Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Rules of the Road
United States Power Squadrons
USPS University
Seminar and contents copyrighted by USPS 2008
Seminar Reference
Per Inland Rules: Boats 12 m or greater must carry a copy of these rules
Why Rules?
• Communicate actions
• Set level of expectation
• Provide guidance in various situations
• Identify other boats
AVOID COLLISIONS
Framework
• Parallel sets of rules
Minor differences
• COLREGS –
International Regulations for the Prevention of
Collisions at Sea
• INLAND –
Bays, inland waters (U.S.)
Same language
Adds a few words
Can communicate via radio as well as sound
signals
Line of Demarcation
U.S. Inland Rules
Demarcation Line
COLREGS
Structure of Rules
• Define actions of 2 vessels 38 Rules
• Categories of Rules: General Steering & Sailing Rules
• Those that apply to all Vessels,
• Vessels in Sight of Each other,
• Vessels in limited visibility
Lights & Shapes
Sound and Light Signals
Annexes
Some key thoughts
• Practical
• Rather than absolute right of way… “stand-on” and “give-way”
• except downbound on certain rivers
• Based on maneuverability
• Focus – collision avoidance
International and Inland - General
• General: • Rule 1 – Application
• Rule 2 – Responsibility
• Rule 3 – General Definitions
Rule 1: Application
• The rules apply to ALL VESSELS on the high seas and navigable waters.
wgh
wgh
Rule 2: Responsibility
• No matter what happens, the person in charge of the vessel must do everything possible to avoid collision.
• Under certain circumstances you are allowed/expected to break rules to avoid collision.
• Rules do not protect a participant in a collision from fault.
Quackenbush
Rule 3: General Definitions
• Underway: not anchored, grounded, or attached to shore. Includes vessels dead in water.
• In sight: seen with the eyes.
• Restricted Visibility: any atmospheric condition reducing visibility.
• Stand-on vessel: vessel obligated to maintain course & speed.
• Give-way vessel: vessel obligated to keep out of way of other.
Rule 3: General Definitions 2
• Vessel: any watercraft.
• Power-driven Vessel: propelled by machinery.
• Sailing Vessel: propelled by sail alone.
• Seaplane: aircraft which can maneuver on water.
• Vessel not under command (NUC): Vessel unable to maneuver due to exceptional circumstances.
Rule 3: General Definitions 3
• Vessel Engaged in Fishing: vessel fishing with equipment that restricts maneuverability (nets, trawls, etc.)
• Vessel Constrained by Draft: a power driven vessel which, because of draft, is severely restricted in ability to deviate from her course (COLREGS only).
• Vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver: vessel which, due to her nature of her work, cannot maneuver.
Steering and Sailing Rules
• Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of Visibility: • Rule 4 – Application
• Rule 5 – Lookout
• Rule 6 – Safe Speed
• Rule 7 – Risk of Collision
• Rule 8 – Action to Avoid Collision
• Rule 9 – Narrow Channels
• Rule 10 – Traffic Separation Schemes
Rule 4: Application
• Rules in this section apply in any condition of visibility
wgh wgh
Rule 5: Lookout
• Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight, hearing and installed electronic equipment.
• Skipper appoints a separate (designated) look-out if there is more than one person aboard.
Stroub
e
Rule 6: Safe Speed
• Requires every vessel proceed at a safe speed to avoid collisions under existing conditions and circumstances
wgh
wgh
Rule 7: Risk of Collision
• Use all available means to determine if collision with another boat is possible.
• converging on a constant relative bearing…
• results in a collision
• remember skippers must avoid collision
Rule 8: Avoiding Collision
• Give-way vessel must take significant and obvious action in ample time.
• Must be obvious to Stand-on vessel.
Course change may be more apparent
Unless Stand-on is abeam, then speed change may be better
Rule 9: Narrow Channels
• No specific definition Based on relation between
size of boats and channel
• Stay near outer limit to starboard As far as safe and practical
• Other boats Stay clear of vessels
constrained by draft Cross channel at right
angles
• INLAND Downbound vessel has
right-of-way
wgh
wgh
Rule 10: Traffic Separation
• Inbound and outbound traffic lanes
• Divided by separation lines or zones
• One-way lanes for large ships
• Vessels under 20 m or fishing shall not impede vessels following lanes
• Cross lanes at right angles
wgh
Traffic Separation Schemes
inbound
outbound separator
Inshore traffic zone
Inshore traffic zone
inbound
outbound separator
Navigation Aid
Southern Approach
Eastern Approach
Cross traffic zones at Right angles
Southeastern Approach
• Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another : • Rule 11 - Application
• Rule 12 - Sailing Vessels • Rule 13 - Overtaking • Rule 14 - Head-on • Rule 15 - Crossing Situations
• Rule 16 - Action by the Give-way Vessel
• Rule 17 - Action by the Stand-on Vessel
• Rule 18 - Responsibilities Between Vessels
• Rule 19 - Restricted Visibility
Steering and Sailing Rules
Rule 11: Application
• Rules in this section apply to vessels in sight of one another.
wgh
Rule 12: Sailing Vessels
• Sailing vessels Under sail alone
• No engine
• Sailing vessels approaching each other… one shall keep out of
the way of the other: • Wind different sides
• Wind same side
• Can’t tell
•Give way •Stand-on
wgh
• Sailing vessels Under sail alone
• No engine
• Opposite Tacks Port Tack: Give-Way
• Same Tack Windward: Give-Way
• Downwind Port Tack: Give-Way
• If uncertain Give-Way
port tack
port tack
Rule 12: Sailing Vessels
Rule 13: Overtaking
• Overtaking vessel keeps out of the way All vessels
• Vessel being overtaken maintains course and speed
• Overtaking vessel is give-way until past and clear
• Stand-on Vessel
• Give-way Vessel (overtaking)
• Power-driven vessels meeting head-on
Both are Give-Way vessels
Both should alter course to starboard and pass port-to-port
Sound or VHF to signal agreement on which side
• Exception: Great Lakes and Western Rivers
Downbound have right-of-way over upbound boats
Rule 14: Meeting - Head-on Situation
• Two power vessels cross, the one to the port side of the other is the GIVE-WAY vessel.
• Power vessel GIVES- WAY to sailing vessel
Rule 15: Crossing Situation
Rule 16: Action by Give-Way Vessel
•Stand-On vessel
•Give-Way Vessel
Turn to starboard
Rule 17: Action by Stand-on Vessel
•Stand-On vessel
•Give-Way Vessel
Maintain Course & Speed
Rule 18: Responsibilities Between Vessels
Overtaken
WIG
Only
New
Reels
Catch
Fish
So
Purchase
Some
Worms
Rule 19: Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
• Applies to vessels not in sight of each other when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility.
wgh wgh
Lights and Shapes • Rules:
Rule 20 - Application
Rule 21 - Definitions
Rule 22 - Visibility of Lights
Rule 23 - Power Driven Vessels Underway
Rule 24 - Towing and Pushing
Rule 25 - Sailing Vessels
Rule 26 - Fishing Vessels
Rule 27 - Vessels not under command / restricted in ability …
Rule 28 - Vessels constrained by draft
Rule 29 - Pilot vessels
Rule 30 - Vessels aground/at anchor
Rule 31 - Seaplanes
• Lights shall be displayed: From sunset to sunrise
In conditions of restricted visibility
In all other circumstances when deemed appropriate
• Purpose of Lights and Dayshapes: Helps determine stand-on/give-way status.
Indicates the occupation of certain vessels.
Aids in the determination of target angle and course.
Rule 20: Application of Lights
Rule 21: Definitions
• Masthead light - white light over centerline with an unbroken 225° arc and when combined with the stern light covers the entire 360° arc.
• Sidelights - green starboard side and red port side light. Each covering an unbroken 112.5° arc.
• Sternlight - white light on or near the stern showing an unbroken 135° arc.
Rule 21: Definitions (cont.)
• Towing light - a yellow light having the same characteristics as the “sternlight.”
• All-round light – a light showing an unbroken light over a 360° arc.
• Flashing light - a light flashing at regular intervals with a frequency of 120 flashes or more per minute.
Rule 22: Visibility of Lights
Rule 22: Visibility of Lights
TYPE OF LIGHT COLOR ARC
MINIMUM RANGE Boat Length
>50 m 12-50 m
Masthead white 225° 6 nm 5 nm
Sidelight red / green 112.5° 3 nm 2nm
Sternlight white 135° 3 nm 2 nm
Towing yellow 135° 3 nm 2 nm
All around various 360° 3 nm 2 nm
Flashing yellow / blue 360° 3 nm 2 nm
Rule 23: Power-Driven Vessels
Rule 24: Towing/Pushing
Rule 25 : Sailing Vessels
Rule 26: Fishing Vessels
Rule 27: Vessels Not Under Command
• If making way, side/stern light
• “Red over red, Captain is dead”
McGraw-Hill
Rule 27: Vessels Restricted in Their Ability to Maneuver
• Dayshape = ball-diamond-ball • “A” for diving operations • 3 green lights (not vertical) for mine clearing
USN
USN
Rule 28: Vessels Constrained by Draft
Day
McGraw-Hill
Night
Rule 29: Pilot Vessel
“White over red, pilot ahead”
USN
Rule 30: Vessels Anchored
Rule 30: Vessels Aground
McGraw-Hill
Rule 31: Seaplanes (& WIGs)
• Shall exhibit lights and
shapes as closely similar
in characteristics and
position as is possible.
US Army Wing in Ground (WIG)
Sound Signals
• Rules: Rule 32 – Definitions
Rule 33 – Equipment for Sound Signals
Rule 34 – Maneuvering and Warning Signals
Rule 35 - Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility
Rule 36 - Signals to Attract Attention
Rule 37 – Distress Signals
Rule 32: Definitions
• Whistle - any sound appliance capable of producing the prescribed blasts and meets the Regulations Annex III specifications.
• Short blast - a blast of about one seconds’ duration (.)
• Prolonged blast – a blast of from four to six seconds (-)
Rule 33: Equipment for Sound Signals
wgh
• A vessel 12 m or more shall have a whistle.
• A vessel 20 m or more shall have a bell in addition to whistle.
• A vessel 100 m or more shall have a gong in addition to whistle & bell.
• A vessel less than 12 m shall have means to make an efficient sound signal.
Rule 34: Maneuvering and Warning Signals
COLREGs INLAND
Signal
Intended action Proposed action
Answer
Meeting / Crossing
None required
Respond: Same signal (<½ mi)
Overtaking narrow channel
Acknowledge Respond: Same signal
Rule 34: Maneuvering and Warning Signals (Cont.)
Meeting/Crossing – I intend/propose* going to:
Starboard
Port
Astern
Warning (disagree)
Approaching Bend or departing dock (inland)
* COLREGS/INLAND
Rule 34: Maneuvering and Warning Signals (Cont.)
Overtaking – I propose (INLAND) overtaking to:
Starboard
Port
Agree to be overtaken* echo same signal
Warning (I don’t understand)
Approaching Bend or departing dock (inland)
* Agreement required before taking action
Rule 34: Maneuvering and Warning Signals (Cont.)
Overtaking – I intend (COLREGS) overtaking to:
Starboard
Port
Agree to be overtaken*
Warning (I don’t understand)
* Agreement required before taking action
Rule 35: Sound Signal in Restricted Visibility
Power
Making way
Stopped
Manned tow
NUC, Restricted Maneuver including: Sail, fishing, restricted draft
Anchored
Aground (<20m) any sound every 2min
Rule 36: Signals to Attract Attention
• Any vessel may make light or sound signals that can not be mistaken… to attract attention of another vessel…
• Note: Inland Rules allow use of strobes
Rule 37: Distress Signals
•“I need assistance”