Saleh SultansoyTR-ATLAS Grid Workshop 19-21.06.2008 Gaziantep 1 Towards to the TeV Scale Saleh Sultansoy TOBB ETÜ, Ankara & Fizika İnstitutu, Baku Introduction

Saleh Sultansoy TR-ATLAS Grid Workshop 19-21.06.2008 Gaziantep

1

Towards to the TeV Scale

Saleh Sultansoy

TOBB ETÜ, Ankara & Fizika İnstitutu, Baku

• Introduction• Periodic Table of the Elementary Particles • The Fourth SM Family• Higgs at the Tevatron and LHC• RS-LSP Scenario• Conclusion


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Introduction→1930’s:

e, p, n + + (Pauli) + (Yukawa)

EM interactions mediated by Strong int-ns mediated by ± and

Weak int-ns - Fermi (four-fermion contact)

Leptons: e and Mesons: ± andBarions: p and n.

Whole (visible) Universe is formed from a few particles: Nuclei are bound states of p’s and n’s, Atoms are bound states of nuclei and e’s etc. Chemistry became the Science…Whole technology of 20th century is based on this picture.


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This nice picture was destroyed in 1937 by the discovery of ! We were looked for –mesons but found something different. This new particle seems to be produced by strong interactions, but interacts with matter by EM interactions.Real –mesons were discovered 10 years later in emulsion experiments:

e

μ – e puzzle:

why the Nature needs the second “heavy” electron …

→ 1960’s: hadron (meson and barion) inflation Quarks


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5

← First SM family

← three “massless” neutrinos

← three (or more) SM families


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Black holes, Un-particles ?? Un-physics ???


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TOBB ETÜ-


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THERA projesi DESY’nin kapılarını açtı (1996 DESY-AÜ işbirliği anlaşması)

QCD Explorer projesi CERN AB ve AT bölümlerinin kapılarını açtı (2004-2008 TAEK projesi, 2008-2011 TAEK projeleri)

EPAC ve PAC ta tüm Türkiye çıkışlı makaleler linak-halka tipli lepton-hadron çarpıştırıcıları ve TAC projesi ile ilgilidir

Kritik aşama: 1-3 Eylül 2008 de yapılacak ECFA-CERN çalıştayı


10

6

1029

1030

1031

1032

1033

1034

1035

1036

1037

1 10 100 1000

GLC

ADONE

VEPP2000

KEK B and PEP II

KEK BPEP II

CESR

DAFNE

DAFNE2

BEPCII

CESRc

Ecm

(GeV)

L (cm-2sec-1)

VEPP2M

LEP

TRISTANPETRA

VEPP4MDORIS

SPEARBEPC

COLLIDERS

FACTORIES

SUPER FACTORIES

e+-e- Colliders: Past, Present and Future

L (cm-2 s-1)

E (GeV)

↑ TAC


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→ 2000’s:

Periodic Table of the Elementary* Particles

family l u d 1

< 3 eV

510.99892(4) keV

1.5 to 4 MeV

4 to 8 MeV

2

< 190 keV

105.658369(9) MeV

1.15 to 1.35 GeV

80 to 130

MeV

3

< 18.2 MeV

1.77699(+29-26) GeV

174.3(5.1) GeV

4.1 to 4.4 GeV

4

> 45 GeV

> 100 GeV

> 200 GeV

> 130 GeV

* Elementary in the SM framework. At least one more level (preons) should exist.

m = 0 (< 610-17 eV) mg = 0 (< few MeV) mW = 80.425(38) GeV mZ = 91.1876(21) GeV

mH > 114.4 GeV Scale: 247 GeV


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19.yüzyılın sonu:

Kimyasal Elementlerin Mendeleyev Tablosu

Anlaşılması: Rutherford deneyi → Atom modeli

Enerji skalası MeV düzeyinde

1960’lar:

Hadronların “Mendeleyev Tablosu”

Anlaşılması: SLAC deneyleri → kuerk-parton modeli

Enerji skalası GeV düzeyinde

20.yüzyılın sonu:

Kuark, lepton ve ara bozonların “Mendeleyev Tablosu”

Anlaşılması: LHC deneyleri → preon modeli?

Enerji Skalası TeV ?? Düzeyinde

Kuark ve leptonların karışımı yeni yapı düzeyinin en önemli

belirtisidir !


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Yukawa couplings

In standard approach: mf = gf ( 245 GeV) gt / ge = 0 ( mt / me ) 340000

Moreover, gt / ge 1.751011 (if me = 1 eV) compare with mGUT/mW ~ 1013

However, see-saw mechanism …

For same type fermions: gt / gu 35000175000, gb / gd 3001500,

g / ge 3500

Within third family: gt / gb 40, gt / g 100, gt / g 10000

et cetera Therefore, 3 family case is unnatural

Hierarchy: m u m c m t m d m s m b m e m m


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i) LEP data

Three SM families with m(L) < mZ / 2

ii) Precision EW data

2000: the 4th family excluded at 99% CL

2002: 3 and 4 families have the same status

5 and even 6 families are allowed if mN 50 GeV

2004: 6`th SM family is excluded at 3σ ...

2008: ???

H.J. Su, N. Polonsky and S. Su, Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001) 117701

V.A. Novikov, L.B. Okun, A.N. Rosanov and M.I. Vysotsky, Phys. Lett. B 529 (2002) 111

....


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Why the four SM families(S. Sultansoy, hep-ph/0004271)

Today, the mass and mixing patterns of the fundamental fermions are the most mysterious aspects of the particle physics. Even the number of fermion generations is not fixed by the Standard Model (N ≥ 3 from LEP, N ≤ 8 from Asymptotic Freedom).

The statement of the Flavor Democracy (or, in other words, the Democratic Mass Matrix approach)

H. Harari, H. Haut and J. Weyers, Phys. Lett. B 78 (1978) 459;

H. Fritzch, Nucl. Phys. B 155 (1979) 189; B 184 (1987) 391;

P. Kaus and S. Meshkov, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 3 (1988) 1251;

H. Fritzch and J. Plankl, Phys. Lett. B 237 (1990) 451.

which is quite natural in the SM framework, may be considered as the interesting step in true direction.


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It is intriguing, that Flavor Democracy favors the existence of the fourth SM family

H. Fritzsch, Phys. Lett. B 289 (1992) 92.

A. Datta, Pramana 40 (1993) L503.

A. Celikel, A.K. Ciftci and S. Sultansoy, Phys. Lett. B 342 (1995) 257.

Moreover, Democratic Mass Matrix approach provide, in principle the possibility to obtain the small masses for the first three neutrino species without see-saw mechanism

J. L. Silva-Marcos, Phys Rev D 59 (1999) 091301

The fourth family quarks, if exist, will be copiously produced at the LHC.

ATLAS Detector and Physics Performance TDR, CERN/LHCC/99-15 (1999), p. 663-

Then, the fourth family leads to an essential increase of the Higgs boson production cross section via gluon fusion at hadron colliders and this effect may be observed soon at the Tevatron.


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Flavor Democracy and the Standard Model

It is useful to consider three different bases:

- Standard Model basis {f0},

- Mass basis {fm} and

- Weak basis {fw}.

According to the three family SM, before the spontaneous symmetry breaking quarks are grouped into the following SU(2)U(1) multiplets:

.0,0,0

0;0,0,

0

0;0,0,

0

0

Rb

Rt

Llb

Lt

Rd

Rc

LsL

c

Rd

Ru

Ld

Lu


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ddd

mdmLch

Rd

Ld

Lu

dad

YL

)(..0

)(

d

ijan

jidijmjdidd

ijmchn

ji RjdLidLiudijad

YL

1,,00

..1,

00

00)(

In one family case all bases are equal and, for example, d-quark mass is obtained due to Yukawa interaction

where md = ad/√2, = <0> 247 GeV. In the same manner mu= au /√2,

me= ae /√2 and me= ae /√2 (if neutrino is Dirac particle).

In n family case

where d10 denotes d0, d2

0 denotes s0 etc.

/√2


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Flavor Democracy assumptions

Before the spontaneous symmetry breaking all quarks are massless and there are no differences between d0, s0 and b0. In other words fermions with the same quantum numbers are indistinguishable. This leads us to the first assumption, namely, Yukawa couplings are equal within each type of fermions:

.,,, aijalalijauau

ijadadija

The first assumption result in n-1 massless particles and one massive particle with m = n·aF· /√2 (F = u, d, l, ) for each type of the SM fermions.


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aalauada

tab

aaatmb

mmm

Because there is only one Higgs doublet which gives Dirac masses to all four types of fermions (up quarks, down quarks, charged leptons and neutrinos), it seems natural to make the second assumption, namely, Yukawa constants for different types of fermions should be nearly equal:

This means that the n-th family (Dirac) fermions are almost degenerate

mln mun mdn mνn n a η / √2

For the third family we have:

Therefore, the second assumption leads to the statement that according to the flavor democracy the fourth SM family should exist.


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Above arguments, in terms of the mass matrix, mean

1000

0000

0000

0000

/v24

1111

1111

1111

1111

/v20 amMaM

Now, let us make the third assumption, namely, a/√2 is between egwsinW and gz=gw/cosW. Therefore, the fourth family fermions are almost

degenerate, in good agreement with experimental value = 0.99980.0008, and their common mass lies between 320 GeV and 730 GeV. The last value is close to the upper limit on heavy quark masses, mQ 700 GeV,

which follows from partial-wave unitarity at high energies

M.S. Chanowitz, M.A. Furlan and I. Hinchliffe, Nucl. Phys. B 153 (1979) 402

It is interesting that with value of a/√2 gw flavor democracy predicts

m4 8mW 640 GeV.


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The masses of the first three family fermions, as well as an observable interfamily mixings, are generated due to the small deviations from the full flavor democracy

A. Datta and S. Rayachaudhiri, Phys. Rev. D 49 (1994) 4762.S. Atag et al., Phys. Rev. D 54 (1996) 5745.A.K. Ciftci, R. Ciftci and S. Sultansoy, Phys. Rev. D 72 (2005) 053006.

Last parameterization, which gives correct values for fundamental fermion masses, at the same time, predicts quark and lepton CKM matrices in good agreement with experimental data.

Arguments against the Fifth SM Family

The first argument disfavoring the fifth SM family is the large value of mt 175 GeV. Indeed, partial-wave unitarity leads to mQ 700 GeV 4 mt and in general we expect that mt m4 m5.

Second argument: neutrino counting at LEP results in fact that there are only three "light" (2m mZ) non-sterile neutrinos, whereas in the case of five SM families four "light" neutrinos are expected.


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gg → H enhancement factor as a function of Higgs mass:

four SM family case with m4 = 200; 320 and

640 GeV (upper, mid and lower curves, respectively)

E. Arik et al., Eur Phys J C 26 (2002) 9 E. Arik et al., Phys Rev D 66 (2002) 033003

4; 5 and 6 SM families with infinite masses (lower, mid and upper curves)

The Fourth SM Family and the Higgs Boson


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Higgs decay branching ratios

E. Arık, O. Çakır, S. A. Çetin, S. Sultansoy, Phys. Rev. D 66, 033003 (2002).


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The Fourth SM Family at the Tevatron

The fourth SM family (quarks) manifestations at the upgraded Tevatron:

a) Significant enhancement (~8 times) of the Higgs boson production cross section via gluon fusion

b) Pair production of the fourth family quarks (if md4 and/or mu4 < 300 GeV)

c) Single resonant production of fourth family quarks via the process

qg q4 (if anomalous coupling has sufficient strength)


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DØ presentations, for example,

A. Kharchilava, hep-ex/0407010

W.-M. Yao, hep-ex/0411053

V. Buscher, hep-ex/0411063

E. Arik et al., hep-ex/0411053

* means extra SM families with mN 50 GeV

Tevatron 2004


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Another opportunity to observe the fourth SM family quarks at the Tevatron is their anomalous production via qg-fusion if anomalous coupling has sufficient strength (f.e. g + u → u4 → W+ + b)

E. Arik. O. Cakir and S. Sultansoy, Phys Rev D 67 (2003) 035002

Eur Phys Lett 62 (2003) 332

Eur Phys J C 39 (2005) 499

Lint 2 fb-1 8 fb-1

SM-4 150 GeV < mH < 180 GeV 140 GeV < mH < 200 GeV

SM-5 135 GeV < mH 125 GeV < mH

SM-4* --- 160 GeV < mH < 195 GeV

SM-5* 155 GeV < mH 150 GeV < mH

SM-6* 150 GeV < mH 145 GeV < mH

Accessible mass range of the Higgs boson at the TevatronE. Arik et al, hep-ph/0502050 (Feb 2005)


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Tevatron 2005 -2006


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SM only a factor 4 away

We exclude 4th generation models, for which mH=150-185

GeV

Results for HWW* (ICHEP-2006)Expected/Observed # of events for mH = 160 GeV (L ~ 950 pb-1):

G. Bernardi, ICHEP-2006


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• We exclude 4th generation models, for which

mH=150-185 GeV or• We exclude mH=150-185 GeV, if the 4th

generation exists

Both statements at 95% CL (~2σ)+ discrepancy between “expected” and

“observed” limits


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Existence of the fourth SM family can give opportunity for Tevatron to observe the intermediate mass Higgs boson before the LHC.

However, LHC will cover whole region via “golden” mode during the first year of operation. E. Arik et al., Phys. Rev. D 66 (2002) 033003

gg → ZZ(*) → l+l-l+l- (l=e,μ)


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Link to


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Pair production at the LHC, 100 fb-1

E. Arik et al., Phys. Rev. D 58 (1998) 117701


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Future Studies for the LHC

• Reconsider pair production of 4-th family quarks (previous study in 1998)

• Impact of 4-th family on the Higgs boson searches in all channels

• Anomalous production and decays of 4-th family quarks

• Identification: u4 vs Little Higgs t’

• Identification: d4 vs isosinglet D

• 4-th family leptons ?• ...


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Flavor Democracy and the MSSMS. Sultansoy, hep-ph/0003269 (2000); A.T. Alan and S. Sultansoy, J. Phys. G 30 (2004) 937.

Usually either neutralino or gravitino are treated as the

Lightest Supersymmetric Particle.

Flavor Democracy permits for superparner of the right-handed

neutrino to be an LSP.

Then, tanβ ~ 40 if there are three (MS)SM families;

Otherwise, the fourth family is nesessary if tanβ ~ 1.


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Parameter Inflation


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If neutrinos have Majorana nature then the total number of observable free parameters (including gauge sector) in the three family MSSM exceeds 200 !

(Therefore,) SUSY should be realized at the most fundamental (pre-)preonic level.


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Sneutrino as the LSP


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40


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Flavor Democracy and tanβ


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CONCLUSION(ATLAS) LHC ile ilgili yaptıklarımız ve yapacaklarımız:

1. 4-cü SM ailesi

2. Higgs bozonu

3. Isosinglet kuarklar

4. RS-LSP senaryosu

5. Preonik modeller


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CONCLUSION (devam)

6. TIER2 → TIER1

7. SLHC• T/DAQ• Hardware (semiconductor detectors?)

8. QCD Explorer• Hızlandırıcı• Fizik• Detektör

9. DİĞER• SPL• …


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Backup slides


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H WW* ll

H

+ u4 + d4

factor ~3 in M

CDF

2005 2006

Left: D0 Coll., Phys.Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 011801.

Right: CDF Coll., Phys. Rev. Lett (to be published)


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The Fourth SM Family and Particle Factories


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Breaking of the DMM A.K. Ciftci, R. Ciftci and S. Sultansoy, Phys. Rev. D 72 (2005) 053006


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Eigenvalues of matrix (19) give as the masses of the corresponding fermions which are used to fix the values of parameters α, β and γ.


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Documents

Saleh SultansoyTR-ATLAS Grid Workshop 19-21.06.2008 Gaziantep 1 Towards to the TeV Scale Saleh Sultansoy TOBB ETÜ, Ankara & Fizika İnstitutu, Baku Introduction