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Rice

Section - 1 : History of Development of Rice Variety in India

Development of Hybrid Rice

Variety Release Procedure

Seed Production Procedure

Section - 2 : Details of Rice Varieties

Annexure

Section - 3 : State-wise Notified Rice Varieties

Section - 4 : List of Denotified Rice Varieties

Click here for latest update on Rice Varieties in India

History of Development of Rice Variety in India

Rice breeding programme in India was started by Dr. G. P. Hector, the then EconomicBotanist during 1911 in undivided Bengal with headquarters at Dacca (now in Bangladesh).

Subsequently, in 1912, a crop specialist was appointed exclusively for rice in MadrasProvince. Prior to the establishment of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR) in1929, Bengal and Madras were the only provinces which had specialist exclusively for rice

crop. After the establishment of ICAR, it initiated rice research projects in various states of

the country and by 1950, 82 research stations in 14 states of the country were established,fully devoted for rice research projects. These research stations, mainly by the pure line

method of selection, released 445 improved varieties. These varieties were of various kindsuch as -

1. Earliness2. Deep water and flood resistant3. Lodging resistant4. Drought resistant5. Non-shredding of grains6. Dormancy of seed7. Control of wild rice
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8. Disease resistant9. Higher response to heavy mannuring.

Thus, during the pure line period of selection from 1911-1949, the advantage of naturalselection have been fully exploited and there have been varieties available for every riceecology. During the early period of breeding research programme, varieties were developed

suitable for specific stress situation or for resistant to particular disease. When, after WorldWar II, synthetic fertilizers became popular, efforts were made to identify varieties whichrespond to heavy fertilization.

After the establishment of the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) at Cuttak in 1946 bythe Govt. of India, rice research and training received an added impetus. There had been a

systematic screening of exotic types from the genetic stocks. Besides, for the purpose ofdirect introduction in the country, many Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese and Russian types

were also tested. The Chinese types, which were first, prior to 1947, tested in Kashmir

Valley, found fairly successful and the Japanese and Russian types were found unsuitableunder Indian conditions due to poor yield, unacceptable grain qualities and susceptibility to

blast.

Inter-racial hybridization programme betweenjaponicasand indicaswas initiated during1950-54. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations with a view of

improving production of cereal on an international basis after the end of World-War II,launched a collaborative project japonica Xindica hybridization in South-East Asian

countries. The object of these project was to transfer the high yielding capacity andresponse to use higher dose of fertilizers into local indicavarieties fromjaponicavarieties.

Indica varieties were already well adapted to the local conditions and had tolerance todiseases and pests of the region. A parallel project of japonica Xindica hybridization was

also started by ICAR with the same objectives. These projects could achieve very limited

success. Only four varieties, viz. - Malinjaand Mashuriin Malaysia, ADT-27in Tamil Nadu,India and Circnain Australia were released from more than 700 hybrid combinations.

The Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack also started another project in 1960 with a

view to evolve high yielding fertilizer responsive varieties with japonica in 11 states. In thisproject remarkable success was achieved in the development of japonica Xindica hybrids.

The International Rice Research Institute was established in the Philippines in 1960 and this

institute helped in evolving dwarf high yielding varieties with the concept of improving theplant type in indica rices based on the use of a gene from semi-dwarf Chinese varieties.These high yielding varieties were highlighted during the International Rice Year in 1966 byICAR through national demonstration trials. This was the beginning of moving towards self-

sufficiency in rice production. Further, the ICAR launched the All-India Co-ordinated RiceImprovement Project (AICRIP) in 1965 that helped in co-ordination of interdisciplinary andinter-institutional research results on the country basis for improving the production,

productivity and profitability of rice in India.

Inter-racial hybridization programme between semi-dwarf Taiwanese types/derivatives andindica was started during 1965 onwards. India operated its most intensive rice breeding

programmes under the AICRIP with the development of Taichung (Native) - Ifrom the

semi-dwarf mutant and achieved remarkable success. Padma and Jaya were the firstvarieties that emerged from the programme. Subsequently, many semi-dwarf varieties were

released by the Central Variety Release Committee and also by the different state agencies.Most of these varieties have got high yield potential.

During the period of inter-racial hybridization between semi-dwarf Taiwanesetypes/derivatives and indica which was started during 1965, the most significant

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achievement is the prolific release of high yielding varieties. Infact 123 varieties were

released during this period in 12 years as compared to 51 high yielding varieties released

during the four decades prior to 1965. The semi-dwarf varieties have been found superior inefficiency of grain production as compared to the tall traditional varieties.

Development of Hybrid Rice

Research programme was initiated during 1970 to develop hybrid rice variety in the

country. There was no success in this programme during the subsequent two decades.However, the research programme was accelerated and intensified from 1989 with a

mission mode project. With this concerted research efforts, a remarkable success was

achieved within a short span of 5 years and half a dozen rice hybrid rice varieties weredeveloped from public and private sectors. The first four hybrid rice varieties were released

in the country during 1994. Subsequently, two more hybrid rice varieties were alsoreleased. By the end of 2001, a total of 19 hybrid rice varieties were released.

Variety Release Procedure

Any variety of agricultural or horticultural crops in being recommended by the Central Seed

Committee constituted under the Seeds Act, 1966 for its release and notification for

commercial cultivation. This committee is headed by the Secretary (A&C), Dept. ofAgriculture & Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture.

The Central Seed Committee consists of two sub-committees -

Central Sub-Committee on Crop Standards, Notification and Release of varieties foragricultural crops, chaired by DDG (FC), ICAR.

Central Sub-Committee on Crop Standards, Notification and Release of varieties forhorticultural crops, chaired by DDG (Hort.), ICAR.

The proposal for release and notification of a particular variety is submitted by the

concerned breeder through his respective Institute of ICAR or a breeder of the Universitythrough his respective State Govt. This proposal is scrutinized and considered by the sub-committee and if the proposal for release of variety is for more than one state, such a

variety is released by the Central Seed Committee. In case proposal for release of variety is

for one state or specially for a particular zone of the state, such variety is released by theState Seed Committee.

Seed Production Procedure

Under the seed production programme, the following classification of seed is in vogue -

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1. Nucleus Seed

The seed or the research material produced by the breeder by various selection procedure in a pure line variety

or clone is known as nucleus seed.

2. Breeder Seed

It is the seed or vegetative propagating material produced by the breeder who develops or evolves the

particular variety. The breeder seed is also produced by other Agricultural Universities under the direct

supervision of the breeder of the concerned crop. Breeder seed is the source for the production of foundation

seed.

3. Foundation Seed

Foundation seed is a progeny of breeder seed. It is produced from the genetically pure breeder seed.

Foundation seed is produced by the National Seeds Corporation (NSC), State Farm Corporation of India

(SFCI) and all States Seeds Development Corporations.

4. Certified Seed

Certified seed is produced from foundation seeds. This seed is certified by the State Seed Certification Agency

established under the State Governments. Certified seed is produced by the National Seeds Corporation, State

Farm Corporation of India and State Seeds Development Corporations under the supervision of State Seed

Certification Agencies.

Problems & Prospects of Rice Export from India

The latest edition of Problems and Prospects of Rice Export from India was brought

out by the Directorate of Rice Development, Patna in February'2003. Rice is contributing

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significantly in the economy of the country, and from its export considerable amount of

foreign exchange is realized. Infact, Basmati Rice and Non-Basmati Rice, both are exported

from India to various countries around the world. The variety Basmati is unique in its qualitycharacteristics and it has good demand in the international markets, but presently India is

facing stiff competition with other competing countries in the world. This publicationillustrates the attempt made by the Directorate to compile various problems, prospects and

other related aspects of Rice Export from India.The exercise is expected to be of use to agricultural scientists, policy makers,

extension workers, traders, farming community, exporters, govt. organizations and otherrelated agencies.

Exports at a Glance


Introduction

Rice is one of the important cereal food crop of India. Rice contributes about 43% oftotal food grain production and 46% of total cereal production in the country. It continues toplay vital role in the national exports. The percentage share of rice in total national export

was 4.5% during 1998-99. The percentage share of agriculture export in total nationalexport was 18.25, whereas the percentage share of rice export in total agriculture exportwas 24.62 during 1998-99. Thus, rice export contributes nearly 25% of total agriculture

export from the country.

Rice is also an important cereal food crops in South East Asia. Thailand, Vietnam,Mynammar, China and Japan are the important countries besides India growing rice. Among
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the exporting countries Thailand, Vietnam, India and Pakistan are the important countries

exporting rice in sizeable quantity. Thailand ranks first in the export of rice in the world

followed by Vietnam and India. However, India is likely set to be second largest riceexporter in the world during the current financial year. China and Indonesia are likely to

boost their import of rice, which will facilitate to India to increase its rice export. Besides,the Govt. of India has also fixed high target of export of rice from India including broken

rice. The Govt. of India has also fixed the export price of rice quite competitive in theinternational market. These measures are expected to contribute in boosting the export of

rice from India.

The Govt. has also created four zones in addition to earlier 28 zones to boost the

export of agriculture products from the country, these new zones are -

Apple zone in Himachal Pradesh Mango zones in Andhra Pradesh Flower zone in Tamil Nadu Basmati rice export zone in Punjab.

With the creation of these four new zones the export of agriculture products from thecountry have risen to 32 zones, which will cover the export of various agriculture products

in the country. Therefore, the special emphasis is being laid down to strengthen these zonesfor increasing agricultural products including export of basmati rice from India. The basmatiexport zone has been set up in Punjab to tap the potential of basmati rice to increase its

export in the international market. In fact Indian basmati rice is well recognized in theinternational markets because of its quality. Keeping in view the export potential of basmatirice, the Govt. of India has launched aggressive export promotion policy to further develop

the basmati rice by adoption of improved production technology including improved high

yielding new seeds. The scheme for export of basmati zone will cover Gurdaspur, Amritsar,Kapurthala, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur and Nawanshahar districts of Punjab.

The estimated outlay of the scheme is Rs.23.3 crore, in which the centre's share

would be Rs.11.85 crore, the share of State Govt. of Punjab would be Rs.1.85 crore.Balance amount Rs.9.6 crore will be met from private entrepreneurs. The aim of thisprogramme is to increase export of basmati rice in particular and overall export of rice in

general.

It is, therefore, attempt has been made by the Directorate of Rice Development,Patna to analyse the problems and prospects of rice export from India and to bring out in a

compiled form. By using the navigational links underCompiled Contentstitle, you canbrowse through information on various problems/constraints of rice export including

basmati from India to various countries in the world, prospects of rice export includingbasmati rice, various strategies and suggestions to increase export of rice from India to

earn more foreign exchange needed for the development of the country, and even find the

list of rice exporters.


RICE EXPORT SCENARIO

India is one of the important countries in the world in export of rice. India's exports

are expected to go up further during current financial year. Hence, Indian rice exports areset to reach second place in the world markets after Thailand edging out Vietnam in the

process as per the report of the Food and Agricultural Organisation.
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Basmati Rice Background

Rice export from India constitutes the major share of Basmati rice. Nearly two-third of

Basmati rice produced in India is exported. Basmati rice is the leading aromatic fine qualityrice of the world trade and it fetches good export price in the international markets. Infact,

Basmati rice is a gift from "Mother Nature" to the Indian sub-continent and grows in theIndo-Gangatic plains only.

The meaning of Basmati can be derived from "bas" which means aroma and "mati"

meaning sense. Thus the word Basmati implies 'ingrained aroma'. So it is the aroma thatgives basmati its novel characteristics unmatched by any other rice grain anywhere else in

the world. Many scented varieties of rice have been cultivated in the Indian sub- continent

from time immemorial but basmati distinguishes itself from all other aromatic rice due to itsunique aromatic characteristics coupled with silky texture of its long grain. The greatPunjabi poet Varis Shah has described basmati-scented rice in his poem of Heer and Ranjha

in 1766. The other poets such as Mushkin and Sukhdas have also traced back to Abul-4 Fazl

Allami's Ain-e-Akbari about scented grain.

Thus, it is quite evident that basmati rice perhaps from its very accurence has beenrecipe entertainer of the Royal Society. Now, it is still considered "dream of the masses" and

"charm of the classes".

The supremacy of basmati rice can not superceded by any other scented varietybecause of its unique characteristics viz superfine kernels, exquisite aroma, sweet taste,

silky texture, delicate curvature and linear kernel elongation with least breadth and swellingon cooking. Because of its quality characteristics, basmati rice is fetching higher price in theinternational market. Hence, basmati rice can be equated with "champagne" among wines

and 'scotch' among whiskies.

During pre-partition times, basmati rice was grown in India only but after partition, itsheritage is shared between India and Pakistan. Presently, major growing states of basmati

rice in India are Haryana, Punjab, Western U. P. and Uttranchal.

Basmati rice being novel product is characterized by its unique grain size, aroma andcooking qualities. Being high value product, it has got good export demand. Hence, theexport has been very high and exports have been steadily growing. The export of basmati

rice during 1991-92 was 2.66 lakh mts, a quantum jump of 96.6% at 5.23 lakh mts in

1996-97. During the year 2000-01, basmati rice export touched an all time high recordfigure of 8.52 lakh mts (provisional) showing on increase of 62.9% over 1996-97. During

2001-02 basmati rice export was 6.66 lakh mts. (Provisional) showing downwards trendcompared to previous year's export of 8.52 lakh mts (provisional), but the export of non-

basmati rice registered an increase of 124.6% during 2001-02 over 2000-01.

Global Scenario

(A) Basmati Rice

Gulf region remains the major markets for Indian basmati rice and inside Gulf, Saudi

Arabia accounts for the major chunk of basmati imports from India. Pakistan is the sole

competitor for India in the international market for basmati rice. During 1998-99, 1999-2000 and 2000-01, total quantities of basmati rice exports from India were 5.98 lakh mts.,6.38 lakh mts. and 8.52 lakh mts. in which the percentage share of Asia was 85.69%,

82.12% and 73.38% respectively. The percentage share of Asia has decreased for basmati

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rice, during 1998-99, 1999-2000 and 2000-01 but the export to Europe has increased in

linear order from 11.41% in 1998-99 to 14.37% in 1999-2000 and 20.46% during 2000-01

respectively.

The export to North America has also increased in the same order from 1.39% during

1998-99 to 5.28% during 2000-01. However the export to other countries remains constantwith slight fluctuation from year to year. India's major markets for basmati rice exports

have been Saudi Arabia, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bahrain, France, Germany, U.K.,Denmark, U.S.A., Canada, Belgium , Kuwait, Italy, Oman, Yemen, Netherlands, Jordan,

Indonesia etc. Infact, Saudi Arabia traditionally has been the largest market for Indianbasmati rice.

The export of Basmati rice from India's during 1998-99 to 2000-01 to different

continents is given in Table 1.

(B) Non-Basmati Rice

Major destinations for India's non-basmati rice exports are Bangladesh, Australia,Bahrain, Ethiopia, Djibouti, France, Germany, U.K., Hong Kong, Korea, Sri-Lanka, Maldives,

Mauritius, Malaysia, Nigeria, Ivory coast, Indonesia, Nepal, Oman, Qatar, Russia, SouthAfrica, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Singapore, U.A.E. Y.A.R., etc. Competing countries in theinternational markets for India for the exports of non-basmati rice are Thailand, Vietnam,Burma, China, U.S.A. and Pakistan. Major quantity of non-basmati rice is exported to Asia

continent.

During 1996-97, 1997-98, 1998-99 and 1999-2000 a total quantity of 9.59 lakh mts.,9.28 lakh mts., 28.75 lakh mts. and 7.08 lakh mts. were exported to Asia continent which

were 48.20%, 51.66%, 65.86% and 56.28% of total export of non-basmati rice from India

to Asia, respectively. There was a fluctuation in the export of non-basmati rice from India toAsia during 1996-97 to 1999-2000.

After Asia, non-basmati rice is exported from India to Africa continent. During 1996-

97,1997-98, 1998-99 and 1999-2000 a total quantity of non-basmati rice exports fromIndia to Africa were 5.39 lakh mts, 5.59 lakh mts, 10.67 lakh mts and 3.24 lakh mts, inwhich the percentage share of Africa continent was 27.09%, 31.14%, 24.44% and 25.73%

respectively of total export of non-basmati rice from India.

Next to Africa continent, Europe continent has been importing non-basmati rice fromIndia during 1996-97, 1997-98, 1998-99 and 1999-2000. The exports of non-basmati rice

from India to other continents are very meagre. The exports to Europe continent during thelast few years were an average more than 1.5 lakh mts per year except 1996-97. During

1996-97 total export of non-basmati rice to Europe was 3.38 lakh mts.

Export of non-basmati rice from India during 1996-97 to 1999-2000 to different

continents is given in Table 2.

(C) Parboiled Rice

Indian is exporting parboiled rice to Middle East and African countries, as thesecountries prefer parboiled rice.

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RICE EXPORT EARNINGS

Basmati Rice

As already mentioned, India is exporting Basmati Rice to various countries in theworld. A total quantity of 2.66 lakh mts basmati rice was exported to different countries

from India during 1991-92. However, the export increased to 8.52 lakh mts during 2000-01, registering an increase of 220% during the last nine years period. The export declined

during 2001-02 and a total quantity of 6.66 lakh mts basmati rice was exported registering

a decrease of 21.8 per cent over the export of 2000-01. The export of basmati rice from1996-97 to 1999-2000 was almost static with slight increase over the years.

During 1991-92 export earning from the export of basmati rice was 499.18 crores,

which increased to 2165.96 crores during 2000-01 registering an increase of 333.90 percent over 1991-92 export earnings. The export earnings from basmati rice decreased during2001-02, over previous year. Thus, export earnings decreased by 15.09 per cent during

2001-02 as compared to 2000-01.

Non-Basmati Rice

India is also exporting substantial quantity of non-basmati rice to various countries in

the world. However, the export of non-basmati rice has been fluctuating year to year due to

weather conditions affecting the production of non-basmati rice in the importing countries.The export of non-basmati rice from India during 1991-92 was 4.12 lakh mts, the export

rose to 45.41 lakh mts during 1995-96 and it come down to 15.32 lakh mts. during 2001-

02. The increase in export of non-basmati rice from 1991-92 to 1995-96 was quiteconsiderable and registering in 10 folds increase. The export again declined during

subsequent years. Decrease in export during 2001-02 was 66.26 per cent. Over all increasein export of non-basmati rice during the last 10 years period i.e. from 1991-92 to 2001-02

was about 3 folds.

During 1991-92, export earning from the export of non-basmati rice was Rs. 256.41

crores, and it increased to Rs. 3,717.41 crores during 1995-96, which was more than 13

folds increase during the past four years period i.e., from 1991-92 to 1995-96. During2001-02, the export earnings from non-basmati rice was recorded to Rs. 1,324.36 crores, it

was 64.37 percent less as compared to 1995-96 export earnings. However, the exportearnings from non-basmati rice increased more than 4 folds during 2001-02 as compared to

1991-92.

Total Rice

During 1991-92, a total quantity of 6.78 lakh mts of rice (Basmati + Non-Basmati )

was exported from India to different countries in the world. The export of total rice

increased during subsequent years and the export during 1995-96 rose to 49.14 lakh mts.,which was more than six fold increase in export as compared to 1991-92 export of total ricefrom India. There was fluctuation in the export of total rice after 1995-96 and a total

quantity of 21.98 lakh mts. of rice was exported during 2001-02, which was less by 55.3

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per cent as compared to 1995-96 export. Infact, there was 224.19 per cent over all increase

in the export of rice from India during 2001-02 as compared to the export of 1991-92.

Export earnings from the export of total rice from India during 1991-92 was Rs.755.59 crores and it increased to Rs. 4,568.08 crores during 1995-96, which was more than

five folds increase. During subsequent years after 1995-96, the export earnings from totalrice export from India registered fluctuating trends and it was Rs. 3,163.44 crores during

2001-02, which was less by 30.7 per cent as compared to 1995-96 export value. However,the export value increased more than three folds during 2001-02 over 1991-92 to 2001-02.

Exports of Basmati and Non-Basmati rice from India over 1991-92 export value during1991-92 to 2001-02 are given in Table-3.


ROLE OF RICE IN THE EXPORT EARNINGS

Basmati Rice

Rice plays an important role in the export earnings of the country. Among the

agricultural products, Basmati rice is one of the commodity, which is exported to many

countries in the world and contributing considerable share in the export earnings of totalagricultural products. Export earnings realized from the export of basmati rice during thelast nine years i.e., from 1993-94 to 2001-02 are discussed hereunder.

Export value realized from the export of Basmati rice during 1993-94 was Rs.1,061.26 crores and it declined during the subsequent two years. During 1996-97, exportearnings from Basmati rice was Rs. 1,247.64 crores, which increased during subsequent

years and it was recorded Rs. 1,876.91 crores during 1998-99 and again declined during1999-2000 and reached maximum to Rs. 2,165.96 crores during 2000-01, but againdecreased to Rs. 1,839.08 crores during 2001-02. Thus, there was a considerable

fluctuation in the export earnings of basmati rice during the last nine years, i.e., 1993-94 to

2001-02.

The percentage share of export value of Basmati rice in the National Export earningswas 1.52 per cent during 1993-94 and it witnessed decreasing trends during subsequent

years continuously. During 2001-02, the percentage share of basmati rice in the National

Export earnings was recorded 0.89 per cent.

The percentage share of export value of Basmati rice in Agricultural Export earnings

was 8.43 per cent during 1993-94 and it decreased to 4.17 per cent during 1995-96. During

1996-97, it was recorded to 5.16 per cent and subsequent years the share of export value

of basmati rice showed increasing trends and it was maximum of 7.56 per cent during2000-01 but again decreased to 6.24 per cent during 2001-02.

The percentage share of export value of basmati rice in the Food Grains export

earnings was 76.10 per cent during 1993-94 and it decreased to 16.73 per cent during

1995-96. The percentage share of basmati rice again increased to 30.80 per cent and 45.01per cent during subsequent years of 1996-97 and 1997-98 respectively. However, it again

decreased to 28.81 per cent during 1998-99 but from 1999-2000 to 2000-01 it witnessedagain increasing trends i.e., 50.07 per cent and 55.21 per cent respectively. The percentage

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share of export value of basmati rice decreased to 36.96 per cent during 2001-02. It is

evident from the above analysis that the export value of basmati rice fluctuated from year

to year during 1993-94 to 2001-02, which has affected its percentage share in total foodgrains export earnings.

The export of basmati rice during 1993-94 to 2001-02 constituted major share in thetotal rice export from India. The percentage share of export value of basmati rice in the

total rice export earnings was 82.47 per cent during 1993-94. However, the percentageshare of export value of basmati rice in the total rice export earnings declined during the

subsequent years up to 2001-02 as compared to 1993-94. During 1995-96, the percentageshare of export value of basmati rice was recorded 18.62 per cent, which was the lowest

during the past nine years period. The percentage share of export value of basmati rice

showed increasing trend during 1996-97 and 1997-98 as compared to previous year butduring 1998-99, its percentage share declined to 29.88 per cent as compared to 50.00 per

cent during previous year.

The percentage share of export value of basmati rice of total rice export earningsregistered increasing trend during the subsequent three years as compared to 1998-99 andit was recorded 56.95 per cent, 73.59 per cent and 58.14 per cent during 1999-2000, 2000-

01 and 2001-02 respectively. It is evident from the above discussion that the export ofbasmati rice from India fluctuated during the past nine years, which has affected itspercentage share in total rice export earnings during the same period.

Non-Basmati Rice

Non-Basmati rice is next to Basmati rice, which is exported from India to manycountries in the world. The export value of non-basmati rice also contributes considerable

share in the export earnings of total agricultural products. Export earnings realized from the

non-basmati rice during 1993-94 to 2001-02 are discussed below.

Export value realized from the export of non-basmati rice during 1993-94 was Rs.225.46 crores and it increased during the subsequent years up to 2001-02. During 1994-95

the export value of non-basmati rice was Rs. 340.47 crores and it increased to Rs. 3,717.41crores during 1995-96 but it decreased to Rs. 1,924.72 crores and Rs. 1,685.38 croresduring 1996-97 and 1997-98. However, the export earnings from the export of non-basmati

rice during 1998-99 again increased to Rs. 4,403.85 crores, which was an all time high and

again declined to Rs. 1,345.58 crores, Rs. 777.26 crores and Rs. 1,324.36 crores during1999-2000, 2000-01 and 2001-02 respectively.

The percentage share of export value of non-basmati rice in the National Exportearnings was 0.32 per cent during 1993-94, which slightly increased to 0.41 per cent during

following year and further increased to 3.50 per cent during 1995-96. During the

subsequent years, the percentage share of export value of non-basmati rice in the National

Export earnings again declined to 1.62 per cent and 1.30 per cent in the year 1996-97 and1997-98 and during the year 1998-99, it again increased to 3.15 per cent. During thesubsequent three years, it again decreased to 0.85 per cent, 0.39 per cent and 0.64 per

cent in the year 1999-2000, 2000-01 and 2001-02 respectively.

The percentage share of the export value of non-basmati rice in the Agricultural

Export earnings was 1.79 per cent during 1993-94 and it increased to 2.57 per cent during

1994-95. During 1995-96, the percentage share of the export value of non-basmati rice inthe Agricultural Export earnings increased to 18.22 per cent and decreased to 7.97 per cent

and 6.78 per cent during the subsequent two years of 1996-97 and 1997-98. However, the

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percentage share again increased to 17.26 per cent during 1998-99 and decreased to 5.32

per cent, 2.71 per cent and 4.49 per cent during 1999-2000, 2000-01 and 2001-02

respectively as compared to 1998-99.

The percentage share of export value of non-basmati rice in the Food Grains Export

earnings was 16.18 per cent during 1993-94 and it increased to 24.91 per cent and 73.12per cent in the following years of 1994-95 and 1995-96. The percentage share of export

value of non- basmati rice in the Food Grains Export earnings decreased to 47.51 per centand 45.00 per cent during the next two years of 1996-97 and 1997-98 and it again

increased to 67.61 per cent in the year 1998-99. The percentage share of export value ofnon-basmati rice in the Food Grains Export earnings decreased to 37.85 per cent, 19.81 per

cent and 26.62 per cent during the year 1999-2000, 2000-01 and 2001-02 as compared to

1998-99.

The percentage share of export value of non-basmati rice in the total rice export

earnings was 17.52 per cent during 1993-94 and it increased to 28.24 per cent and 81.37

per cent during the following two years of 1994-95 and 1995-96. This percentage sharedecreased to 60.67 per cent and 50.00 per cent during the subsequent two years of 1996-97 and 1997-98. The percentage share of export value of non-basmati rice in the total rice

export earnings increased to 70.12 per cent in the year 1998-99 over two previous yearsand it again decreased to 43.05 per cent, 26.41 per cent and 41.86 per cent during thesubsequent three years of 1999-2000, 2000-01 and 2001-02 respectively. It can be seen

from the fore going analysis that the export of non- basmati has also fluctuated during

1993-94 to 2001-02 like basmati rice. The fluctuation was mainly due to rise and fall indemand of the importing countries.

Total Rice

As already mentioned that rice is an important commodity under agricultural productsexported from India to various countries in the world and it earns annually considerable

amount of foreign exchange for the nation. During 1993-94 an amount of Rs. 1,286.72crores was realized from the export of rice. The same amount increased to Rs. 4,568.08crores during 1995-96 and it was recorded Rs. 6,280.76 crores during 1998-99, an all timehigh export earnings from rice. During subsequent years the export earnings declined and it

was recorded Rs. 3,163.44 crores during 2001-02.

The percentage share of export value of rice (including basmati & non- basmati) in theNational Export earnings was 1.84 per cent during 1993-94 and it increased to 4.30 per

cent during 1995-96 but declined during the two subsequent years and again went up to4.49 per cent during 1998-99. During the subsequent years its percentage share declined to

1.96 per cent, 1.46 per cent and 1.52 per cent during 1999-2000, 2000-01 and 2001-02

respectively.

The percentage share of export value of rice in Agricultural Export earnings was 10.22per cent during 1993-94 and it increased to 22.40 per cent during 1995-96 but it declinedduring the two subsequent years and again went up to 24.62 per cent during 1998-99.

During the subsequent years its percentage share declined to 12.35 per cent, 10.27 percent and 10.73 per cent during 1999-2000, 2000-01 and 2001-02 respectively.

The percentage share of export value of rice in the Food Grain Export earnings was

92.27 per cent during 1993-94 and it declined to 90.02 per cent during 1997-98 and againwent up to 96.42 per cent during 1998-99. However, during the subsequent years its

percentage share continuously declined to 87.92 per cent, 75.02 per cent and 63.58 per

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cent during 1999-2000, 2000-01 and 2001-02 respectively. Percentage share of basmati

and non-basmati rice exports in Total National Export, Total Agricultural Exports and Food

Grains Export during 1993-94 to 2001-02 are given in Table-4.


COUNTRY-WISE EXPORT OF RICE FROM INDIA

Rice is exported from India to many countries in the world. Infact, India is facing stiffcompetition in the international markets for the export of rice. Thailand is the world's

largest rice exporting country. Vietnam is another large exporter of rice, but currently thedemand for Vietnamese rice has steeply declined in the international market due to which

India is likely to become world's second largest exporter of rice.

Thailand, India and U.S.A. are the only countries making parboiled rice and exporting

it. Thailand, Vietnam and India are also exporting 100% broken rice. Data in respect of

parboiled and broken rice exports separately from India are not available. Hence, export of

rice from India has been divided in to two category i.e., basmati rice and non-basmati riceand the same are discussed in this chapter.

Basmati Rice

The leading aromatic fine quality rices in world trade popularly known as Basmati riceis fetching good export price in the international markets for its three district quality

features viz.-pleasant aroma, superfine grains and extreme grain elongation. About twothird of basmati rice produced in India is exported. Basmati rice is exported to variouscountries in the world from India. The exports of basmati rice during 1998-99 to 2000-2001

are discussed below :-

During 1998-99 Saudi Arabia was the major importer of basmati rice from Indiafollowed by U.K., Kuwait and U.A.E. and percentage shares of these countries of total

exports from India were 74.11%, 7.66%, 5.25% and 3.34% respectively. Thus, more than

90 per cent quantity of basmati rice was exported to Saudi Arabia, U.K., Kuwait and UAEduring 1998-99 and remaining quantity was exported to other countries in the world. A totalquantity of 5,97,756 mts of basmati rice was exported from India during 1998-99.

During 1999-2000, these four countries remained as major basmati rice importers

from India and their percentage shares of total quantity of basmati rice exported from Indiawas 62.14 per cent, 8.32 per cent, 7.42 per cent and 5.06 per cent respectively. The export

to Saudi Arabia declined during 1999-2000 as compared to previous year. Infact, the export

to U.K., Kuwait, UAE and U.S.A. increased as compared to 1998-99. The percentage share

of four countries comprising of Saudi Arab, U.K., Kuwait and U.A.E. were 82.94 per cent oftotal quantity of basmati rice exported from India during 1999-2000 as against 90.36 percent during 1998-99. The export of basmati rice almost remained the same as it was during

1998-99 with slight fluctuation. A total quantity of 6,38,380 mts of basmati rice was

exported from India during 1999-2000, which was 6.80 per cent higher than the export ofprevious year.

The export of basmati rice to Saudi Arabia increased to 4,78,124 mts during 2000-01as against 3,96,676 mts in the previous year. The percentage share of Saudi Arabia of total

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quantity of basmati rice exported from India during 2000-01 was 56.14 per cent as against

62.14 per cent in the previous year. Infact, total quantity exported to Saudi Arabia

increased during 2000-01, but the percentage share of Saudi Arab of total quantityexported from India decreased due to increase in the percentage share of other importing

countries. Other major importing countries of basmati rice from India were U.K., U.A.E.,Kuwait and U.S.A. during 2000-01.

The export to U.K. during 2000-01 was 1,11,984 mts, which was 110.96 per centhigher than previous year and the percentage share of U.K. of total quantity of basmati rice

exported from India during 2000-01 was 13.15 per cent as against 8.32 per cent in theprevious year. Similarly the export to Kuwait and U.S.A. also increased from 47,338 mts

and 16,036 mts during 1999-2000 to 82,800 mts and 35,840 mts during 2000-01

respectively. However, the export to U.A.E. declined to 30,151 mts during 2000-01 asagainst 32,297 mts during previous year. A total quantity of 8,51,722 mts of basmati rice

was exported from India during 2000-01, which was 33.42 per cent higher than the export

of previous year. Country-wise export of basmati rice from India during 1998-99 to 2000-01is given in Table.5.

Non-Basmati Rice

The export of non-basmati rice from India was on its peak during 1995-96 and a totalquantity of 45.41 lakh mts was exported to different countries in the world. Again theexport crossed to 43.66 lakh mts during 1998-99, but during subsequent years, the export

of non-basmati rice again came down significantly due to various reasons. The export ofnon-basmati rice during 1998-99 to 2000-01 are discussed below -

During 1998-99, Bangladesh, Ivory cost, Nigeria, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia and

South Africa were the major importers of non-basmati rice from India. Infact, more than

fifty per cent of total export of non-basmati rice from India was exported to Bangladeshalone during 1998-99. A total quantity of 23,31,689 mts of non-basmati rice was exported

to Bangladesh during 1998-99, which was 53.41 per cent of total quantity exported fromIndia during the same year. Next major country was South Africa for import of non-basmatirice from India. A total quantity of 5,25,013 mts of non-basmati rice was exported to SouthAfrica during 1998-99, which was 12.03 per cent of total quantity exported from India

during the same year. The export to Ivory cost was 1,61,817 mts of non-basmati rice,

which was 3.71 per cent of total quantity of non-basmati rice exported from India during1998-99.

Similarly, the export of non-basmati rice to Somalia was 1,40,064 mts., which was3.21 per cent of total quantity of non-basmati rice exported from India during 1998-99. The

export to Russia and Saudi Arabia were 1,21,828 mts and 1,26,036 mts of non-basmati rice

during 1998-99, which were 2.79 per cent and 2.89 per cent of total quantity exported fromIndia during the same year respectively. The export to other countries was considerably less

as compared to quantity exported to the countries discussed above. A total quantity of43,65,888 mts of non-basmati rice was exported from India to various countries in the

world during 1998-99.

Bangladesh remained major importer of non-basmati rice from India during 1999-

2000 also but total export of non-basmati rice to Bangladesh declined to 84.98 per cent

during 1999-2000 as compared to previous year. A total quantity of 3,50,088 mts. of non-basmati rice was exported to Bangladesh during 1999-2000 as against 2331689 mts.

exported during 1998-99. The percentage share of Bangladesh of total quantity of non-

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basmati rice exported from India during 1999-2000 was 27.83 percent as against 53.41

percent in the previous year.

Next to Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia was the major country, which imported non-basmatirice from India during 1999-2000. A quantity of 1,64,288 mts. of non-basmati rice was

exported from India to Saudi Arabia during 1999-2000 as against 1,26,036 mts duringprevious year, which was 30.35 per cent higher. The percentage share of Saudi Arabia of

total quantity of non-basmati rice exported from India during 1999-2000 was 13.06 percent as against 2.89 percent during the previous year.

The exports to Nigeria, Russia, Sri Lanka and South Africa were 1,09,046 mts,1,50,590 mts, 62,401 mts and 1,40,334 mts of non-basmati rice during 1999-2000, which

ware 8.67 per cent, 11.97 per cent, 4.96 per cent and 11.16 per cent of total quantity

exported from India during the same year, considerably less as compared to the countriesdiscuss above. A total quantity of 12,57,790 mts of non-basmati rice was exported from

India to various countries in the world during 1999-2000, which was 71.19 per cent less as

compared to 43,65,888 mts exported during the previous year.

The major quantity of non-basmati rice was exported to Bangladesh during 2000-01as it was during the previous year. A total quantity of non-basmati rice exported to

Bangladesh during 2000-01 was 9.26 per cent less as compared to previous year but thepercentage share of Bangladesh of total quantity of non-basmati rice exported from Indiaduring 2000-01 was 46.56 per cent, which was more as against 27.83 per cent during the

previous year. A total quantity of 3,17,663 mts of non-basmati rice was exported from India

to Bangladesh during 2000-01 as against 3,50,088 mts exported during the previous year.

Other major countries that imported non-basmati rice from India during 2000-01 wereNepal, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, U.A.E. and Yemen Republic. Total quantity

exported to these countries during 2000-01 where 20,183 mts, 1,53,841 mts, 17,410 mts,57,768 mts, 26,647 mts and 14,913 mts respectively and their percentage share in totalquantity of non-basmati rice exported from India during the same year were 2.96 per cent,

22.55 per cent 2.55 per cent, 8.47 per cent, 3.91 per cent and 2.19 per cent respectively. A

total quantity of 6,82,270 mts. of non-basmati rice was exported from India to various

countries in the world during 2000-01, which was 45.76 per cent less as compared to12,57,790 mts. exported during previous year. Country wise exports of non-basmati rice

during 1998-99 to 2000-01 are given in Table- 6.


AVERAGE EXPORT PRICE

Data on exact export price of rice is not readily available in this Directorate. However,

the average export price per quintal of rice has been worked out year wise for the basmati

and non- basmati rice separately. For the purpose of calculation, total quantity of riceexported and its value realized in rupees have been taken separately for basmati and non-

basmati rice and then the value of export divided by the quantity of rice exported to arriveat the average export price of rice per quintal year wise for basmati & non-basmati. Average

export price thus worked out has been discussed in this chapter. Average export price of

basmati and non-basmati rice during 1992-93 to 2001-02 are given in Table-7.

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Basmati Rice

It is seen from the average export price data given in Table-7 that the export price of

Basmati Rice has fluctuated significantly year after year. During 1992-93, average export

price of basmati rice was Rs. 2,465 per quintal, which declined continuously year after year

up to 1996-97 as compared to 1992-93. Average export price for basmati rice has beenworked out to Rs. 2,013 per quintal during 1993-94 and the same has decreased to Rs.1,957 per quintal during 1994-95. Average export price again increased to Rs. 2,297 per

quintal during 1995-96 over previous year price and increasing trend in average exportprice continued up to 1998-99.

During 1996-97, average export price has been worked out to Rs. 2,385 per quintal,

which increased to Rs. 2,841 and Rs. 3,140 per quintal during 1997-98 and 1998-99respectively. However, average export price of Basmati rice declined during the following

three years as compared to 1998-99 average export price. During 1999-2000, averageexport price was worked to Rs. 2,789 per quintal, which came down to Rs. 2,543 per quintal

during 2000-01 and it again went up to Rs. 2,762 per quintal during 2001-02.

The reason for fluctuation in average export price of Basmati rice is attributed todifferent quality and quantity of rice exported to different countries during different years. Aparticular country may import one year a particular quality/grade of rice and the same

country may import another quality/grade of rice during next or subsequent years. Thus,different quality and quantity of rice exported to different countries at different export pricerate may probably be the reason for fluctuation of average export price of Basmati rice.

Non-Basmati Rice

Average export price data given in Table-7 reveals that in case of Non-Basmati Rice,

almost same trend of fluctuation in average export price is seen as in case of Basmati Rice.

During 1992-93, average export price was worked out to Rs. 684 per quintal for Non-Basmati Rice, which declined to Rs. 399 per quintal during 1993-94. However, averageexport price increased to Rs. 759 per quintal during 1994-95 over previous year and

increasing trend in average export price continued up to 2000-01 as compared to 1994-95.

Average export price was worked to Rs. 819 per quintal during 1995-96, whichincreased to Rs. 968 per quintal during 1996-97 and slightly decreased to Rs. 939 per

quintal during 1997-98 over previous year. During 1998-99, average export price increasedto Rs. 1,009 per quintal over previous year and continued to increase in linear order to Rs.

1,070 per quintal and Rs. 1,139 per quintal during subsequent two years of 1999-2000 and2000-01. There was a sharp declined in average export price to Rs. 864 per quintal during

2001-02 over previous five years.

The reason for fluctuation in average export price of non- basmati rice could be the

same as discussed above in the case of Basmati Rice.


PROBLEMS OF RICE EXPORT FROM INDIA

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India is facing stiff competition in the world markets for export of rice. Besides, there

are many domestic problems for rice exporters. If these internal problems are relaxed to the

extent possible, the exporters may find easy way to boost rice export and such measureswill go a long way to sustain the exports. Some of the major problems are discussed in this

chapter below: -

1. As per the state Govt. policy, various taxes are imposed on rice exports, such as thestates are imposing Purchase Tax (on indirect export), Market Fees, RuralDevelopment Fund, Administrative Charges etc. These taxes are rendering the

pricing of rice internationally in competitive. Thus, Indian rice becomes costlier in theinternational market as compared to other competing countries in the world and

Indian rice exports get setback many times. Infact, in Pakistan rice meant for

exports specially the branded ones, duties are extremely low or duty free.

2. There is lack of proper infrastructural facilities. Many times exporters, when theycarry their stock to sea port and if the stock is not loaded due to some reason or the

other, exporters do not find godown or proper place to store their stocks properlyand safely at sea port, exporters have to face lot of difficulties, besides, it addsadditional expenditure to the exporters.

3. Due to increase in the cost of inputs used for paddy cultivation the production costgoes up and the Minimum Support Price(MSP) for paddy is enhanced every yearby the govt. of India to safeguard the interest of the growers. When paddy is

converted to rice, it becomes costlier and thus makes it internationally

uncompetitive.

4. Rice production meant for export purpose is having subsidy in other countries, whichreduces the cost of production and thereby reducing the cost of rice. Therefore, the

export price of rice of such countries is more competitive in the international marketscompared to Indian rice.

5. The major rice producing nations have decreased the price to capture theinternational markets but Indian rice prices are inelastic due to relatively high cost of

production and becomes uncompetitive in the international markets. Much of basmatirice export prospects have been lost in the recent part to other competing countries

like Pakistan etc because of high prices.

6. Rice mills have not been fully modernized to ensure high milling recovery and reducethe percentage of broken rice. The conventional rice mills are having Rubber RollSheller in which percentage of broken rice is more than the modern rice mills that

are having under Runner Sheller. Hence, head rice obtained from milling of

conventional mills becomes costly due to recovery of higher percentage of brokenrice. Therefore, conventional mills are required to be modernized to get recovery of

higher percentage of head rice suitable for export.

7. Lack of proper arrangements for production of sufficient quantity of quality seedsneeded for cultivation of rice for export purposes.

8. The export is also suffering much due to the competition from other exportingcountries like Thailand, Vietnam and Pakistan because the cost of production in these

competing countries is low as compared to the cost of production in India. Infact,

trade segment believes that Indian rice can face the global competition if subsidy isprovided.

9. In these days basmati rice is facing aroma problem, because intensity of aroma intraditional basmati varieties is not so high as it used to be. Infact, basmati varieties

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are highly prone to lodging and lodging affects the natural grain development. In

such situation both aroma and linear kernel elongation are affected.

10.Post harvest handling of produce is another important aspect. Generally, farmers areharvesting the crop at different moisture levels and keeping the produce at higher

moisture level for a longer period will impair the intensity of aroma.

11.In absence of genetically pure seed of basmati varieties, in majority of basmati ricefields, a variation in plant height, grain size and maturity of the crop is found. This isone of the major reasons for poor quality of basmati rice. Infact, at the time of rice

processing the grain size can be taken care of, but it is a waste. However, usinggood quality seed the loss can be converted into profit.


PROSPECTS OF RICE EXPORT FROM INDIA

As mentioned in the previous chapter that rice is exported from India to manycountries in the world. India is facing stiff competition in the International markets from

Thailand, Vietnam, U.S.A. and Pakistan. There was a considerable growth in the export of

rice from India during the recent past, particularly in the case of non-basmati rice. Thereare several factors responsible for this growth. Infact exports depend not only on our abilityto sell, but also on the willingness of importers to buy. Some times major

markets/importers used to cut down their import due to their internal economic problems or

good crop harvest and trade also cut down inventories and people reduce spending. Allthese measures reduce imports during that particular year. The prospects of export ofbasmati and non-basmati rice from India are discussed herewith :

Basmati Rice

Awareness about basmati rice is spreading among different strata of the society in thecountry and abroad. Basmati rice is possessing unique grain, cooking, eating and digestive

qualities. Hence, majority of people in the country and abroad have developed liking forbasmati rice. Because of its superfine quality, basmati rice is most preferred and also meant

for high premium value in the national and international markets. Thus, basmati rice is alsostated to be 'Pearl' of rice.

There are other sources of aromatic short grain varieties with similar starch content

characteristics, grown different states of the country. Katarnirice is grown inBihar,Randhunipagaland Bhadshahbhogare grown in West Bengal, each one of these

varieties is fetching higher price in the local markets. These varieties are having localized

preference and their demand preference could not spread widely elsewhere. Even some ofthese are possessing more aroma than the typical basmati varieties. Infact, the harmoniouscombination of various factors deciding the appearance, taste, keeping quality texture of

cooked rice etc and makes the particular varieties unique/popular in the domestic andinternational markets.

As mentioned above basmati rice is the most sought after rice in the domestic and

international markets and it also fetches high premium. Commercially Taraori Basmati,

Basmati-370 and Basmati Type-3 are very popular. All these three varieties are similar instarch characteristics but based on grain dimensions Taraori Basmati is preferred much over

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Basamati-370. Similarly Basamati-370 is preferred more over Basmati Type-3. Pusa

Basmati-1 has been well accepted by the trade and there is good prospects for export.

Infact, Pusa Basmati-1 is at present most profitable variety in rice, in spite of being highlysusceptible to major insects, pests and diseases. Under proper crop management condition

farmers can get 4-6 tonnes paddy yield per hectare. This variety is much favoured by thefarmers, traders and consumers. During cooking it has got linear expansion. It is also easily

digestible. Hence, this variety is much preferred by the consumers in India and abroad.

With the every coming year, domestic as well as international demand for basmati rice

is increasing. If desired aroma in basmati rice along with other quality characteristics aremaintained, these measures may help to boost the export of basmati rice from India.

Non-Basmati Rice

Non-basmati rice exports have also suffered much due to the competition from

exporting countries like Thailand, Vietnam and Pakistan because of their low cost of

production. In the recent past export of non-basmati rice was fluctuating year after year

due to various reasons. The export of non-basmati rice was on its peak during 1995-96 itcame down during 1998-99 due to many reasons. Sometime, export is also affected if good

harvest is there in the importing countries, they reduce their import accordingly. If rice

exporters made their sincere efforts with Govt. supporting export policy, non-basmati riceexport is expected to increase in future.


EXPORT PROMOTION POLICY

India is facing stiff competition in the world markets for the export of rice. Thailand,

Vietnam and Pakistan are the competitors for India in the export of rice. Thailand isoccupying first position in the international markets due to its better quality and low price.Vietnam was the world's second largest exporter of rice but currently the demand for

Vietnamese rice has steeply declined in the international markets. Therefore, Indian riceexports are set to reach second place after Thailand, edging out Vietnam as per report

of Food & Agricultural Organisation(FAO).

There is also good scope for India to take advantage of the new trade policy for

sustaining the export of rice. This can be achieved if production is made keeping in view the

demand of international markets by increased investment in Research and Developmentcoupled with realistic export policy. The following export policies may be taken in to account

to sustain the export of rice in future:

1. Production of quality seeds and ensuring its availability to farmers at subsidizedrates.2. Low cost production technology may be developed to reduce the cost of production

and making Indian rice more competitive in the international markets.

3. Survey may be conducted to identify contiguous zones for cultivation of exportquality rice.

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4. Quality of rice may be maintained keeping in view the requirements of theinternational markets.

5. Breeding programme may be initiated to develop high yielding export quality riceboth for basmati and non-basmati rice to enable the exporters to compete in the

world's markets.

6. Production, procurement and processing of basmati rice may be organized in asystematic manner for maintaining its quality for export purposes.

7. Conventional rice mills may be modernized to ensure high milling recovery of headrice and effective availability of by- products for better and profitable utilization bothfor industrial and feed purposes.

8. Intelligence wing may be set up to keep watch over the requirement of various riceimporting countries so that Research & Development may be strengthenedaccordingly to produce quality rice for export purposes.

9. Export friendly trade policies may be adopted with improvement of infrastructurefacilities for promoting export.

10.Sufficient export facilities may be made available to the exporters at Sea Port.Problems & Prospects of Rice Export from India

SUGGESTIONS FOR SUSTAINING RICE EXPORT

Rice export constitutes a considerable share in the national exports. India is likely tobe major exporters next to Thailand during 2003 and its influence on the global rice tradewill be significant. Keeping in view the importance of rice in the national export items,

concerted efforts are required to be made to further promote the export of rice. There is a

good scope for India to take advantage of the new trade opportunities for promoting the

export of rice. This can be achieved if production is made as per the requirements ofinternational markets by increased investment in Research and Development coupled with

export friendly trade policies.

The following are few of the measures suggested to sustain the export of rice in

future:

1. Breeding programme may be initiated to develop high yielding export quality rice(Basmati, Non-Basmati, Long Grain Rice, etc.) to enable the exporters to sustain

their export in future.

2. Survey may be conducted to identify export quality belts/zones for production of riceto meet the requirement of exports.

3. Extension activities may be strengthened to educate the cultivators for production ofquality rice to match the standards of international markets.

4. Low cost production technology may be developed to bring down the cost ofproduction to enable the exporters to compete with competing countries in theinternational markets.

5. Proper arrangements may be made for procurement and processing of rice exportpurpose as per the requirement of international markets.
http://drdpat.bih.nic.in/Rice%20Export.htmhttp://drdpat.bih.nic.in/Rice%20Export.htm

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6. Proper arrangements may be made for production of pure quality seeds and makingthem available to the farmers at subsidized rates.

7. In case of basmati varieties, crop should not be allowed to lodge and there should beproper water management in the field. If these are not attended properly, such

situation may affect both aroma and linear kernel elongation.

8. Post harvest operation is also very important. After harvesting, if produce is allowedto remain at higher moisture level for a longer period, it will impair the intensity ofaroma.


Table 1 : Export of Basmati Rice from India to different continents

S

L

Continen

ts

1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001

1

.

Asia 512,

194

85.6

9

1583

.99

84.3

9

524,

241

82.1

2

1403

.70

78.8

4

625,

024

73.3

8

1511

.06

69.7

6

2

.

Europe 68,2

16

11.4

1

238.

88

12.7

3

91,7

32

14.3

7

285.

17

16.0

2

174,

216

20.4

6

469.

16

21.6

6

3

.

North Ce

ntral

Ameria

8,33

8

1.39 31.7

7

1.69 18,9

69

2.97 79.4

0

4.46 44,9

53

5.28 161.

84

7.47

4

.

South Am

erica

15 - 0.08 - 4 - 0.02 - 42 0.01 0.11 0.01

5

.

Oceana 647 0.11 2.25 0.12 1,12

6

0.18 3.99 0.22 2,83

5

0.33 9.56 0.44

6

.

Africa 8,34

6

1.40 19.9

4

1.06 2,26

9

0.35 8.01 0.45 4,63

1

0.54 14.2

3

0.66

7

.

Others - - - - 39 0.01 0.05 - 21 - 0.03 -

Total 597,

756

100.

0

1876

.91

100.

0

638,

380

100.

0

1780

.34

100.

0

851,

722

100.

0

2165

.99

100.

0
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Source : Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics.

: Directorate of Rice Development, Patna.


Table 2 : Export of Non-Basmati Rice from India to different continents

S

L

Contine

nts

1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000

Metric Ton

nes% Metric Ton

nes% Metric Ton

nes% Metric Ton

nes%

1. Asia 9,58,787 48.20 9,27,757 51.66 28,75,395 65.86 7,07,924 56.28

2. Europe 3,38,449 17.02 1,87,927 10.47 1,61,707 3.70 1,54,028 12.25

3. Africa 5,38,874 27.09 5,59,245 31.14 10,67,079 24.44 3,23,663 25.73

4. Australia 508 0.02 283 0.02 642 0.01 147 0.01

5. America 81,864 4.12 39,512 2.20 2,236 0.05 1,173 0.09

6. Others 70,558 3.55 81,019 4.51 2,58,829 5.93 70,855 5.63

Total 19,89,040 100.0

0

17,95,743 100.0

0

43,65,888 100.0

0

12,57,790 100.0

0

% : Percentage share of total export.

Source : Directorate of Rice Development, Patna.


Table 3 : Export of Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice from India during 1991-92 to 2001-02

SL Year

Basmati Rice Non-Basmati Rice Total

Quantity

'000 Tonnes

Value in

Rs. Crore

Quantity

'000 Tonnes

Value in

Rs. Crore

Quantity

'000 Tonnes

Value in

Rs. Crore

1. 1991-92 266.53 499.18 411.94 256.41 678.47 755.59

2. 1992-93 324.79 800.64 255.62 174.96 580.41 975.60

3. 1993-94 527.23 1,061.26 565.19 225.46 1,092.42 1,286.72

4. 1994-95 442.13 865.32 448.50 340.47 890.63 1,205.79

5. 1995-96 373.31 850.67 4,540.70 3,717.41 4,914.01 4,568.08

6. 1996-97 523.16 1,247.64 1,989.04 1,924.72 2,512.20 3,172.36
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7. 1997-98 593.32 1,685.62 1,795.74 1,685.38 2,389.06 3,371.00

8. 1998-99 597.79 1,876.91 4,365.89 4,403.85 4,963.68 6,280.76

9. 1999-00 638.38 1,780.34 1,257.79 1,345.58 1,896.17 3,125.92

10. 2000-01 851.72 2,165.99 682.27 777.26 1,533.99 2,943.25

11. 2001-02 665.84 1,839.08 1,532.35 1,324.36 2,198.19 3,163.44

Note : Figures of 2000-01 and 2001-02 are Provisional Statistics.

Source : Agricultural Statistics at a Glance - 2002, Directorate of Economics &

Statistics,

Ministry of Agriculture, Dept. of Agriculture & Co-operation, New Delhi.

: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics.


Table 4 : Percentage shares of Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice Exports in Total National Exports,

Total Agricultural Exports and Food Grains exports during 1993-94 to 2001-02

S

L

Ye

ar

Basmati Rice Non-Basmati Rice Total

1

.

19

93-

94

1,061

.26

1.5

2

8.4

3

76.

10

82.

47

225.4

6

0.3

2

1.7

9

16.

18

17.

52

1,286

.72

1.8

4

10.

22

92.

27

2

.

19

94-

95

865.3

2

1.0

5

6.5

4

63.

32

71.

76

340.4

7

0.4

1

2.5

7

24.

91

28.

24

1,205

.79

1.4

6

9.1

2

88.

23

3

.

19

95-

96

850.6

7

0.8

0

4.1

7

16.

73

18.

62

3,717

.41

3.5

0

18.

22

73.

12

81.

37

4,568

.08

4.3

0

22.

40

89.

86

4

.

19

96-

97

1,247

.64

1.0

5

5.1

6

30.

80

39.

33

1,924

.72

1.6

2

7.9

7

47.

51

60.

67

3,172

.36

2.6

7

13.

13

78.

31

5

.

19

97-

98

1,685

.62

1.3

0

6.7

8

45.

01

50.

00

1,685

.38

1.3

0

6.7

8

45.

00

50.

00

3,371

.00

2.5

9

13.

57

90.

02
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6

.

19

98-

99

1,876

.91

1.3

4

7.3

6

28.

81

29.

88

4,403

.85

3.1

5

17.

26

67.

61

70.

12

6,280

.76

4.4

9

24.

62

96.

42

7

.

19

99-

00

1,780

.34

1.1

2

7.0

3

50.

07

56.

95

1,345

.58

0.8

5

5.3

2

37.

85

43.

05

3,125

.92

1.9

6

12.

35

87.

92

8

.

20

00-

01

2,165

.96

1.0

8

7.5

6

55.

21

73.

59

777.2

6

0.3

9

2.7

1

19.

81

26.

41

2,943

.22

1.4

6

10.

27

75.

02

9

.

20

01-

02

1,839

.08

0.8

9

6.2

4

36.

96

58.

14

1,324

.36

0.6

4

4.4

9

26.

62

41.

86

3,163

.44

1.5

2

10.

73

63.

58

Note : Figures of 2000-01 and 2001-02 are Provisional Statistics.



Table 5 : Country-wise Export of Basmati Rice during 1998-99 to 2000-01

SL Continents

1998-1999

1. Australia 511 0.09

2. Baharain 838 0.14

3. Bangladesh 1,649 0.28

4. Belgium 6,552 1.10

5. Canada 3,320 0.56

6. Denmark 95 0.01

7. Egypt 104 0.02

8. France 8,463 1.41

1999-2000

925 0.14

2,944 0.46

1,561 0.24

7,512 1.18

2,210 0.35

403 0.06

365 0.06

12,028 1.88

2000-2001

2,458 0.29

3,177 0.37

518 0.06

8,854 1.04

8,369 0.98

367 0.04

524 0.06

22,140 2.60
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9. Germany 2,422 0.40

10. Italy 301 0.05

11. Israel 201 0.03

12. Japan 273 0.05

13. Jordan 167 0.03

14. Kuwait 31,360 5.25

15. Mauritius 53 0.01

16. Nepal 19 0

17. Netherlands 3,572 0.60

18. New Zeland 135 0.02

19. Norway 239 0.04

20. Oman 6,341 1.06

21. Qatar 836 0.14

22. Saudi

Arabia

4,42,994 74.11

23. Sri Lanka 99 0.01

24. Singapore 1,171 0.20

25. Seychelle 1,487 0.25

26. Spain 0 0

27. Sweden 221 0.04

28. Switzerland 420 0.07

29. South

Africa

564 0.09

30. U.A.E. 19,983 3.34

31. UK 45,781 7.66

32. USA 4,982 0.83

33. Yemen Rep. 2,134 0.36

34. Others 10,469 1.75

Total 5,97,756 100.00

3,677 0.58

4,100 0.64

3,375 0.53

1,104 0.17

306 0.05

47,338 7.42

7,936 1.24

5,980 0.94

4,250 0.67

77 0.01

308 0.05

6,462 1.01

3,307 0.52

3,96,676 62.14

109 0.02

1,500 0.23

2,657 0.42

731 0.11

705 0.11

1,294 0.20

1,291 0.20

32,297 5.06

53,082 8.32

16,036 2.51

9,774 1.53

6,060 0.95

6,38,380 100.00

8,659 1.02

8,439 0.99

889 0.10

94 0.01

423 0.05

82,800 9.72

3,536 0.42

1,469 0.17

4,746 0.56

356 0.04

611 0.07

7,187 0.84

2,417 0.28

4,78,124 56.14

115 0.01

1,309 0.15

4,677 0.55

1,122 0.13

3,940 0.46

2,289 0.27

1,864 0.22

30,151 3.54

1,11,984 13.15

35,840 4.21

6,164 0.72

6,110 0.72

8,51,722 100.00

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Source : Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics.

: All India Rice Exporters' Association.


Table 6 : Country-wise Export of Non-Basmati Rice during 1998-99 to 2000-01

SL Continents

1998-1999

1. Angola 14,021 0.32

2. Australia 642 0.01

3. Bahrain 3,858 0.09

4. Bangladesh 23,31,689 53.41

5. Belgium 3,994 0.09

6. Bhutan 9,654 0.22

7. Canada 1,272 0.03

8. Egypt 5,000 0.11

9. France 473 0.01

10. Germany 2,242 0.05

11. Ghana 9,574 0.22

12. Indonesia 18,701 0.43

13. Iran 55,847 1.28

14. Ivory Cost 1,61,817 3.71

15. Japan 17,389 0.40

16. Jordan 3,392 0.08

17. Kenya 37,074 0.85

18. Korea 13,946 0.32

1999-2000

- -

147 0.01

4,371 0.35

3,50,088 27.83

104 0.01

5,225 0.42

208 0.02

2,025 0.16

203 0.02

2,165 0.17

7,989 0.64

1,152 0.09

199 0.02

- -

522 0.04

363 0.03

13,105 1.04

20 -

2000-2001

- -

1,171 0.17

4,738 0.70

3,17,663 46.56

42 -

- -

697 0.10

0 -

231 0.03

1,052 0.16

500 0.07

- -

- -

- -

97 0.01

- -

22 -

140 0.02

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19. Kuwait 8,369 0.19

20. Malaysia 25,345 0.58

21. Mauritius 18,319 0.42

22. Mozambique 10,104 0.23

23. Nepal 268 0.01

24. Nigeria 2,01,106 4.61

25. Oman 6,623 0.15

26. Qatar 2,254 0.05

27. Russia 1,21,828 2.79

28. Saudi Arabia 1,26,036 2.89

29. Sri Lanka 20,473 0.47

30. Singapore 14,994 0.34

31. Seychelles 18,510 0.42

32. Senegal 74,503 1.71

33. Somalia 1,40,064 3.21

34. South Africa 5,25,013 12.03

35. Sudan 9,747 0.22

36. U.A.E. 73,513 1.68

37. UK 256 -

38. USA 964 0.02

39. Ukraine 14,244 0.33

40. Yemen Rep. 34,044 0.78

41. Others 2,28,726 5.24

Total 43,65,888 100.00

10,584 0.84

60 -

500 0.04

6,490 0.52

21,941 1.74

1,09,046 8.67

8,272 0.66

2,558 0.20

1,50,590 11.97

1,64,288 13.06

62,401 4.96

10,088 0.80

1,237 0.10

14,126 1.12

23,143 1.84

1,40,334 11.16

44 -

37,639 2.99

517 0.04

965 0.08

343 0.03

26,737 2.13

78,001 6.20

12,57,790 100.00

7,535 1.11

9,434 1.39

30 -

- -

20,183 2.96

- -

7,532 1.10

2,223 0.33

1,645 0.24

1,53,841 22.55

522 0.07

17,410 2.55

1,200 0.18

- -

2,745 0.40

57,768 8.47

2,334 0.34

26,647 3.91

1,792 0.26

2,817 0.41

6,000 0.88

14,913 2.19

19,346 2.84

6,82,270 100.00

Source : All India Rice Exporters' Association.



Table 7 : Average Export Price of Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice during 1992-93 to 2001-02

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SL Year

Basmati Rice

Rs. Per Quintal

1. 1992-1993 2,465.00

2. 1993-1994 2,103.00

3. 1994-1995 1,957.00

4. 1995-1996 2,279.00

5. 1996-1997 2,385.00

6. 1997-1998 2,841.00

7. 1998-1999 3,140.00

8. 1999-2000 2,789.00

9. 2000-2001 2,543.00

10. 2001-2002 2,762.00

Non-Basmati Rice

Rs. Per Quintal

684.00

399.00

759.00

819.00

968.00

939.00

1,009.00

1,070.00

1,139.00

864.00



References

SL PublicationPublisher

1. Rice India - Published by All India Rice Exporters Association, New Delhi.

2. Commodity India - Published by K.S.International Export House, Near State Warehouse,

Taraori, Haryana.

3. Basmati Rice in India :

Its Export Potential - 2001

- Directorate of Rice Development, Patna.

4. Rice in India :

A Hand Book of Statistics -

2001


5. Rice in India :

A Status Paper - 2002


6. Rice Productivity Analysis

in India - 2002


7. Economic Times - Issue dated 22nd June 2002, 14th August 2002 and 2nd September

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2002.


References

SL PublicationPublisher

1. Rice India - Published by All India Rice Exporters Association, New Delhi.

2. Commodity India - Published by K.S.International Export House, Near State Warehouse,

Taraori, Haryana.

3. Basmati Rice in India :

Its Export Potential - 2001


4. Rice in India :

A Hand Book of Statistics -

2001


5. Rice in India :

A Status Paper - 2002


6. Rice Productivity Analysis

in India - 2002


7. Economic Times - Issue dated 22nd June 2002, 14th August 2002 and 2nd September

2002.

Rice in India : A Status Paper

Rice in India - A Status Paperwas first published by the Directorate of Rice

Development, Patna during May'2002. The objective of this publication is to organize thescattered pieces of information and also to deal with the recent development of hybrid ricecultivation and utilization of by-products of rice mills. Emphasis has also been placed on

extraction of rice bran oil for edible purposes. Rice bran oil can contribute significantly to the

national production of edible oil. In fact, considerable quantity of rice bran is available atpresent in the country that can be used for extraction of oil.

Rice production in India has increased during the last 51 years by nearly 441% or 4.4 times

from 20.58 million tonnes in 1950 to nearly 91.05 million tonnes during 2001-02. Thestatus paper is expected to serve as a reference document for agricultural scientists andworkers, planners, traders, govt. organizations and other related departments.

Rice Production during 5 Year Plans

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Rice in India : A Status Paper

Introduction

The rice plant belongs to the genus Oryzaof Gramineaefamily. The genus Oryzahas24 species, of which 22 are wild and two species viz. Oryza sativaand Oryza glaberrimaare

cultivated. All the varieties found in Asia, America and Europe, belong to Oryza sativa andvarieties found in West Africa belong to species Oryza glaberrima. Further, sativa rice

varieties of the world are commonly grouped into three sub-species -viz. indica, japonicaand javanica. Rice grown in India belongs to the indica. The varieties developed in Japan

belong to japonica and javanica are cultivated mainly in Indonesia.

Rice is the most important crop of India and it occupies 23.3 per cent of gross cropped

area of the country. Rice contributes 43 per cent of total food grain production and46 percent of total cereal production. It continues to play vital role in the national food grain

supply. It is the staple food of nearly half of the world population. It ranks third after wheatand maize in terms of worldwide production. Asia accounts for 90 per cent and 92 per centof world's rice area and production respectively. Thus, rice production, consumption and

trade are concentrated in Asia. One third of Asia's rice production is consumed in China and

one fifth in India. Among the rice growing countries in the world, India has the largest areaunder rice crop (about 45 million ha.) and ranks second in production next to China. Indiaand China together accounts for 56 per cent of the total production and about 50 per cent of
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world's area under rice during 1997-98. From production point of view, China ranks first in

the world and accounts for 34.6 per cent of total production of world during 1997-98. India

accounts for 21.5 per cent of total rice production of world during 1997-98. Other importantrice producing countries and their respective share in the world production of rice during

1997-98 were : Indonesia 8.8 per cent, Bangla Desh 4.9%, Vietnam 4.6%, Mynammar3.3%, Thailand 3.7%, Japan 2.2%, Brazil 1.6%, United States of America 1.4% and Russian

federation 0.1%.

The productivity of rice in India is higher than Thailand, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal

and Brazil but much below than the productivity in Japan, China, Korea, U.S.A. andIndonesia. The rice productivity in India during 1999 - 2000 was 1986 Kg./ha., which

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