Sains Form 1 Chapter 2

7/25/2019 Sains Form 1 Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

The Cell


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2-1 Cells: The Units of Life


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The Microscope: A Tool

Q: Why do scientists need to use

microscopes?

A: Cells are small


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efore!


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Compound Microscope

" Com#ines the

po$er of 2

lenses to enlar%ethe ima%e and

#lend li%ht

to$ard your eye


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&ye piece lens ' o#(ecti)e lens

1*+ ' ,+ Lo$ po$er

1*+ ' 1*+ Medium o$er

1*+ ',*+

.i%h o$er

/ ,*+

/ 1**+

/ ,**+


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&yepiece or ocular lens

" Lens closest to the

eye


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0#(ecti)e Lens

" Lens closest to the

specimen or o#(ect


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osepiece

" 0#(ecti)es fastened

to this re)ol)in%

structure


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ta%e

" Where you place

your slide


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ta%e clips

" .old slide in place


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ody Tu#e

" Li%ht tra)els throu%h

here


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Li%ht ource

" ro)ides li%ht


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3iaphra%m

" 4e%ulates the li%ht

reachin% the

o#(ecti)e lens


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ase

" upports the

microscope


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Arm

" .olds the #ody

tu#e5 acts as a

handle


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Coarse focusin% 6no#

" Used to focus under

lo$ po$er only


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7ine focusin% 6no#

" Used to focus under

hi%h po$er only


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A microscope re)erses and in)erts the

ima%e of an o#(ect seen under it

e

e

efore

)ie$in%

under the

microscope

While

)ie$in%

under the

microscope


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Thin%s mo)in% under a microscope are

actually mo)in% in the opposite direction


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Thin%s mo)in% under a microscope are

actually mo)in% in the opposite direction


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tereoscopic li%ht microscope

" 8i)e you 93

)ie$ of an

o#(ect" Used to loo6 at

thic6 thin%s

li%ht cant pass

throu%h


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&lectron Microscopes

" Can ma%nify

thin%s more

than 9**5***times


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Transmission electron microscope

" Used to study parts inside a cell


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cannin% &lectron Microscope

" Used to see the surfaces of $hole o#(ects


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Cell Theory

1; All or%anisms are made up of one

or more cells

2; Cells are the #asic units ofstructure and function in all

or%anisms

9; All cells come from cells that

already e+ist


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2-2 Cell tructure


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Li)in% cells are dynamic and ha)e

se)eral thin%s in common

" Mem#rane

" Cytoplasm


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There are 2 #asic types of cells

1; ro6aryotic > no nucleus

2; &u6aryotic > has a nucleus


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Cell Mem#rane

" tructure that forms the outer

#oundary of the cell and allo$s

only certain materials to mo)e inand out of the cell


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7eatures of the cell mem#rane

" 7le+i#le

" 3ou#le layer of fats $ith some

proteins scattered throu%hout


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Cytoplasm

" 8el-li6e material inside the cell

mem#rane


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0r%anelles

" tructures $ithin the cytoplasm of

eu6aryotic cells


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ucleus

" tructure that directs all the

acti)ities of the cell

" Contains the 3A


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Chromatin

" Made up of protein and 3A


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&ndoplasmic 4eticulum

" 7olded mem#rane that mo)es

materials around in the cell

" ome ha)e ri#osomes on them5some dont


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4i#osomes

" Ma6e

proteins

" ome foundon &4

" 0thers incytoplasm


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8ol%i odies

" The pac6a%in% and secretin%

or%anelles of the cell


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Mitochondria

" Where food molecules are #ro6en

do$n and ener%y is released


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Lysosomes

" 3i%ests $astes

and $orn out

cell parts


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acuoles" tora%e areas5 store $ater5 food5 $astes

" mall in animals and lar%e in plants


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Cell Wall

" 4i%id structure

outside the cell

mem#rane thatsupports and

protects the

plant cell


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Chloroplasts

" 0r%anelles $here li%ht ener%y is

chan%ed into chemical ener%y in

the form of a su%ar called %lucose


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Chlorophyll

" Chemical in chloroplasts that

traps li%ht ener%y > reflects %reen

li%ht


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acterial Cells

" ro6aryotic

" 3ont ha)e mem#rane > #ound

or%anelles


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7eatures of #acterial cells

" Cell $all and cytoplasm

" in%le chromosome

" o nuclei

" 4i#osomes


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2-9 Cell 0r%aniation


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er)e Cell

" end impulses

throu%h your

#ody


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4ed lood Cells

" Can chan%e

shape

" 7le+i#le" Mo)e throu%h

the duct $or6 of

your #lood

)essels


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lant essel Cell

" Transports

$ater and

mineralsthrou%hout the

cell


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Tissues

" 8roups of similar cells that do

similar thin%s

" &+;= smooth muscle tissue


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0r%an

"A structure made up of different

types of tissues that $or6

to%ether" &+;= stomach


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0r%an ystem

"A %roup of or%ans $or6in%

to%ether to do a certain (o#

" &+;= di%esti)e system

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Sains Form 1 Chapter 2