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8/14/2019 Role of Environment in Urban Transportation Planning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/role-of-environment-in-urban-transportation-planning 1/29
Role of Environment inUrban Transportation
Planning (UTP)Term Report Presentation
MS- Transportation Engineering
Course – Urban Transportation Planning
Prepared By: Syed Azhar Ali
CE-042, Session 2005-06
Submitted to:
Dr. Asif Shiekh
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Sequence of Presentation
Urban Transport's" Vicious or Virtuous" Cycle
The Three E’s as Guiding Principles in Urban Development
and Transport
Environmental/Ecological Sustainability
Air Pollution Effects, Contribution by transportation, NAAQS
Karachi Statistics, Developing countries studies
Noise Pollution
Sustainable Transport Instruments and Their Impact onGreenhouse Gas Emission
Success Stories
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Urban Transport’s
“Vicious or Virtuous" Cycle
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The Three E’s as Guiding Principles in
Urban Development and Transport
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Environmental/Ecological
Sustainability
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Air Pollution
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Transportation % Contribution to Air
Pollutants
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Karachi Statistics
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Karachi Statistics
1. REGISTERED VEHICLES14,63,691 (UPTO 31-03-2003)
2. CARS 45.3%
3. MOTOR CYCLES 37.0%
4. AUTO RICKSHAWS 2.8%
5. TAXIS 3.8%
6. BUSES & MINI-BUSES1.6%
7. TRUCKS 1.7%
8. OTHERS 7.5%
9. TRACTORS 0.3%
10.VEHICLE GROWTH 10%
PER ANNUM11.ROAD ACCIDENTS-2000 1089
NONFATAL 531 FATAL 558
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118210634194841000
km
50 km21483
10,23,000
2.1Other (Light
duty diesel
power etc.)
Total
1208261997921427171361000
km
100 km951399.3Heavy duty
Diesel
Powered
Bus/Trucks
69973255979139957731000
km
100 km17493317.1Light duty
Rickshaws
55483229656521000
km
10 km32633731.9Motorcycles/
Scooters
4537283629890737431000
km
28 km40510839.6Light duty
(Cars)
CO
Kg/Unit#
NOx
Kg/Unit#
SO2
Kg/Unit#
Particulate
Kg /Unit#
Units #Average
Run/day
Total
Vehicles
%age
comp.
*
Type of
Vehicles
Estimated Pollution Load From Mobile Combustion
Sources in Karachi (2000)
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Karachi Air Pollution Map
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Pollutants Concentration /Exposure
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Global Pollution
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Transport Emissions Determinants
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Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
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Index of Pollutant Contribution per
Vehicle
Poor Emission Characteristics or their relatively intensive use
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Index of Relative “Work Efficiency”
Mexico City
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Index of Relative “Work Efficiency” -
Interpretations
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Noise Pollution
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Noise Pollution in Pakistan
0
20
40
60
80
100
120Sound Level in Six Cities of Pakistan
S o u n d L e v e l ( M e a n o f M a x .
1st Cycle 79.5 87 84.5 74.3 68.3 74.9
2nd Cycle 92 91 81 85 85 79
3rd Cycle 99 93.8 85 83 89 82
Karac
hi
Lahor
e
Pesh
awar
Quett
a
Rawal
pindi
Islam
abad
NEQS Standard lim it for
Noise Level is 85 dB
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Sustainable Transport Instruments and Their Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emission
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Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Ecodrive programme — Netherlands
The objective of the ecodrive programme
implemented in the Netherlands is to 'stimulate
individual drivers, professional chauffeurs and
fleet owners in more energy-efficient purchase
and driving behaviour, leading to a reduction in
CO2 emission' (van den Hoed et al., 2006).
Specific targets were to reduce CO2 emission
The programme has successfully led to
increased fuel efficiency, and hence reduced
emissions. For example, using higher gears is more
fuel efficient compared to using lower gears for longer
periods of driving — therefore by moving up the
gears at lower speeds fuel consumption and hence
CO2 emission decreased.
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Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Speed control — Rotterdam
The speed at which a vehicle travels has
a strong correlation with fuel consumption,
and hence the level of emissions and
concentration of various pollutants. By
imposing more restrictive speed limits on
certain roads, emissions can be reduced
and ancillary benefits achieved.
The speed restrictions implemented on the A13
in Overschie were successful in reducing traffic
speeds. The average speed over a 24-hour period fell
from 93 kph to 70 kph (A13 east) and from 89 kph to 72
kph (A13 west). This reduction resulted in calmer and
more homogenised traffic and reduced downstream
bottlenecks and congestion
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Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Congestion Charging — London
Congestion charging and road user
charging schemes aim to reduce vehicle use
by charging users to pay for entering or
traveling in a specific zone, or for using a
particular stretch of road.
In terms of the scheme's objectives, the
London congestion charging scheme can be
considered a success as it has reduced congestion by
26 % compared to 2002 levels and hence emission
reduced
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Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Environmental zone — Prague
Prague aimed to curb negative
impacts of traffic on the environment by
almost doubling existing larger 6 tonne limit
zone (maintaining the 3.5 tonne limit zone
within the city centre area).
Compliance levels in the new part of the
environmental zone were estimated at roughly 50 %. A
shift in heavy goods traffic was seen, with associated
reductions in vehicle emission in the zone. The
measure was successful in reducing heavy vehicle
traffic by up to 85 % on the busiest routes
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Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Freight Construction Consolidation Centre — London
The key aim of an urban freight
consolidation centre is to 'reduce the
number of separate deliveries to one place
by providing facilities where deliveries can
be collected together and then a high load
vehicle can make one large delivery into the
target area
The LCCC has been successful in reducing
the number of construction vehicles entering the City
of London, and in reducing the number of vehicles
delivering to other sites served by the LCCC. It is
thought that the number of vehicles has been reduced
by 68 %.
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Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits
Teleconferencing (ICT) — the United Kingdom
Teleconferencing is the substitution of
physical meetings by electronic ones
through the use of audioconferencing,
videoconferencing and web conferencing.
This reduces dead time in transport,
reduces the uncertainty of potential travel
Recent survey has shown that conferencing has
been successful in reducing the total amount of
business travel undertaken by BT employees.