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RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER
August 2017 EDITION
As we enter the latter part of the year, I note that we have some very interesting events to
look forward to. Our combined event with the PWI and IRSE on 7th September at the Mile
End Hilton has two excellent speakers, who will provide an opportunity to discuss safety
outcomes. Our lecture on 5th October by Des Smith will commemorate the 100th
Anniversary of the joining up of the Trans Australia Railway on the Nullabor in October 1917,
which is a significant milestone in Australian transport history. I am also looking forward to
our annual dinner and AGM on 30th November at the Hyde Park Tavern, where we have Dr
Anjum Naweed to speak to us on lessons learnt in human factors for light rail. Given the
recently announced light rail extension for Adelaide, this presentation at our Annual Dinner
and AGM should be of particular interest.
Elsewhere in our newsletter we have a request for members to consider serving on the SA
Branch Committee of the RTSA. I would strongly encourage participation as a great
volunteer activity, also providing great industry networking opportunities. You never know
when you will need to pick up the phone and utilize that network.
On the front of rail progress in SA, we continue to have rapid progression on the Torrens
Junction rail grade separation and the Adelaide to Tarcoola re-railing project. The latter
project is well into the rail welding phase, with regular deliveries from Arrium at Whyalla of
60 kg/m rail lengths. The Flash Butt Welding Depot at Port Augusta is in full swing and rail
is being delivered to site along the rail corridor in preparation for installation.
IRSE / RTSA / PWI JOINT MEETING September 2017 TECHNICAL PRESENTATION 1) Axle Counter
Communications – Spencer Junction to Tarcoola
2) Signalling System Safety is NOT an Absolute
VENUE: Fedora’s Restaurant
Hilton Hotel, Corner South Road & Sir Donald Bradman Drive, Hilton SA 5033
DATE:
7th September 2017
TIME:
5.45pm for 6pm start to 8.45pm
COST:
RTSA Member, Society Member
Non-Member & Student Member
- Free
RSVP:
https://www.eventbrite.com.a
u/e/irse-pwi-rtsa-adelaide-
joint-local-meeting-tickets-
36466589551
Phone: 08 8370 7004
Mobile/SMS: 0418 827 126
www.rtsa.com.au
WORDS FROM THE CHAIR – PHILLIP CAMPBELL
RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER – August 2017 EDITION
State of the Art in Light Rail
Technology Scott Elaurant
Senior Transport Planner, Infrastructure &
Enviroment SA, Jacobs
Scott Elaurant is a civil engineer/economist with 30 years’
experience in transport infrastructure – particularly demand
modelling and concept planning. He has a thorough
knowledge of economic and engineering principles relevant to
planning infrastructure. Scott has worked for Federal and State
government agencies on major road and public transport
projects in Australia, New Zealand and South East Asia.
In recent years Scott has worked increasingly in the planning
of public transport, notably passenger heavy rail and light rail.
Recent projects have included the Adelaide Rail revitalisation
program, Seaford Line extension, Gawler Line extension,
Flinders Rail extension, Klang Valley Bypass, Glenelg Tram
Extension (Stages I and II), South Road (LRT) Overpass, Perth
Light Rail and Auckland Light Rail. He has written papers on
light rail, declining car usage, parking policy, forecasting
accuracy, climate change and transport, and peak oil and
transport.
Overview
1. Background – definitions & history
2. LRT vehicle technology advances
– Standardisation
– Modular; High capacity vehicles
– High speed/low floor LRVs
– Wire Free Systems
3. LRT systems technology
4. LRT Implementation
– Street running traffic aspects
– Urban design
5. Cost Effectiveness
6. Summary
1. About the Author
Scott Elaurant*
With Jacobs:
Glenelg Tram South Rd Overpass
Glenelg Tram Extension 1 traffic
Glenelg Tram Extension 2 concept
Glenelg Tram Extension benefits study
Port Rd, Outer Harbour Line studies
Perth Light Rail planning
Auckland Light Rail business case
Auckland Light Rail reference design
*Currently Traffic Lead, Auckland Light
Rail Reference Design
Prior to Jacobs:
Brisbane Light Rail & Briztram studies
Gold Coast Light Rail (alignment)
Brisbane Light Rail Proposal
1. Jacobs – light rail experience
Jacobs
(from Australia)
Melbourne tram extensions (numerous
planning and design)
Dublin Light Rail design
Glenelg Tram Extension 1 design
Gold Coast Light Rail (signal priority)
Perth Light Rail (planning)
Sydney SE Light Rail design
Auckland Light Rail planning Dublin Luas Light Rail
(from USA)
Pittsburgh Light Rail planning & design
Los Angeles Gold Line design
San Francisco Light Rail design
Seattle Link LRT design
(London) Docklands Light Rail design
Manchester Metro extension design Seattle Link Transit Tunnel
1. Definitions – how do we define Light Rail?
**Light Rail Transit is:
• Passenger rail vehicle
• Light axle load
• Exclusive lanes or
Separate corridor
**Tram is defined as:
• Small light rail vehicle
• In shared traffic lanes
**Definitions vary
LRT
(exclusive
lanes)
LRT
(separate
corridor)
Tram
(shared)
RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER – August 2017 EDITION
1. No consistent terminology
Priority A = No priority over traffic
Priority B = Segregated lanes in street
Priority C = Separate corridor or fully grade separated
Passenger Rail
Right of WayAUS/UK France Germany
Canada/
USA
Priority A Tram TramStrasse-
BahnStreet Car
Priority B Light RailNouveaux
Tramway
Stadte-
BahnLight Rail
Priority C Metro Metro U Bahn Light Rail
1. Background – Adelaide Trams History
Extensive network
• 1855 first horse drawn tram
• 1945 peak usage – 95
million annual trips
• Majority of network closed in
1950’s
• MTT commissioned over 300
electric trams
• 56km network in 1909; peak
track length > 100km
Historic Network
2. LRT Vehicle Technology Advances
• System performance
• Standardisation
• Modular
• Capacity
• Body Articulation
• High Speed/Low floor
• Wireless power supply
• Energy Efficiency
• Examples
2. Advances: System Performance Comparison
System Opened Length Stations Peak Hw City Pop. Pass/
day
Grenoble 1987 36 km 74 2 minute 400,000 210,000
Nantes 1985 44 km 83 6 minute 600,000 274,000
Strasbourg 1994 57 km 72 3 minute 700,000 300,000*
Lyon 2000 52 km 84 4 minute 1,300,000 380,000*
Edmonton 1978 24 km 18 8 minute 900,000 98,000
Calgary 1981 60 km 45 4 minute 1,100,000 330,000
Portland,
(Oregon)
1986 96 km 97 6 minute 2,300,000 130,000
Nottingham 2004 32 km 50 7 minute 700,000 25,000+
Dublin 2004 36 km 54 5 minute 1,200,000 89,000*
2. Advances: System Performance Comparison
Croydon
Docklands
Paris
BordeauxNantes
Strasbourg
Berlin
Frankfurt
Stuttgart
Adelaide
Gold Coast
Melbourne
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
LRT & Tram Patronage vs System Length
LRT (segregated) systems out-perform Tram (shared) systems
2. Advances: Standardisation
• Alstom > 2000 Citadis
• Bombardier > 1500 Flexity
• CAF > 500 Urbos
Typical modern LRV:
• 30-33m length
• 2.65m width
• Standard gauge
• 3-4 double doors per side
• 70%+ Low floor (300mm)
RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER – August 2017 EDITION
2. Advances: High Capacity Vehicles
• Longer
• Higher
capacity
• 12m = 80
• 23m = 150
• 30m = 200
• 45m = 300
Gold Coast LRT (45m Bombardier Flexity)
2. Advances: Modular Design
• LRVs may be
coupled
• 2 x 33m = 66m
= 450 pass/train
= 6600 pass/hr
• Salt Lake City 4
units (120m) =
900 pass./train
= 14500 pass/hr
2. Advances: Modular Design
• Economy of scale: larger LRVs are more efficient to buy and run
• No extra drivers, cabins, controls, comms
LRV Length Capacity Capacity
Increase
CAPEX OPEX
30 metre 210 pass. $5M AUS
42 metre 310 pass. +50% +20% +10%
60 metre 420 pass. +100% +40% +30%
2. Advances: Capacity Summary
Tram/ LRV Vehicle
Capacity
Frequency & Capacity (passengers per hr)
20 per hr 15 per hr 10 per hr 6 per hr
30m 200 pass 4000 3000 2000 1200
45m 320 pass 6400 4800 3200 1900
2 x 30m 450 pass 9000 6700 4500 2700
2 x 45m 600 pass 12800 9600 4800 2900
Busway 50 pass (120
buses)
6000
Freeway 6 lane (6000
cars)
8000
2. Advances: Body Articulation
• Low Floor LRV with pivoting bogie – best dynamic
performance (Bombardier Flexity)
2. Advances: Body Articulation
• Multi-articulated, no axle – cheaper, lighter (Staedtler)
RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER – August 2017 EDITION
2. Advances: Bogie design = High speed + Low Floor
• Previously high
speed OR
100% low floor
• 100% low floor
designs require
special bogies
• Rated speeds
creeping up: 70
kph to 80 kph
• New Citadis
Spirit = 100 kph
Low Floor (standard) High Speed (Istanbul)
Low Floor High Speed (Ottawa)
All bogies by Alstom
2. Advances: Wireless Power supply
• Several options:
• Traditional 3rd Rail
• New APS (Alstom)
• NMH Batteries
• Super Capacitor (CAF)
• Technology advancing
fast
• Limits gradient and stop
spacing
Bordeaux LRT (APS power)
Nice LRT (battery for
wireless sections)
2. Advances: Energy efficiency
• LRT Emissions << Cars
• LRT Emissions < BRT
• LRT Emissions < Heavy Rail
• Tram C+O phase =85.4ktCO2e
• Electric Bus C+O phase =111.2ktCO2e
(Alstom)
2. Advances: Energy efficiency
ModeEuropean Energy
Agency 2013
International Energy Agency
2009
National Atmospheric Emissions
Inventory (UK) 2008
US Department of
Transportation 2010Rail 40 20 to 50 60 62
LRT 40 20 to 50 65 100
Bus/BRT 115 30 to 90 89 179
Passenger Cars 115 80 to 290 125 to 250 268
Air 120 220 to 260 175 Not assessed
2. Advances: Energy efficiency
• One of the most energy efficient forms of public transport
• BRT generates less CO2 during construction of route and
vehicles than LRT
• Tramway emits far less CO2 during operational phase
• Overall tramways emit far less CO2 over lifecycle than the most
efficient BRT systems
• Light rail emits less CO2 than any motorised urban travel mode
– LRT = 40 gCO2/km Car = 160 gCO2/km
– BRT = 60 gCO2/km
– Heavy Rail = 80 gCO2/km
2. Advances: Recent Development Examples
• Bordeaux: 100% Low
Floor LRVs
• Ottawa Confederation
Line: High Speed + Low
Floors, up to 100km/hr
in outer suburbs
• Paris T5: Rubber Tyred
LRVs
• Kaohsiung, Taiwan: First
100% wireless system
Kaohsiung (Taiwan)
Ottawa Confederations Line
RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER – August 2017 EDITION
3. LRT Systems Technology
• Signal control
• Pre-emption
• Passenger Information (on board)
• Passenger Information (stop)
• Ticketing
3. LRT Systems Technology: Signal Control
• “CapSys”: Signal priority for LRT
– Transponder on LRT; signal
software can be modified
• Ban right turns across tracks
• Remove parking
• Shared track = inefficient
3. LRT Systems Technology: Signal Control
• Signal priority for LRT
• Standard practice in Europe
• Can be done in STREAMS
• Implemented in Gold Coast LRT
Integration of LRV into TCS (GoldLinq)
3. LRT Systems Technology: Pre-emption
• Minimising LRT traffic delay
• Aim for <4% stopped time at signals in France, Germany
• Requires careful analysis of phasing logic
• LRT priority may vary from 0 to 100%
• 100% in new French/German systems
• 2 key methods via pre-emption:
– Phase lengthening
– Phase skipping
LRT Priority Strategy
3. LRT Systems Technology: Passenger Information
• Successful systems require
real-time, clear and concise
information.
• Suitable for deaf and sight
impaired passengers
• Visual and Audio
• Calling points/Safety/Security
information
3. LRT Systems Technology: Ticketing
• Electronic ticketing
• Platform-based ticketing not on-board
• Zonal/time/journey based
• Aim to remove the need for inspectors on
every service
• Inspectors on random services n
• Using smart cards – multi modal and can
offer discounts
• Mobile ticketing (NFC)
RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER – August 2017 EDITION
4. LRT Systems Implementation
• Stop Spacing
• Segregated track
• Pedestrianisation
• Integrated platforms
• Amenity improvements
4. LRT Systems Implementation: Stop Spacing
• Longer stop spacing in LRT
• Do not just replicate bus stops 400m apart
• 600m to 800m now common for LRT
• Higher average speed
• Passengers will walk further than for bus
• More efficient for operator
• More people attracted
LR Stop Spacing vs Speed (Arup)
4. LRT Systems Implementation: Segregated Track
No sharing with traffic:
• Safer system
• LRT more reliable
• LRT higher frequency
• Allows long vehicles
• Higher capacity
4. LRT Systems Implementation: Pedestrianisation
Pedestrian / LRT conflicts are critical
• Problem:
– Freedom of movement desirable
– Uncontrolled pedes create
hazard
• Pedestrian / LRT collisions are
largest safety risk
• Segregated track LRT safest
• Paving colour & texture contrast
used to guide pedestrians
• Cobblestones deter pedestrians
4. LRT Systems Implementation: Pedestrianisation
Iconic architecture – Strasbourg Homme de Ferr
4. LRT Systems Implementation: Pedestrianisation
Pedestrian + LRT mall – Auckland proposal
RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER – August 2017 EDITION
4. LRT Systems Implementation: Integrated Platforms
• Good accessibility & high boarding capacity with low floor LRV
• Minimal impact on amenity
4. LRT Systems Implementation: Amenity Uplift
• Make LRT corridors attractive
walking environments
• High quality paving
• Grass track
• Street trees
4. LRT Systems Implementation: Urban Redevelopment
• LRT facilitates medium density development (4 to 6 story)
• Modify land use zoning to permit linear development along route
Redevelopment along Bordeaux LRT Ligne C (Google Image)
5. Cost effectiveness
• LRT supply industry is highly competitive – Alstom, Bombardier,
CAF and Siemens are all active in Australian market
• Vehicle supply cost much lower than heavy rail rolling stock
– LRV (30m, 200 person) typically $3m to $4m each
– Heavy rail (3 car emu, 450 person) typically $8m to $10m each
• Busways of similar standard are similar in capital cost to LRT
• LRT has lower operating costs than bus and heavy rail (in
Australian context)
5. Cost effectiveness: Recent BRT & LRT unit costs
System Year Cost Length Unit Cost
2015 $/km
South East Transit 2000 $520M 16.5 km $28M
Liverpool Parramatta T-Way 2003 $346M 30 km $9M
Northern Busway Auckland 2008 $294M NZ 7.4 km $25M
Inner Northern Busway 2008 $493M 4.5 km $70M
Eastern Busway 2011 $692M 4.2 km $91M
Glenelg Tram, Adelaide 2009 $154M 4.4 km $19M
Sydney Dulwich Hill LRT 2014 $179M 5.6 km $16M
Gold Coast Light Rail 2014 $953M 13 km $37M
Sydney SE LRT 2017 $1600M 12.1 km $66M
5. Cost effectiveness: Wider Economic Benefits (Adelaide example)
• Benefits calculated for productivity increase (∆density)
• Move to More Productive Jobs (M2MPJ) shown but not
recommended (no constraint)
• Assume 30 year analysis, 15 year development effect
• Employment benefit >> capital cost of project
• Property uplift benefit not statistically proven
Area of BenefitHigh
Case
Middle
Case
Low
Case
All Zones <400m of Tram $332
Million
$224
Million
$111
Million
Zones < 400m of Tram
excluding zones adjacent
to North Terrace.
$372
Million
$172
Million
$85
Million
RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER – August 2017 EDITION
PRESENTATION PHOTOS
RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER – August 2017 EDITION
RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER – August 2017 EDITION
DATE AND TIME ACTIVITY LOCATION
Thursday 16th FEBRUARY 2017
3:30 PM O’Bahn City Access
Project Site Visit
McConnell Dowell Site Office Tram Barn, Hackney
Road
Tuesday 4th APRIL 2017
5.30 PM
ARTC – Automatic Train Management
System (ATMS)
Hilton Hotel, 264 South Road, Hilton SA
(Corner of Sir Donald Bradman Drive)
Thursday 4th MAY 2017
5.45PM
Real time optimization of arrival times within
timing windows
Engineers Australia, Level 11, 108, King William
Street, Adelaide 5000
Thursday 1st JUNE 2017 (deferred and TBA)
Possible site tour of flashbutt welding and
One steel
Port Augusta and Whyalla (TBA)
Thursday 6th JULY 2017 5.30PM
State of the art in light rail transportation
technology
Engineers Australia, Level 11, 108, King William
Street, Adelaide 5000
Thursday 3rd AUGUST 2017 5.45PM PWI Awards Dinner
Hilton Hotel, 264 South Road, Hilton SA
(Corner of Sir Donald Bradman Drive)
Thursday 7th SEPTEMBER 2017 5:45PM IRSE/RTSA/PWI
Joint Meeting
Hilton Hotel, 264 South Road, Hilton SA
(Corner of Sir Donald Bradman Drive)
Thursday 5th OCTOBER 2017 5:45PM
100th year Anniversary of Trans Australia
Railway
Hilton Hotel, 264 South Road, Hilton SA
(Corner of Sir Donald Bradman Drive)
21-23 November 2017 AUSRAIL PLUS Brisbane
Thursday 30th NOVEMBER 2017
6:00PM RTSA SA Division
AGM Hyde Park Tavern, Unley
Thursday 7th DECEMBER 2017 6:00PM
PWI SA Division AGM TBA
2017 RTSA Meetings will be nominally on the FIRST THURSDAY of each month from February to December. Any
changes will be advised in the Newsletter, or if a last minute affair then by special notice. Presentations in black are
confirmed those in red are provisional at this time of publication. Any reader with suggestions for a presentation that
is topical and relates to the overall objectives of RTSA should contact Barry Aw (see last page for contact details).
2017 RTSA MEETINGS AND EVENTS
RTSA SA CHAPTER NEWSLETTER – August 2017 EDITION
The SA Chapter Committee for 2017 comprises:
OFFICE HOLDERS POSITION EMAIL
Phillip Campbell Chair [email protected]
Gary Sharpe Secretary [email protected]
Barry Aw Treasurer [email protected]
Kuldeep Zala Committee member [email protected]
David Ogucha Committee member [email protected]
Mark Jordan Committee member [email protected]
Few positions available Committee member TBA
For matters directly related to the running of RTSA please contact the appropriate office holder as listed
above. For general matters or membership enquiries you should contact:
RTSA SA Chapter, Engineers Australia, Level 11, 108, King William Street, Adelaide, SA, 5000
The easiest way to submit contributions for the Newsletter is by e-mail to the Editor
[email protected] or alternatively to [email protected].
Engineers Australia members are reminded that attendance at RTSA technical meetings and events contributes towards CPD requirements. Each RTSA technical meeting generally has a value of 1 CPD point.
ED FRIENDS ARE MOST WELCOME TO
RTSA CONTACT AND SOCIETY DETAILS
This Newsletter is published by the SA Chapter of RTSA. Opinions do not necessarily reflect those of the Institution, Society, Chapter or Editor.
Items from this Newsletter may be reproduced provided they are appropriately acknowledged to
the RTSA SA Chapter Newsletter.