CNS)

Central Nervous

System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous

System (PNS)

Peripheral Nervous

System (PNS)

Autonomic Nervous System

(ANS)(involuntary)

Autonomic Nervous System

(ANS)(involuntary)

Somatic nervous

System (voluntary)

Somatic nervous

System (voluntary)

Sympathetic Nervous

System

Sympathetic Nervous

System

Parasympathetic

Nervous System

Parasympathetic

Nervous System



Working of Nervous SystemWorking of Nervous System

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PNSPNS

CNSCNS

1. Autonomic(involuntary)

nervous system

2. Somatic

(voluntary)nervous system



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StimulusStimulus

Sensory System

CNS

Motor System (neurone)Somatic system

(voluntary)

Autonomic system

(involuntary)

Striated muscle Smooth muscle & glands

Effe ctor

ResponseResponse

(Brain / spinal cord)

(neurone)



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Brain protected by cranium

Spinal cord by vertebral column

Brain protected by cranium

Spinal cord by vertebral column



W orking of human

brain

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Cerebro-spinal fluid: supplies oxygen & nutrients;

absorbs shock; maintain shape & prevent collapse

Cerebro-spinal fluid: supplies oxygen & nutrients;

absorbs shock; maintain shape & prevent collapse



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Hypo

thalamus

1b 1c1e

1e

1e



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1. Numerous convolution - more neurones

2. Voluntary function3. Left half controls the right side of body

while right half controls the left side of body

4. Right hemisphere ± spatial & musical sense5. Left hemisphere ± mathematical & language

1. Numerous convolution - more neurones

2. Voluntary function3. Left half controls the right side of body

while right half controls the left side of body

4. Right hemisphere ± spatial & musical sense5. Left hemisphere ± mathematical & language



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Degree of representation of the different

muscles of the body in the motor cortex

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1. Sensory areas ± r eceive impulse form

different receptors.

2. Motor areas ± send out impulse to different

effectors

3. Association areas - integ r ating , inter pr eting and stor ing infor mation, memory, lear ning ,

r easoning & intelligence

1. Sensory areas ± r eceive impulse form

different receptors.

2. Motor areas ± send out impulse to different

effectors

3. Association areas - integ r ating , inter pr eting and stor ing infor mation, memory, lear ning ,

r easoning & intelligence



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Cerebellum

Medullaoblongata

Cerebrum

Pituitary gland

S inal cord

Ventricle

Hypothalamus



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1. Made of 2 cerebellar hemispheres

2. Right half control left side and left half

control right side

3. Coordinate (but not initiate) muscle

contraction (voluntary) and maintain

balance & posture (involuntary)

4. Well developed in fast moving animals

(e.g birds & fishes)



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1. Main control centre for

autonomic nervous

system (e.g. heartbeat,

blood pressure)

2. Receives impulse from

internal organ and

relays to effector (viamedulla and spinal)

3. Monitor hormone (e.g.

thyroxine), metabolite

(e.g. CO2) & body

temperature

4. Linkage of nervous &

hormonal system

Hypo

thalamus



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1. Control unconscious &

involuntary actions

(influenced by impulsesfrom hypothalamus)

2. Brain r eflex cent r e to

regulate autonomic

activities (heart rate,

blood pressure,

ventilation, swallowing,

salivation, sneezing,

vomiting and coughing).

3. Contains

chemoreceptors

(e.g. pH)

1. Control unconscious &

involuntary actions

(influenced by impulsesfrom hypothalamus)

2. Brain r eflex cent r e to

regulate autonomic

activities (heart rate,

blood pressure,

ventilation, swallowing,

salivation, sneezing,

vomiting and coughing).

3. Contains

chemoreceptors

(e.g. pH)



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1.C oor dinating cent r e for

involuntary reflex action

2.Provide pathwa y for

transmitting impulse to and f r om the br ain that controls

voluntary actions



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PNSPNS

CNSCNS

1. Autonomic

(involuntary)

nervous system

2. Somatic

(voluntary)nervous system



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(2) Somatic Nervous System of PNS (voluntary)

(1) Autonomic Nervous System of PNS (involuntary)



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1. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

2. Automatic and involuntary control

3. Control all internal organs (glands, smooth muscle,

cardiac muscle)

4. 2 systems act antagonistically to maintain a steady

internal environment

5. Motor neurones connect CNS to motor organ

1. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

2. Automatic and involuntary control

3. Control all internal organs (glands, smooth muscle,

cardiac muscle)

4. 2 systems act antagonistically to maintain a steady

internal environment

5. Motor neurones connect CNS to motor organ



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Neurotransmitter

= noradrenalin

Widespread

effect

Withstand stress

/ emergency

adrenalin



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Neurotransmitter

= acetylocholine

Effect localized &

individual

Opposite tosympathetic

Maintain steady

state

Neurotransmitter

= acetylocholine

Effect localized &

individual

Opposite tosympathetic

Maintain steady

state



Diffrence between sympathetic

and parasympathetic nervoussystem

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i



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Brain + lower

part of spinal

Middle part

of spinal



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Features Sympathetic Parasympathetic(1) Fibre from Thoracic,

lumbar

Cranial, sacral

(2) Neurotransmitter Noradrenalin Acetylcholine

(3) For Stressful Non-stressful

(4) Effect widespread localized



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1. Spinal reflex: spinal cord;

Cranial reflex: brain

2. Inborn, stereotyped, rapid,automatic

3. Unconscious & involuntary

(not involve cerebrum)

4. Cannot prevent nor modify

5. Instinctive behaviour &

immediate protection

1. Spinal reflex: spinal cord;

Cranial reflex: brain

2. Inborn, stereotyped, rapid,automatic

3. Unconscious & involuntary

(not involve cerebrum)

4. Cannot prevent nor modify

5. Instinctive behaviour &

immediate protection



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(1) Stimulus(1) Stimulus

(2) Receptor(2) Receptor

(3) CNS (spinal cord)(3) CNS (spinal cord)

(4) Effector(4) Effector

(5) Response(5) Response

sensory neurone

motor neurone



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b

c e

d

g



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b

c

e

d



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1. Acqui r ed (not inherited) through training or

learning.

2. Replace a normal stimulus by a unr elated stimulus to give same response.

3. Initial skills by voluntary; then become

unconscious (conditional reflex)

4. Enable animal to modify behaviour to adapt

the environment (i.e. avoid danger)

1. Acqui r ed (not inherited) through training or

learning.

2. Replace a normal stimulus by a unr elated stimulus to give same response.

3. Initial skills by voluntary; then become

unconscious (conditional reflex)

4. Enable animal to modify behaviour to adapt

the environment (i.e. avoid danger)



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Æ



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1. Intentional & conscious by thinking & reasoning

2. Receptor Spinal cord sensory area (cerebrum)

1. Intentional & conscious by thinking & reasoning

2. Receptor Spinal cord sensory area (cerebrum)

3. Association area

(cerebrum) for

integration &

decision.

4. Motor area(cerebrum) Motor

neurone Relay

Effector

3. Association area

(cerebrum) for

integration &

decision.

4. Motor area(cerebrum) Motor

neurone Relay

Effector

b

c

d

d





SUBMITTED BY

N AME ² SA NKET AJ IN

CLASS ² XTH B

R.NO - 6

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