Review of Literature

12

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The following literature is a solemn attempt of reviewing the present study

entitled “Atmospheric studies of bioaerosols of Nawapara (Rajim), District- Raipur

with special reference to fungal spores.”

Aerobiology in abroad

Meier et. al. (1933) reported spores in air of United States. Meier (1935)

carried out collecting microorganisms from the Arctic atmosphere. Ainsworth (1952)

investigated the incidence of airborne Cladosporium in the London region. Paddy and

Kapica (1955) carried out fungi in air over the Atlantic Ocean. Gregory and Hirst

(1957) observed the summer air-spora at Rothamsted in 1952. Hamiltan (1959)

carried out studies on air spora. Gregory (1961-1973) reported the microbiology of

the atmosphere of England. Frey and Durie (1962) carried out the studies of air borne

fungus spores by slide and culture methods. Lacey (1962) reported the summer air-

spora of two contrasting adjacent rural site. Moustafa and Kamel (1976) have made a

study of fungal spore population in the atmosphere of Kuwait. Levetin and Horowitz

(1977) reported airborne fungi in Tulsa.

Larsen (1981) carried out a three-year survey of micro fungi in the outdoor air

of Copenhagen 1977-79. Henningson et. al. (1981) carried out a comparative study of

apparatus for sampling airborne microorganisms. Al-Doory et. al. (1982) reported

airborne fungi and pollens of Washington, W.C. metropolitan area. Lyon et. al. (1984)

observed variation of airspora in the atmosphere due to weather conditions. Burge

(1986) carried out some comments on the aerobiology of fungus spores. Burge and

Solomon (1987) reported sampling and analysis of biological aerosols. Banerjee et. al.

(1987) carried out airborne fungi survey of some residences in Durham, North

Carolina, USA. Harriet et. al. (1987) reported sampling and analysis of biological

aerosols. Abdel-Hafez and El-Said (1989) observed seasonal variation of airborne

fungi in Wadi Quena, eastern desert, Egypt. Nussbaum (1990) reported variation in

the airborne fungal spore population of the Tuscarawas valley with respect to

microenvironment, time of day, and date.

Larsen and Gravesen (1991) carried out seasonal variation of outdoor

airborne viable micro fungi in Copenhagen, Denmark. Harmata and Olech (1991)

studied transect for aerobiological studies from Antarctica to Poland. Hirst (1991)

13

reported aerobiology in plant pathology. Frinking (1991) carried out aerobiology of

“closed” agriculture system. Shaheen (1992) reported aeromycology of Amman area

Jordan. Rosas et. al. (1992) carried out seasonal distribution of Aspergillus in the air

of an urban area: Mexico City. Tan et. al. (1992) observed variation in tropical

airspora in Singapore. Sorlini (1993) has made aerobiology: general and applied

aspects in the conservation of art works. Abdel-Hafez et. al. (1993) reported seasonal

variations of fungi of outdoor air and sedimented dust at Assiut region, Upper Egypt.

Joel-Simeroy et. al. (1993) reported the most frequent genera are Cladosporium,

Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in an urban and rural environment of East-

France (Franche-Comte). Shrestha and Sharma (1994) studied the seasonal and

locational variation of aeromycoflora Kathmandu. Dames and Cadman (1994)

reported airspora of Durban: a sub-tropical, coastal South African city. Hirst (1994)

carried out aerobiology at Rothamsted. Halwagy (1994) studied fungal airspora of

Kuwait city, Kuwait, 1975-1987.

Li and Kendrick (1995) carried out a year-round outdoor aeromycological

study in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Savitsky and Kobzar (1996) reported a

bibliographic review of aerobiology in Russia and neighbouring countries, 1980-

1993. Herrero et. al. (1996) carried out aerobiological study of fungal spores from

Palencia (Spain). Abdul-Wahid et. al. (1996) reported fungal population in the

atmosphere of Ismailia city. Marshall (1997) reported seasonality in Antarctic

airborne fungal spores. Mitakakis et. al. (1997) carried out incidence of

Cladosporium, Alternaria and total fungal spores in the atmosphere of Melbourne

(Australia) over three years. Garrett et. al. (1997) investigated airborne fungal spores

in 80 homes in the Latrobe Valley, Australia: levels, seasonality and indoor-outdoor

relationship. Rosas et. al. (1997) reported indoor and outdoor airborne fungal

propagule concentration in Mexico City. Lim et. al. (1998) studied outdoor airborne

fungal spores in Singapore. Diaz et. al. (1998) reported seasonal variation of airborne

fungal spore concentration in vineyard of North- west Spain. Matsuura (1999)

observed growth and colony patterning of filamentous fungi. Infante et. al. (1999)

reported a comparative study of the incidence of Cladosporium conidia in the

atmosphere of five Spanish cities. Carinanos et. al. (1999) investigated diurnal

variation of biological and non-biological particles in the atmosphere of Cordoba,

Spain. Comtosis and Isard (1999) reported aerobiology: coming of age in a new

millennium. Al-Suwaine et. al. (1999) studied viable airborne fungi in Riyadh, Saudi

14

Arabia. Khan et. al. (1999) reported Aspergillus and other moulds in the air of

Kuwait. Ismail et. al. (1999) carried out preliminary survey of outdoor and indoor

aeromycoflora in Uganda.

Sabariego et. al. (2000) observed the effect of meteorological factors on the

daily variation of airborne fungal spores in Granada (Southern Spain). Rainer et. al.

(2000) reported biodiversity and concentration of airborne fungi in a hospital

environment. Ismail et. al. (2000) reported aeromycobiota of Western Desert of

Egypt. Farooq et. al. (2001) carried out a comparative study of aeromycoflora in

thickly populated and less populated areas of Rawalpindi. Kul‟ko and Marfenina

(2001) investigated the distribution of microscopic fungi along Moscow Roads.

Henriquez et. al. (2001) carried out airborne fungi monitoring in Santiago, Chile.

Troutt and Levetin (2001) studied correlation of spring concentrations and

meteorological condition in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Shelton et. al. (2002) reported profile

of airborne fungi in building and outdoor environment in the United States. Al-Subai

(2002) investigated air-borne fungi at Doha, Qatar. Durand et. al. (2002) reported

effect of sampling time on the culturability of airborne fungi and bacteria sampled by

filtration. Breitenbach and Simon-Nobbe (2002) reported the allergens of

Cladosporium herbarum and Alternaria alternata. La-Serna et. al. (2002) carried out

airborne fungal spores in the campus of Anchieta, Spain. Herr et. al. (2003) carried

out effects of bioaerosol polluted outdoor air on airways of residents: a cross sectional

study. Lugauskas et. al. (2003) investigated concentration and species diversity of

airborne fungi near busy streets in Lithuanian urban area. Pepeljnjak and Segvic

(2003) reported occurrence of fungi in air and on plants in vegetation of different

climatic regions in Croatia. Kasprzyk et. al. (2004) carried out fungal spores in the

atmosphere of Rzeszow (South-East Poland). Sarah and Forest (2004) reported fungal

spores are transported long distances in smoke from biomass fires. Liao et. al. (2004)

observed Temporal / seasonal variations of size-dependent airborne fungi indoor /

outdoor relationships for a wind-induced naturally ventilated airspace.

Millington et. al. (2005) reported long-term trends in outdoor Aspergillus,

Penicillium spore concentration in Derby, U.K. from 1970 to 2003 and made a

comparative study in 1994 and 1996 with the indoor air of two local houses.

Stepalska and Wolek (2005) investigated variation in fungal spore concentration of

selected taxa associated to weather condition in Cracow, Poland, in 1997. Bugajny et.

al. (2005) reported on the microbiological quality of the outdoor air in Poznan,

15

Poland. Donderski et. al. (2005) carried out microbiological contamination of air

within the city of Torun. Millington and Corden (2005) studied long-term trends in

outdoor Aspergillus / Penicillium spore concentration in Derby, U. K. from 1970 to

2003 and a comparative study in 1994 and 1996 with the indoor air of two local

houses. Abdel Hameed, A. A. (2005) investigated vegetation: A source of air fungal

bio-contaminant.

Kasprzyk and Worek (2006) reported airborne fungal spores in urban and

rural environments in Poland. Kasperzyk and Konopinska (2006) carried out

comparative analysis of the concentration of fungal spores in the air of Lublin and

Rzeszow (Eastern Poland). Herrero et. al. (2006) has made study of airborne fungal

spores in Madrid, Spain. Saadabi (2006) carried out on the fungal flora of Saudi

Arabian soils. Topbas et. al. (2006) reported identification and seasonal distribution of

airborne fungi in urban outdoor air in an eastern black sea Turkish town. Levetin and

Dorsey (2006) studied contribution of leaf surface fungi to the air spora. Zoppas et. al.

(2006) reported fungal spores prevalent in the aerosol of the city of Caxias do sul, Rio

Grande do Sul, Brazil, over a two year periods (20001-2002). Mandrioli (2007)

carried out basic aerobiology. Saar (2007) carried out seasonality in quantity of

atmospherics fungal aerosol in Tartu (Estonia). Bruno et. al. (2007) reported

estimation of fungal spore concentrations associated to metrological variables.

Mckernan et. al. (2007) carried out evaluating fungi in aircraft. Ahmed (2007)

reported a review of air borne fungal spores. Nourian et. al. (2007) reported airborne

mycoflora of Zanjan- Iran. Diba et. al. (2007) carried out identification of Aspergillus

species using morphological characteristics. Okten et. al. (2007) reported airborne

fungal concentration of morning and evening east patch of Edrine city using two

sampling methods. Sabariego et. al. (2007) carried out monitoring of airborne fungi in

Madrid (Spain). Muilenberg et. al. (2007) reported geographical and temporal

differences in airborne fungal concentration in Hawaii, U.S.A. Pyrri and Kapsanaki-

Gosti (2007) carried out a comparative study on the airborne fungi in Athens, Greece,

by viable and non-viable sampling methods. Khattab and Levetin (2008) reported the

effect of sampling height on the concentration of airborne fungal spores. Abdel

Hameed et. al. (2007) carried out fertile fungal spores collected on different faced

surfaces in the atmosphere of Giza, Egypt. Kasprzyk (2008A) reported aeromycology-

main research fields of interest during the last 25 years. Kasprzyk (2008B) reported

co-occurrence of airborne allergenic pollen grains and fungal spores in Rzeszow,

16

Poland (2000-2002). Grinn-Gofron and Mika (2008) reported selected airborne

allergenic fungal spores and metrological factors in Szczecin, Poland, 2004-2006.

Levetin and Khattab (2008) reported preliminary studies on the effect of the Burkard

alternate orifice on airborne fungal spore concentrations. Erkara et. al. (2008) carried

out airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium species and relationship with metrological

conditions in Eskisehir City, Turkey. Ruga et. al. (2008) analysis of the potential

biodeteriogen effects in the doctorate library of the University of Perugia, Italy.

Aydogdu and Asan (2008) reported airborne fungi in child day care centers in Edrine

City, Turkey. Grinn-Gofron (2009) studied the occurrence of Cladosporium spores in

the air and their relationships with meteorological parameters. Ianovici and Tudorica

(2009) reported aeromycoflora in outdoor environment of Timisoara city (Romania).

Rao et. al. (2009) investigated airborne fungal flora of Karachi, Pakistan. Suerdem

and Yildirim (2009) carried out fungi in the atmospheric air of Canakkale Province in

Turkey. Magyar et. al. (2009) reported the biodiversity of air spora in an Italian

vineyard.

Abu-Dieyeh et. al. (2010) investigated seasonal variation of fungal spore

populations in the atmosphere of Zarqa area, Jordan. Yassin and Almouqatea (2010)

have assessed airborne bacteria and fungi in an indoor and outdoor environment. Lee

(2010) reported effect of vibration on dispersal of Cladosporium cladosporioides

bioaerosols. Smith et. al. (2010) carried out stratospheric microbiology at 20 km over

the Pacific Ocean. Li et. al. (2010) reported comparison of the biological content of

air samples collected at ground level and at higher elevation. Safatov et. al. (2010)

carried out atmospheric aerosol fungi concentration and diversity in the South of

Western Siberia. Oliveira et. al. (2010) reported outdoor allergenic fungal spores:

comparison between an urban and a rural area in northern Portugal. Mallo et. al.

(2011) has made airborne fungal spore content in the atmosphere of the city of La

Plata, Argentina. Grinn-Gofron (2011) reported airborne Aspergillus and Penicillium

in the atmosphere of Szczecin, (Poland) (2004-2009). Morris et. al. (2011) carried out

microbiology and atmospheric processes: research challenges concerning the impact

of airborne microorganism on the atmosphere and climate.

Pyrri and Kapsanaki-Gotsi (2012) carried out diversity and annual fluctuations

of culturable airborne fungi in Athens, Greece: a 4-year study. Rojas and Aira (2012)

studied fungal biodiversity in indoor environments in Havana, Cuba. Almaguer et. al.

(2012) reported airborne fungal succession in a rice field of Cuba.

17

Aerobiology work in India

Cunningham (1873) carried out the first systematic aerobiology work of the

world. His works was quite comprehensive, published in the form of a book entitled

“Microscopic examination of air”, and include studies over presidency jails Calcutta.

Mehta (1940 and 1952) reported that rust spores were incapable of surviving during

the high temperature of summer in the plains of North India. Rajan et. al. (1952)

reported preliminary survey of atmospheric fungal flora of Kanpur. Kalra and

Dumbery (1957) observed the aeromycoflora of Army medical campus at Poona.

Gupta et. al. (1960) reported survey of allergenic aerial mold spores at Jaipur. Nair

(1963) investigated the atmospheric pollen and fungal spores and others vegetative

matters at Vellore (Madras). Tilak and Srinivasulu (1967) investigated the airspora of

Aurangabad. Sreeramulu (1967) reported aerobiology in India. Mehrotra and Claudius

(1968) studied the aeromycoflora of Sagar university campus. Rai (1969) reported air

fungal flora of Varanasi. Agrawal et. al. (1969) has made studies on the allergenic

fungal spores of the Delhi, Indian metropolitan area. Mishra and kamal (1971)

investigated seasonal variation in air fungal flora of Gorakhpur. Ramalingam (1971)

reported air spora of Mysore. Subramanian (1971) reported hyphomycetes.

Chakraborthy and Nandi (1972) observed the seasonal periodicity of Cladosporium a

common allergen in air over Calcutta and suburbs. Mishra (1972) investigated the

periodical fluctuation of airspora of Gorakhpur. Sandhu and Randhava (1972) studied

air borne fungal spores at Amritsar. Vishnumittre and Khandelwal (1973) reported

airborne pollen grain and fungal spores at Lucknow during 1969-1970. Chitaley and

Bajaj (1973) carried out airspora of Nagpur at high altitude- I. Tilak (1974) reported

aerobiology in Maharastra. Chitaley and Bajaj (1974) carried out airspora of Nagpur

at high altitude- II. Manoharachary (1974) reported some interesting fungi from

Hyderabad. Chitaley and Bajaj (1975) investigated air spora of Nagpur at high

altitude III. Tilak and Vishwe (1975) reported microbial content of air inside library at

Aurangabad. Rati and Ramalingam (1976) carried out airborne Aspergilli at Mysore.

Bhati and Gour (1979) have surveyed the atmospheric spores at Modinagar. Janki Bai

(1979) reported the air spora of Vishakhapattanam. Vittal and Ponnuswamy (1979)

reported a preliminary study of the atmospheric fungal flora of Madras.

Gaur and Kasana (1981) carried out aerobiology of Modinagar. Vittal and

Krishnamoorthi (1981) reported airspora of an agriculture farm in Madras. Baruah

18

and Baruah (1981) investigated seasonal periodicity of Cladosporium sp. in air of

Shilang. Janki Bai and Subba Reddy (1981) investigated the fungus airspora of

Visakhapatanam. Prasad and Narayan (1982) reported the aeromycology of the

atmosphere of Malleesward market, Banglore. Tilak (1982) published a textbook on

Aerobiology. Patil (1982) reported atmospheric biopollutants at Nagpur. Jayaprakash

and Ramalingam (1983) observed hazardous species of Aspergillus ochraceous group

in the air of working environments at Mysore. Singh and Babu (1983) reported the

airborne fungal flora of Delhi, India. Satpute et. al. (1983) reported contribution to the

aerobiology of Shilang. I. Studies on the seasonal variation of atmospheric pollen and

fungal spores. Bhosle (1983) reported airspora of Aurangabad. Desmukh and shukla

(1984) reported thermophilic fungi in the airspora at Sagar (M.P.). Studies on the

aerobiology of a Himalayan alpin zone, Rudranath, India carried out by Gaur and

Kala (1984). Patil (1985) observed aerobiological studies at Aurangabad. Chakraverty

and Sinha (1985) carried out the incidence of Aspergillus parasiticus in the indoor

and outdoor environments of Calcutta, India. Subramanian (1986) reported the

progress and status of mycology in India. Sinha (1986) reported aerobiological

studies around Bhodhgaya. Ramchandra Rao (1987) reported aerobiology at

Aurangabad. Verma and Khare (1987) have carried out a study of airspora around

Jabalpur university campus. Jogdand (1987) observed airspora at Aurangabad. Bhat

and Rajasab (1988) reported two-year (1984-1986) survey for the study of incidence

of visible fungal airspora in Gulberg. Manoharachary et. al. (1988) reported

aeromycological studies from some localities of Andhra Pradesh, India. Vittal and

Krishnamoorthi (1988) reported airborne mold spores in Madras, India. Rao and

Mallaiah (1988) reported airborne fungal spores at Nagarjunanagar, India. Singh and

Mishra (1988) investigated the aero-fungi of a rural area around Gaya. Verma and

Khare (1988) carried out aeromycology at Jabalpur. Shrivastv and shukla (1990)

reported a volumetric investigation of airspora of Balarampur. Verma and Khare

(1990) carried out an analysis of atmospheric fungal spores at Jabalpur (M.P.).

Baig (1991) investigated the seasonality of aero fungi over Champanagar,

Bhagalpur. Verma and Khare (1991) carried out airspora at Jabalpur University

campus with special reference to fungal spores. Gupta and Singh (1991) reported the

qualitative and quantitative prevalence of airborne fungi in extramural environments

of Delhi metropolis. Pawar (1991) reported airspora at Nassik. Mishra and Jamil

(1991) carried out fungi in the indoor environment of flour mill in Lucknow. Kumar

19

and Prasad (1991) reported air borne fungal spores in the atmosphere of Nalanda

(Bihar). Verma and Chile (1992) observed the fungi in the medical college of the

Jabalpur city and the allergenic behavior of some species. Ghani and Kale (1992)

investigated a preliminary report on aeromycoflora of Bhagalpur. Vedehi and

Ramanujam (1992) carried out contribution to study of semi urban and urban airspora

of Hyderabad area. Aher (1993) investigated airspora at Ahmadnagar. Satheesh et. al.

(1993) reported incidence of airborne pollen and spores in the atmosphere of

Tiruchirapalli (India). Satheesh and Rao (1994) reported fungal spore concentration in

the air at Tiruchirapalli (India) 1987-1988. Ramalingam and Nayar (1994) reported

comparative study of the airspora urban complex in Hyderabad. Kalkar and Patil

(1994) reported air borne biocomponents in the air of Nagpur. Singh et. al. (1994)

investigated airborne fungi in the hospital of metropolitan Delhi. Naik and Pande

(1994) carried out aerobiological survey at Aurangabad. Mishra et. al. (1994) reported

circadian periodicity of airspora in different season at Jabalpur (M. P.) India. Agashe

and Anuradha (1996) reported circadian periodicity of fungal spores of Banglore city.

Kakde and Saoji (1996) investigated airborne concentration of fungal spores in fruit

market environment of Nagpur city (M.S.). Bora et. al. (1996) reported atmospheric

microflora at different environment of Guwahati, Assam. Reddy and Reddy (1996)

reported aeromycological survey of Vikarabad. Giri and Saoji (1996) carried out

airborne mycoflora from local food storage place at Nagpur. Nayak et. al. (1998)

reported airborne fungal spores in an industrial area: seasonal and diurnal periodicity.

Bhandari et. al. (1999) reported seasonal variation in airspora at Jabalpur, India.

Chakraborty et. al. (2000) reported indoor and outdoor aero mycological

study in Burdwan, West Bengal, India. Sahaney et. al. (2001) carried out assessment

of bioaerosols around agriculture processing area at Bhodhgaya (Bihar). Khilare and

Chitnavis (2002) observed aerobiological survey of slum and descent areas of

Kolhapur (M.S.) India. Kakde et. al. (2001) studied seasonal variation of fungal

propagules in a fruit market environment, Nagpur (India). Bera and Khandelwal

(2002) reported the incidence of aerobioparticles over southern ocean and

Schiramacher Oasis, East Antarctica during IX and XI Indian Antarctica expeditions.

Devi et. al. (2002) investigated airspora of semi-urban area of Guwahati city. Sahney

and Purwar (2002) reported fungal airspora in the market area of Allahabad. Arora

and Jain (2003) reported fungal airspora of Bikaner. Dahiya and Gupta (2003)

observed aeromycoflora of Rohatak city Haryana. Giri and Saoji (2003) reported

20

aeromycological studies in intramural environment of hospital. Singh and Rakhi

(2003) carried out aeromycological survey of a pharmacy in Hardwar. Seshadri

(2003) carried out aeromycoflora of paddy warehouse environment. Sharma et. al.

(2004) reported seasonal variation and annual variation in atmospheric pollen and

fungal spores of Greater-Silacher, Assam. Sawane and Saoji (2004) studied

Penicillium in the intramural and extramural air of residential areas of Nagpur city

(India). Uddin (2004) reported airspora over a Rice (High Yielding Variety) field in

Rabi season in the state of West Bengal, India.

Manoharachary et. al. (2005) carried out fungal diversity: distribution,

conservation, and prospecting of fungi from India. Singh et. al. (2005) investigated

isolation and identification of aeromycoflora of Mawana Western Utter Pradesh.

Vittal (2005) reported the progress of aerobiology in India during the last quarter

century. Tilak and Gadekar (2005) carried out aerobiological studies at Rahuri over

Sorghum field. Rane and Gandhe (2005) observed air and dust mycoflora at Jalgaon.

Pund and Tidke (2005) reported preliminary observation on some qualitative analysis

of airborne biocomponents at Amravati. Uddin (2005) reported aeromycoflora in Jute

field. Nagmani et. al. (2006) A book published “Hand book of soil fungi. Das and

Gupta-Bhattacharya (2007) reported airborne culturable fungal flora an agriculture

farm in West Bengal and its relationship with metrological factors. Lohare and

Kareppa (2007) carried out aeromycological survey over soybean field at Udgir

(M.S). Prabhudesai (2007) investigated aeromycoflora of Altinho Panji Goa. Das and

Gupta-Bhattacharya (2008) reported enumerating outdoor aeromycota in suburban

West Bengal, India, with reference to respiratory allergy and metrological factors.

Verma and Pathak (2009) carried out a comparative analysis of forecasting methods

for aerobiological studies. Panda et. al. (2009) reported seasonal incidence of airborne

fungi in coastal belt of Orisa. Panda (2010) reported some sugar fungi in coastal sand

dunes of Orisa, India. Yassin and Almouqatea (2010) have assessed airborne bacteria

and fungi in an indoor and outdoor environment. Sharma et. al. (2010) carried out

exposure to indoor fungi in different working environments: a comparative study.

Kotwal et. al. (2010) reported aeromycoflora of outdoor and indoor air of residential

area in Nashik. Singh (2010) reported aerobiology in plant, animal and human health

care. Usha et. al. (2010) carried out seasonal periodicity of airborne fungi in indoors

and outdoors of a rural agricultural village in Pandicherry region. Giri and Sawane

(2010) carried out airborne culturable fungi in hospital environment of Nagpur (M.S.).

21

Kumari et. al. (2011) reported a comparative study of aeromycospora in different

localities of Gorakhpur (U.P). Das and Gupta-Bhattacharya (2012) carried out

monitoring and assessment of airborne fungi in Kolkata, India, by viable and non-

viable air sampling methods.

Aerobiology work in Chhattisgarh

In Chhattisgarh for the last 25 years, some workers (Tiwari and his co-

workers, 1985-2012) are studying continuously in the field of fungal diversity in

relation to atmosphere of Chhattisgarh especially in and around the capital city

Raipur. Therefore, the credit for initiating real systematic research with atmospheric

fungi of Chhattisgarh must be given to Tiwari (former Prof. and Head School of

Biotechnology). Atmospheric fungal diversity has been studied in relation to various

fields, various habitats and various atmospheres. The study of atmospheric fungal

diversity is done based on taxonomy, through morphological analysis, by studying its

macroscopic and microscopic characteristics.

Many scientists have worked in fungal diversity of various region of

Chhattisgarh they described the fungi and its various aspects. After an in depth study

of various works done in the field of fungal diversity, these study focuses on the

description of fungal diversity in the atmosphere of Chhattisgarh. Tiwari (1977)

studies on the leaf surface mycoflora of some solanaceous crop plant. Tiwari and

Godheja (1985) investigated air spora and phyllosphere of Brinjal at Raipur. Tiwari

and Sahu (1988) reported the leaf surface and air mycoflora of Momordica charantia

Linn. Tiwari and Sahu (1989A) reported aerophyllomycoflora of Cicer arietinium L.

Tiwari and Sahu (1989B) study on aerobiology of Datura alba L. Tiwari and Sahu

(1991) reported airspora of Raipur with reference to fungal flora. Pandey and Tiwari

(1991) carried out aeromycoflora of Raipur. Tiwari et. al. (1993) reported

aeromycoflora over Abelmoschus esculantum variety pusakranti. Jadhav and Tiwari

(1994) investigated aeromycoflora of Rawan Village. Tiwari and Sahu (1994)

reported airborne fungi at Raipur. Jadhav et. al. (1995) investigated aeromycoflora of

Balodabazar Disst. Raipur. Tiwari et. al. (1995) reported aeromycoflora of Green

house. Tiwari and Sahu (1995) studied aeromycological study of Raipur. Jadhav

(1996) reported aeromycoflora over rice field at Balodabazar, Raipur. Sahu (1996)

reported mycoflora associated with spinach. Sahu (1998) reported aeromycoflora over

wheat crop field at Raipur. Tiwari (1999) studied aeromycoflora of Raipur with

22

special reference to fungal spores. Sharma (2001) reported aeromycoflora in relation

to leaf surface mycoflora of Ocimum sanctum L. Tiwari et. al. (2004) carried out the

aeromycoflora of different heights. Tiwari and Jadhav (2004) reported

aeromycological studies of chemistry Labe of Govt. College, Balodabazar, Raipur.

Saluja (2005) reported aeromycoflora in relation to leaf surface mycoflora of

Catharanthus roceus Linn. Tiwari et. al. (2005) reported aeromycoflora of Dairy area

at Raipur. Khare (2006) studied aeromycoflora and leaf surface mycoflora of Barleria

prionitis Linn. Singh (2006) reported aeromycoflora in relation to leaf surface

mycoflora of Mentha arvensis Linn. Tiwari et. al. (2006) reported aeromycoflora of

slum area. Tiwari et. al. (2007a) reported aeromycoflora of Kharun river area of

Raipur. Tiwari et. al. (2007 b) studied aeromycoflora of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla

Udyan, Collectrate parisar, Raipur. Tiwari and Tiwari (2007) carried out

aeromycoflora of Industrial area, Urla, Raipur. Kunjam (2007) studied aeromycoflora

of tribal atmosphere at Panabaras region of Rajnandgaon. Lall (2008) reported indoor

and outdoor aeromycoflora of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Hospital Raipur. Agrawal

(2008) studied the fungal diversity based on taxonomic and physiologic

characteristics. Jadhav and Kunjam (2009) carried out ecological study on

aeromycoflora of a Tribal area of Chhattisgarh. Deo (2009) worked diversity and

biotechnological study of fungi in environment of pond. Tiwari and Saluja (2009)

studied seasonal variation of aeromycoflora in Catharanthus roceus L. Chakraborty

(2009) studied fungal diversity based on morphological and physiological

characteristics. Tiwari et. al. (2010) studied aerobiodiversity of Aspergillus Species.

Patle (2010) reported incidence of airborne fungal spore at Raipur with special

reference to Railway station. Agrawal (2010) carried out fungal diversity based on

taxonomy and physiology. Jadhav and Lall (2010) reported ecological studies of

outdoor aeromycoflora of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Hospital, Raipur. Tiwari et. al.

(2011) reported atmospheric fungal diversity of Chhattisgarh. Jadhav and Lall (2011a)

carried out seasonal variation of indoor aeromycoflora of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar

Hospital, Raipur. Biodiversity of some dominant fungi i.e. Alternaria, Curvularia,

and Cladosporium in indoor environment of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Hospital Raipur was

investigated by Jadhav and Lall (2011b). Shukla and Shukla (2011) studied air borne

fungal spores in the atmosphere of industrial town Korba, Chhattisgarh, India.

23

Aeromycoflora of outdoor environment

Aerobiological investigation and survey carried out by aerobiologist of the

India and abroad for outdoor environment. Cunningham (1873) carried out the first

systematic aerobiology work of the world. His works was quite comprehensive,

published in the form of a book entitled “Microscopic examination of air”, and

include studies over presidency jails Calcutta. Ainsworth (1952) investigated the

incidence of airborne Cladosporium in the London region. Rajan et. al. (1952)

reported preliminary survey of atmospheric fungal flora of Kanpur. Paddy and Kapica

(1955) carried out fungi in air over the Atlantic Ocean. Gregory and Hirst (1957)

investigated the summer air-spora at Rothamsted in 1952. Kalra and Dumbery (1957)

observed the aeromycoflora of Army medical campus at Poona. Hamiltan (1959)

carried out studies on air spora. Gregory (1961-1973) reported the microbiology of

the atmosphere of England. Frey and Durie (1962) carried out the studies of air borne

fungus spores by slide and culture methods. Lacey (1962) reported the summer air-

spora of two contrasting adjacent rural site. Nair (1963) investigated the atmospheric

pollen and fungal spores and others vegetative matters at Vellore (Madras). Tilak and

Srinivasulu (1967) investigated the airspora of Aurangabad. Sreeramulu (1967)

reported aerobiology in India. Mehrotra and Claudius (1968) studied the

aeromycoflora of Sagar university campus. Rai (1969) reported air fungal flora of

Varanasi. Agrawal et. al. (1969) has made studies on the allergenic fungal spores of

the Delhi, Indian metropolitan area. Mishra and kamal (1971) investigated seasonal

variation in air fungal flora of Gorakhpur. Ramalingam (1971) reported air spora of

Mysore. Subramanian (1971) reported hyphomycetes. Chakraborthy and Nandi

(1972) observed the seasonal periodicity of Cladosporium a common allergen in air

over Calcutta and suburbs. Mishra (1972) investigated the periodical fluctuation of

airspora of Gorakhpur. Vishnumittre and Khandelwal (1973) reported airborne pollen

grain and fungal spores at Lucknow during 1969-1970. Tilak (1974) reported

aerobiology in Maharastra. Chitaley and Bajaj (1975) investigated air spora of Nagpur

at high altitude III. Moustafa and Kamel (1976) have made a study of fungal spore

population in the atmosphere of Kuwait. Levetin and Horowitz (1977) reported

airborne fungi in Tulsa. Agashe and Vinay (1978) reported aerobiological studies of

Banglore city. Bhati and Gour (1979) have surveyed the atmospheric spores at

Modinagar. Jankibai (1979) reported the air spora of Vishakhapattanam. Vittal and

24

Punnuswamy (1979) reported a preliminary study of the atmospheric fungal flora of

Madras.

Baruah and Baruah (1981) investigated seasonal periodicity of Cladosporium

sp. in air of Shilang. Larsen (1981) carried out a three-year survey of micro fungi in

the outdoor air of Copenhagen 1977-79. Jagdishprasad and Narayan (1982) reported

the aeromycology of the atmosphere of Malleesward market, Banglore. Tilak (1982)

published a textbook on Aerobiology. Satpute et. al. (1983) reported contribution to

the aerobiology of Shilang (studies on the seasonal variation of atmospheric pollen

and fungal spores.). Jayprakash and Ramalingam (1983) observed hazardous species

of Aspergillus ochraceous group in the air of working environments at Mysore. Singh

and Babu (1983) reported the airborne fungal flora of Delhi, India. Desmukh and

shukla (1984) reported thermophilic fungi in the airspora at Sagar (M.P.). Lyon et. al.

(1984) carried out variation of airspora in the atmosphere due to weather conditions.

Studies on the aerobiology of a Himalayan alpin zone, Rudranath, India carried out by

Gaur and Kala (1984). Patil (1985) observed aerobiological studies at Aurangabad.

Subramanian (1986) reported the progress and status of mycology in India. Sinha

(1986) reported aerobiological studies around Bhodhgaya. Ramchandra Rao (1987)

reported aerobiology at Aurangabad. Verma and Khare (1987) have carried out a

study of airspora around Jabalpur university campus. Jogdand (1987) observed

airspora at Aurangabad. Mari and Rajasab (1988) reported two-year (1984-1986)

survey for the study of incidence of visible fungal airspora in Gulberg. Singh and

Mishra (1988) investigated the aero fungi of a rural area around Gaya. Shrivastv and

shukla (1990) reported a volumetric investigation of airspora of Balarampur. Verma

(1990) reported biocomponents in the atmosphere of Jabalpur (M.P.). Nussbaum

(1990) carried out variation in the airborne fungal spore population of the Tuscarawas

valley with respect to microenvironment, time of day, and date.

Baig (1991) investigated the seasonality of aero fungi over Champanagar,

Bhagalpur. Gupta and Singh (1991) reported the qualitative and quantitative

prevalence of airborne fungi in extramural environments of Delhi metropolis. Pandey

and Tiwari (1991) studied aeromycoflora of Raipur. Tiwari and Sahu (1991) have

investigated the airspora of Raipur with special reference to fungal flora. Pawar

(1991) reported airspora at Nassik. Larsen and Gravesen (1991) carried out seasonal

variation of outdoor airborne viable micro fungi in Copenhagen, Denmark. Verma

and Chile (1992) observed the fungi in the medical college of the Jabalpur city and

25

the allergenic behavior of some species. Ghani and Kale (1992) investigated a

preliminary report on aeromycoflora of Bhagalpur. Vedehi and Ramanujam (1992)

carried out contribution to study of semi urban and urban airspora of Hyderabad area.

Shaheen (1992) reported aeromycology of Amman area Jordan. Rosas et. al. (1992)

carried out seasonal distribution of Aspergillus in the air of an urban area: Mexico

City. Sorlini (1993) has made aerobiology: general and applied aspects in the

conservation of art works. Abdel-Hafez et. al. (1993) reported seasonal variations of

fungi of outdoor air and sedimented dust at Assiut region, Upper Egypt. Jadhav and

Tiwari (1994) observed aeromycoflora of Rawan village, Raipur. Satheesh and Rao

(1994) reported fungal spore concentration in the air at Tiruchirapalli (India) 1987-

1988. Shrestha and Sharma (1994) studied the seasonal and locational variation of

aeromycoflora Kathmandu. Ramalingam and Nayar (1994) reported comparative

study of the airspora urban complex in Hyderabad. Singh et. al. (1994) investigated

fungal airspora of Northeast India. Dames and Cadman (1994) reported airspora of

Durban: a sub-tropical, coastal South African city. II fungal spore component. Hirst

(1994) carried out aerobiology at Rothamsted. Halwagy (1994) studied fungal

airspora of Kuwait city, Kuwait, 1975-1987. Tiwari and Sahu (1995) reported

aeromycological studies of Raipur. Li and Kendrick (1995) carried out a year-round

outdoor aeromycological study in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Agashe and Anuradha

(1996) studied in circadian periodicity of fungal spores of Banglore city. Savitsky and

Kobzar (1996) reported a bibliographic review of aerobiology in Russia and

neighbouring countries, 1980-1993. Bora et. al. (1996) reported atmospheric

microflora at different environment of Guwahati, Assam. Herrero et. al. (1996)

carried out aerobiological study of fungal spores from Palencia (Spain). Marshall

(1997) reported seasonality in Antarctic airborne fungal spores. Mitakakis et. al.

(1997) carried out incidence of Cladosporium, Alternaria and total fungal spores in

the atmosphere of Melbourne (Australia) over three years. Nayak et. al. (1998)

reported airborne fungal spores in an industrial area: seasonal and diurnal periodicity.

Lim et. al. (1998) studied outdoor airborne fungal spores in Singapore. Tiwari (1999)

has made aerobiological studies of Raipur with special reference to fungal spores.

Bhandari et. al. (1999) reported seasonal variation in airspora at Jabalpur, India.

Matsuura (1999) observed growth and colony patterning of filamentous fungi. Infante

et. al. (1999) reported a comparative study of the incidence of Cladosporium conidia

in the atmosphere of five Spanish cities. Carinanos et. al. (1999) investigated diurnal

26

variation of biological and non-biological particles in the atmosphere of Cordoba,

Spain.

Chakraborty et. al. (2000) reported indoor and outdoor aero mycological study

in Burdwan, West Bengal, India. Sahaney et. al. (2001) carried out assessment of

bioaerosols around agriculture processing area at Bhodhgaya (Bihar). Joshi et. al.

(2001) reported circadian periodicity curves of some airborne allergenic components.

Khilare and Chitnavis (2001) observed aerobiological survey of slum and descent

areas of Kolhapur (M.S.) India. Mane (2001) reported incidence of fungal allergens in

the air at Vijapur. Shripad et. al. carried out aerobiologial approach in monitoring

intramural and extramural environments and its implication in health. Farooq et. al.

(2001) carried out a comparative study of aeromycoflora in thickly populated and less

populated areas of Rawalpindi. Bera and Khandelwal (2002) reported the incidence of

aerobioparticles over southern ocean and Schiramacher Oasis, East Antarctica during

IX and XI Indian Antarctica expeditions. Sawane and Saoji (2002) reported

Penicillium in the intramural and extramural air of residential area of Nagpur city

(India). Shelton et. al. (2002) reported profile of airborne fungi in building and

outdoor environment in the United States. Al-Subai (2002) investigated air-borne

fungi at Doha, Qatar. Durand et. al. (2002) reported effect of sampling time on the

culturability of airborne fungi and bacteria sampled by filtration. Breitenbach and

Simon-Nobbe (2002) reported the allergens of Cladosporium herbarum and

Alternaria alternata. La-Serna et. al. (2002) carried out airborne fungal spores in the

campus of Anchieta, Spain. Arora and Jain (2003) reported fungal airspora of

Bikaner. Dahiya and Gupta (2003) observed aeromycoflora of Rohatak city Haryana.

Herr et. al. (2003) carried out effects of bioaerosol polluted outdoor air on airways of

residents: a cross sectional study. Lugauskas et. al. (2003) investigated concentration

and species diversity of airborne fungi near busy streets in Lithuanian urban area

Tiwari et. al. (2004) reported aeromycoflora of different heights. Sharma et. al.

(2004) studied on the seasonal variation and annual variation in atmospheric pollen

and fungal spores of Greater-Silacher, Assam. Sawane and Saoji (2004) reported

Penicillium in the intramural and extramural air of residential areas of Nagpur city

(India). Kasprzyk et. al. (2004) carried out fungal spores in the atmosphere of

Rzeszow (South-East Poland). Sarah and Forest (2004) reported fungal spores are

transported long distances in smoke from biomass fires. Liao et. al. (2004) reported

Temporal / seasonal variations of size-dependent airborne fungi indoor / outdoor

27

relationships for a wind-induced naturally ventilated airspace. Smita and Tidke (2004)

carried out preliminary observations on the some qualitative analysis of airborne

biocomponents at Amravati.

Manoharachary et. al. (2005) carried out fungal diversity: distribution,

conservation, and prospecting of fungi from India. Millington et. al. (2005) reported

long-term trends in outdoor Aspergillus, Penicillium spore concentration in Derby,

U.K. from 1970 to 2003 and made a comparative study in 1994 and 1996 with the

indoor air of two local houses. Singh et. al. (2005) investigated isolation and

identification of aeromycoflora of Mawana Western Utter Pradesh. Vittal (2005)

reported the progress of aerobiology in India during the last quarter century. Rane and

Gandhe (2005) observed air and dust mycoflora at Jalgaon. Stepalska and Wolek

(2005) investigated variation in fungal spore concentration of selected taxa associated

to weather condition in Cracow, Poland, in 1997. Bugajny et. al. (2005) reported on

the microbiological quality of the outdoor air in Poznan, Poland. Donderski et. al.

(2005) carried out microbiological contamination of air within the city of Torun.

Tiwari et. al. (2006) has investigated the aeromycoflora of slum area. Nagmani et. al.

(2006) A book published “Hand book of soil fungi. Kasprzyk and Worek (2006)

reported airborne fungal spores in urban and rural environments in Poland. Kasperzyk

and Konopinska (2006) carried out comparative analysis of the concentration of

fungal spores in the air of Lublin and Rzeszow (Eastern Poland). Herrero et. al.

(2006) has made study of airborne fungal spores in Madrid, Spain. Saadabi (2006)

carried out on the fungal flora of Saudi Arabian soils. Topbas et. al. (2006) reported

identification and seasonal distribution of airborne fungi in urban outdoor air in an

eastern black sea Turkish town. Prabhudesai (2007) investigated aeromycoflora of

Altinho Panji Goa. Saar (2007) carried out seasonality in quantity of atmospherics

fungal aerosol in Tartu (Estonia). Bruno et. al. (2007) reported estimation of fungal

spore concentrations associated to metrological variables. Mckernan et. al. (2007)

carried out evaluating fungi in aircraft. Ahmed (2007) reported a review of air borne

fungal spores. Nourian et. al. (2007) reported airborne mycoflora of Zanjan- Iran.

Diba et. al. (2007) carried out identification of Aspergillus species using

morphological characteristics. Mandrioli (2007) carried out basic aerobiology. Okten

et. al. (2007) reported airborne fungal concentration of morning and evening east

patch of Edrine city using two sampling methods. Sabariego et. al. (2007) carried out

monitoring of airborne fungi in Madrid (Spain). Diba et. al. (2007) reported

28

identification of Aspergillus sp. using morphological characteristics. Das and Gupta-

Bhattacharya (2008) reported enumerating outdoor aeromycota in suburban West

Bengal, India, with reference to respiratory allergy and metrological factors. Khattab

and Levetin (2008) reported the effect of sampling height on the concentration of

airborne fungal spores. Kasprzyk (2008A) reported aeromycology-main research

fields of interest during the last 25 years. Kasprzyk (2008B) reported co-occurrence of

airborne allergenic pollen grains and fungal spores in Rzeszow, Poland (2000-2002).

Grinn-Gofron and Mika (2008) reported selected airborne allergenic fungal spores

and metrological factors in Szczecin, Poland, 2004-2006. Verma and Pathak (2009)

carried out a comparative analysis of forecasting methods for aerobiological studies.

Grinn-Gofron (2009) studied the occurrence of Cladosporium spores in the air and

their relationships with meteorological parameters. Ianovici and Tudorica (2009)

reported aeromycoflora in outdoor environment of Timisoara city (Romania). Rao et.

al. (2009) investigated airborne fungal flora of Karachi, Pakistan. Suerdem and

Yildirim (2009) carried out fungi in the atmospheric air of Canakkale Province in

Turkey. Panda et. al. (2009) reported seasonal incidence of airborne fungi in coastal

belt of Orisa.

Jadhav and Lal (2010) reported ecological studies of outdoor aeromycoflora of

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Hospital, Raipur. Abu-Dieyeh et. al. (2010) investigated

seasonal variation of fungal spore populations in the atmosphere of Zarqa area,

Jordan. Panda (2010) reported some sugar fungi in coastal sand dunes of Orisa, India.

Yassin and Almouqatea (2010) have assessed airborne bacteria and fungi in an indoor

and outdoor environment. Lee (2010) reported effect of vibration on dispersal of

Cladosporium cladosporioides bioaerosols. Smith et. al. (2010) carried out

stratospheric microbiology at 20 km over the Pacific Ocean. Shukla and Shukla

(2011) studied air borne fungal spores in the atmosphere of industrial town Korba,

Chhattisgarh, India. Mallo et. al. (2011) has made airborne fungal spore content in the

atmosphere of the city of La Plata, Argentina. Grinn-Gofron (2011) reported airborne

Aspergillus and Penicillium in the atmosphere of Szczecin, (Poland) (2004-2009).

Morris et. al. (2011) carried out microbiology and atmospheric processes: research

challenges concerning the impact of airborne microorganism on the atmosphere and

climate. Pyrri and Kapsanaki-Gotsi (2012) carried out diversity and annual

fluctuations of culturable airborne fungi in Athens, Greece: a 4-year study, Das and

29

Gupta-Bhattacharya (2012) carried out monitoring and assessment of airborne fungi

in Kolkata, India, by viable and non-viable air sampling methods.

Aeromycoflora of indoor environment

Aerobiological experiment conducted inside the building or closed atmosphere

for the detection of the airborne particles some indoor work in Poultry, Hospital,

Cattle shed, Rice mill, Laboratory, Garbage depot, Library, Bakery etc. Numerous

workers in India and abroad have studied the impact of airborne fungal spores in the

different indoor environment.

The pioneering investigation of such type was Baruha (1961) carried out the

air spora of cow shed. Tilak et. al. (1972) reported in the microbiological deterioration

of painting at Ajanta and Ellora. Tilak and Kulkarni (1972) carried out microbial

content of air inside and outside the caves at Aurangabad. Tilak and Vishwe (1975)

observed microbial content of air inside library. Chaturvedi et. al. (1981) studied

indoor fungal flora in library at Lucknow. Vittal and Glory (1985) reported airborne

fungal spores of library Indian sub continent. Chakraverty and Sinha (1985) reported

the incidence of Aspergillus parasiticus in the indoor and outdoor environments of

Calcutta India. Banerjee et. al. (1987) have made airborne fungi survey of some

residences in Durham, North Carolina USA. Shukla et. al. (1989) reported airborne

fungal spores in library at Bhopal. Dubey (1989) studied on aerobiology with special

reference to hospital environment. Singh et. al. (1990) reported reference of

Aspergillus in a bakery. Mishra and Jamil (1991) carried out fungi in the indoor

environment of flourmills in Lucknow. Pandit and Singh (1992) studied prevalence of

airborne fungi in sugar factory environment. Verma and Chile (1992) observed fungi

in the medical college of the Jabalpur city and the allergenic behavior of species.

Ghani and Kale (1993) reported aeromycoflora inside and outside college library.

Ghani (1994) reported incidence of airborne fungi inside different scientific

laboratories at Bhagalpur. Pande (1994) reported indoor aeroallergen of hospital ward.

Tiwari et. al. (1995) reported aeromycoflora of green house. Pandit et. al. (1995)

studied prevalence of culturable and non-culturable airborne fungi in a grain store in

Delhi. Nielsen et. al. (1995) carried out occupational bioaerosols exposure during

collection of household waste. Li and Kendrick (1995) reported a year-round

comparison of fungal spores in indoor and outdoor air. Singh and Singh (1996)

studied airborne fungi as important occupational sensitizers in Poultry workers. Pande

30

et. al. (1996) carried out spore load inside the library atmosphere. Agashe and

Anuradha (1996) observed aero mycological studies of a library in Banglore. Kakde

and Saoji (1996) carried out airborne fungal spores in vegetable and fruit market

environment. Saoji and Giri (1997) reported concentration of aero allergenic fungal

spores in intramural environment of Nagpur city hospital ward and library. Zahid et.

al. (1997) observed incidence of fungal spores in indoor environment of an

Ahmednagar (M.S.), India. More et. al. (1997) carried out survey of airborne

biopollutants in the garbage depot. Ghani and Saoji (1998) reported microbial

population of air in intramural environment of Nagpur city residential quarters and

food storage place. Pugulmaran et. al. (1999) studied fungal diversity in the indoor

and outdoor environment dust of grain storage. Singh and Singh (1999) reported

Aspergillus sp. as an important occupational risk factor among susceptible

individuals.

Chakraborthy et. al. (2000) studied indoor and outdoor aero mycological

surveys in Burdhwan West Bengal. Barui and Chanda (2000) reported aeromycoflora

in the central milk dairy of Calcutta, India. Jain (2000) carried out survey of

bioaerosol in different indoor working environments in central India. Sahney et. al.

(2001) observed aeromycoflora inside a library of Allahabad University. Sharma and

Dutta (2001) carried out observation on the aeromycoflora of indoor working

environments of Greater Silchar. Kulshrestha and Chouhan (2001) reported

Aspergillus as the first major component in the mycoflora of inside medical college.

Al-Falih (2001) investigated a quantitative survey of airborne fungal spores from

school in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sawane and Saoji (2002) reported Penicillium in the

intramural and extramural air of residential areas of Nagpur city, India. Alturi and

Padmini (2002) carried out aeromycoflora of Andhra university library. Govinda et.

al. (2002) carried out comparative study of culturable fungi of asthmatic patents

bedroom and inside hospital ward. Aira et. al. (2002) reported fungi associated with

three houses in Havana (Cuba). Mohammed Shabbir et. al. (2003) studied

aeromycoflora of Gulberg university library. Verma and George (2003) reported air

analysis of engineering college area Jabalpur, India mycological aspect. Jotish and

Nayar (2003) an analysis of aeromycoflora of poultry farm in Palkkad District, Kerla.

Nieves-Rivera (2003) carried out mycological survey of Rio camuy caves park,

Puerto Rico. Verma and Shrivastv (2004) reported airborne fungi of poultry

environment. Tiwari et. al. (2004) studied aeromycoflora of library, botany

31

deportment and garden. Adhikari et. al. (2004) reported volumetric assessment of

airborne fungi in two sections of rural indoor dairy cattle shed. Aher et. al. (2004)

carried out aeromycological studies of Warehouse at Ahmednagar. Majumdar and

Hazara (2005) reported assessment fungal contaminants in libraries of Calcutta.

Upadhyaya and Sahu (2005) reported fungal flora inside library environment of

university Gwalior, India. Verma and Shrivastv (2005) carried out assessment of

mould allergy in poultry workers with special emphasis to fungal connection in the

working area. Sawane and Saoji (2005) reported airborne Penicillium in the grain

shops of Nagpur (India). Singh and Singh (2005) carried out aeromycoflora of rice

mill. Bhiogudi et. al. (2006) reported preliminary indoor survey of aeromycoflora in

the house of asthmatic patient in Ambejogai, Maharastra. Lee et. al. (2006) carried

out relationship between indoor and outdoor bioaerosols collected with a button

inhalable aerosol sampler in urban homes. Ghasemkhani et. al. (2006) assessment of

exposures to bioaerosols among poultry feed plant workers. Singh (2007) studied air

borne mould biodiversity of certain work place environment in northeastern India.

Shrivastv (2007) reported clinical and immunological study of some airborne allergic

fungi in poultry workers environment of Jabalpur. Majumdar and Barui (2007) carried

out aeromycoflora of potato cold store houses in West Bengal. Devi et. al. (2007)

reported fungal spores in the industrial units of Guwahati refinery. Sangle et. al.

(2007) studied intramural aeromycoflora of cattle shed. Tiwari et. al. (2007) reported

aeromycoflora of cold storage of Raipur, (C.G.). Nayar et. al. (2007) carried out status

of airborne spores and pollen in coir factory Kerala, India. Arya and Arya (2007)

investigated aeromycoflora of fruit markets of Baroda, India and associated diseases

of certain fruits. Awad (2007) carried out airborne dust, bacteria, actinomycetes and

fungi at a flourmill. Stryjakowska-Sekulska et. al. (2007) has investigated

microbiological quality of indoor air in University room. Lall (2008) reported studies

of indoor and outdoor aeromycoflora of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar hospital, Raipur

(C.G.). Hajarika et. al. (2008) observed airborne fungal spores in a paper mill samples

at Jagiroad. Zielinska-Jankiewicz et. al. (2008) reported microbiological

contamination with moulds in work environment in libraries and archive storage

facilities. Codina et. al. (2008) observed typical level of airborne fungal spores in

houses without obvious moisture problems during a rainy season in Florida, USA.

Srikanth et. al. (2008) reported bioaerosols in indoor environment: composition,

health effects and analysis. Ruga et. al. (2008) has made analysis of the potential

32

fungal biodeteriogen effects in the “Doctorate Library” of University of Perugia, Italy.

Dutta et. al. (2009) reported some observation on the aeromycoflora of tea factory in

Cachar, District, Assam. Bhagwan et. al. (2010) carried out fungal airspora of a

vegetable market at Udgir Maharastra. Debnath et. al. (2010) observed aeromycoflora

in two commercial tea-processing factories in Assam. Bhonde et. al. (2010) reported

fungal spore incidence in the indoor environment of fci godown at Nagpur (M.S.),

India. Verma and Sahu (2010) carried out indoor air quality assessment in relation to

fungal diversity in some schools. Kukereja (2010) reported aero mycological survey

of indoor environment of classroom library and hostel of tribal ashramshala at

wadegaon, dist. Godchiroli (M.H.). Hande et. al. (2010) studied aeromycoflora of

library from Amravati. Smitha et. al. (2010) reported aeromycofloral studies of some

occupational sites in Davangere city. Fairs et. al. (2010) carried out guidelines on

ambient intramural airborne fungal spores. Li and Lawmondia (2010) reported

airborne fungi associated with ornamental plant propagation in greenhouses.

Jadhav and Lal (2011a) carried out seasonal variation of indoor aeromycoflora

of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Hospital, Raipur. Jadhav and Lal (2011b) studied

biodiversity of some dominant fungi i.e. Alternaria, Curvularia and Cladosporium in

indoor environment of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Hospital, Raipur. Sharma (2011)

reported comparative study of aeromycoflora in relation to soil mycoflora of

Darjeeling tea garden, India. Khan and Karuppayil (2011) reported practice

contributing to biotic pollution in Air-conditioned indoor environments. Reanprayoon

and Yoonaiwong (2011) carried out airborne concentration of bacteria and fungi in

Thailand border market. Rojas and Aira (2012) studied fungal biodiversity in indoor

environments in Havana, Cuba.

International and national conference on Aerobiology

The International Association for Aerobiology was founded in September 11th

1974 in Hague, Netherlands. At that time aerobiology was not a new science as such,

although its organization and international outlook was to be considered a really new

phenomenon, aerobiology become a theme in 1964, when IBP was established in

1968 an international aerobiology working group was constituted to coordinate all the

national aerobiology programs.

33

The IAA organizes the international conference at on interval of every four

years and association has published IAA newsletter to enable the member of

association to know the current development in aerobiological researches.

1st

International conference held at Munich, Germany in 1978.

2nd

International conference held at Seattle, USA in 1982.

3rd

International conference held at Kantop hospital, Basel, Switzerland in 1986.

4th

International conference held at polynology lab, Swedish museum of natural

history Stockholm, Sweden in 1990.

5th

international conference held at Banglore university India in 1994.

6th

international conference held at Perugia, Italy in 1998.

7th

international conference held at Canada in 2002.

8th

international conference held at Nauchatell, Switzerland in 2006.

9th

international conference held at Buenos airs Argentina in 2010.

Indian aerobiological society was founded on 31 st January 1980 at the Bose

institute, Kolkata. The society is affiliated to International Aerobiological

Association. Indian aerobiological society (IAS) has been also organizing national

conference at on interval of two years and society has published a journal of its own

under the name “Indian Journal of Aerobiology” the journal comes out in two issues

of every years.

1st National conference on aerobiology at Aurangabad, Maharastra in October

1981.

2nd

National conference on aerobiology at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh in November

1983.

3rd

National conference on aerobiology at Kalyan, Maharashtra in November

1985.

4th

National conference on aerobiology at Bhodhgaya, Bihar in November 1987.

5th

National conference on aerobiology at Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir in 1989.

6th

National conference on aerobiology at Pandicherry in 1991.

7th

National conference on aerobiology at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.

8th

National conference on aerobiology at Pune, Maharashtra in March 1996.

9th

National conference on aerobiology at Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh in

November 1997.

10th

National conference on aerobiology at Visakhapattanam, Andhra Pradesh in

December 1999.

34

11th

National conference on aerobiology at Thiruvanthapuram, Kerla in October

2001.

12th

National conference on aerobiology at Vishwa Bharti, West Bengal in

November 2003.

13th

National conference on aerobiology at Nagpur, Maharastra, 31 January – 2

February, 2005.

14th

National conference on aerobiology (mission on modern technological

aspects of aerobiodiversity) was being organized jointly by the

Aerobiological Society of India and school of studies in Biotechnology, Pt.

Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh in January 2007.

15th

National conference on aerobiology at Manipur University, Imphal in 2009.

16th

National conference on aerobiology at Davangere, Karnataka in 2011.

17th

National conference on aerobiology at M. I. T. College, Pune, (M. H.)

13 December - 15 December, 2012.

Aerobiology is both a discipline of its own right and a tool used in many other

disciplines. Consequently, conferences on aerobiology have to compete with the

interest of allergists, immunologists, occupational hygienist, medical epidemiologists,

plant pathologists, entomologists, etc. (Lacey, 1994).

Review, Articles, Book and Journals published in the field

Many scientist in the field of aerobiology published reviews, articles, books

and journals. Jacobs (1951) has informed about aerobiology in “compendium of

metrology”. In 1961, Gregory published a book entitled “The microbiology of the

atmosphere”. Raper and Fennel (1965) published book “The genus Aspergillus”.

Sreeramulu (1967) reviewed “Aerobiology in India”. Ellis (1971) published a unique

book entitled “Dematiaceous hyphomycetes” which help us in the identification of

Dematitious fungi. Booth (1971) published book “The genus Fusarium”. Nilson

(1973) has published the book “Scandinavian Aerobiology. Edmonds and

Benninghoff (1973) reviewed “Aerobiology and its application”. Frinking (1978)

published on article on “Airborne pollen grains and fungal spores”. Pitt (1979)

published book “The genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states Eupenicillium and

Talaromyces”. Tilak has published many valuable book related with the

aerobiological studies. He published “Aerobiology” in 1982, “Air monitoring

practical manual” in 1987, “Air borne pollen and fungal spores” in 1989, “Atlas of

35

airborne pollen and fungal spores” in 1990, “Aeromycology” in 2009 and

“Aerobiology to Astrobiology” in 2010. Frankland (1991) reviewed “Aerobiology in

medicine”. Talde (1994) edited the book “Advances in Mycology and Aerobiology”.

Klich (2002) has published the book “Identification of common Aspergillus Species”.

Tiwari et. al. (2011) published book “Atmospheric Fungal diversity of Chhattisgarh”.

The present investigation deals with the Atmospheric studies of bioaerosols of

Nawapara (Rajim), District- Raipur with special reference to fungal spores by using

gravity petriplates method (containing PDA medium) during July 2008 to June 2009.

Raipur is capital of newly formed Chhattisgarh state. It is geographically

located approximately in central part of India at 21- 14‟ North latitude and 81- 37‟ in

East latitude, situated at a height of 298.60 meters above mean sea level.

Nawapara (Rajim), District-Raipur is located 45 kilometers southeast of

Raipur on the bank of the Mahanadi river, it was ones an important urban center of

Chhattisgarh state. It is geographically located at 20o 58‟ North latitude and 81

0 50‟ in

East latitude, situated at height of 297.80 meters above the sea level and situated in

the middle east of Chhattisgarh. The climate of Nawapara (Rajim) are characterized

by the rainy season (July-October), winter season (November-February) and summer

season (March-June). This area is known as the “Prayag” of Chhattisgarh because it is

situated at the meeting point of the Mahanadi, Pairy and Sondur rivers. The ancient

Rajivlochan temple and Lord Kuleshwar temple is also here. Cultural and heritage

department of Chhattisgarh organize here „Kumbh‟ every year.

The climate of Chhattisgarh is extremely varied ranging main temperature to

tropical with sharply distinct seasonal cycle and provides rich vegetation, which is

very suitable for the multiplication and survival of bioaerosols. Fungal spores

contribute a major portion of bioaerosols and are often well adapted in the course of

evolution, than any other group of organism. The studies of atmospheric bioaerosols

have been assuming great significance in the field of research in plant pathology,

disease forecasting, allergology, biodeterioration and biometrology.