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Chapter – 2
Review of Related Literature
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Review of Past researches
2.2.1 Researches done in India
2.2.1.1 Researches done at M.Ed Level
2.2.1.2 Review of Researches done at M.Ed. Level
2.2.1.3 Researches done Ph.D. Level
2.2.1.4 Review of Studies done at Ph.D Level
2.2.2 Researches done in Abroad
2.2.2.1 Studies done in Abroad
2.2.2.2 Review of Researches done in Abroad
2.3 Significance of the Present Study
2.4 Conclusion
References
11
Chapter – 2
Review of Related Literature
2.1 Introduction
The study of Past researches increases the significance of the
conducted study. It is necessary to have knowledge of the area of the study. If
investigator does not review the related Past researches then the on hand
study may become only repetition of the previous studies.
Review of related literature helps researcher in construction and
selection of objectives, hypothesis, tools, sample, methodology, data analysis
and interpretation.
In this chapter review of related literature is presented by investigator.
Investigator has studied and reviewed the related Past researches that are as
follows :
1. Researched done in India
2. Researches done in Abroad
2.2 Review of Past researches
2.2.1 Research done in India
2.2.1.1 Researches done at M.Ed Level
Patel1 (1999) has conducted a study on ‘A comparative study of Educational
Achievement of Students in ‘Trigonometry’ unit teaching through traditional
teaching method and computer programme at M.Ed. level in Veer Narmad
South Gujarat University.
Objectives
1. To compare effectiveness of traditional teaching method and teaching
by computer in maths on educational achievement.
12
2. To test effectiveness of traditional teaching method and teaching by
computer on students’ intelligence on educational achievement.
Sample
All the students of Std. 9 of secondary schools of Chikhli taluka was
the population of the study. 41 students were selected by cluster sampling.
Groups were framed by ‘subject selection’ random sampling method.
Tool
Desai verbal – non verbal Intelligence test, target test, computer
program
Research Method
Experimental Research Method
Analysis
T –test, percentage
Findings
� There was equal effect of both the teaching methods on educational
achievement of students.
� Effect of both methods was equally on having high intelligence
students while in case of having low intelligence student computer was
more effective. There was improvement in educational achievement of
students by computer teaching method.
Vadile2 (2000) has
conducted study on ‘Construction and application of linear
programme on ‘Area’ unit in Maths subject of Std. 9 at M.Ed. level in
Saurashtra University.
13
Objective
To comparative study of learning by linear programme and traditional
method.
Analysis Method
T-test, analysis of co –variance, contingence table, chi –square
Findings
Teaching of ‘Area’ unit by linear programme was more effective then
the traditional method.
Vyas3 (2002) has conducted study on ‘construction and standardization of
criterion reference test of ‘Trigonometry’ in Maths subject of Std. 9 at M.E.d
level in Saurashtra University.
Objectives
To construct and standardize criterion reference test of ‘Trigonometry’
in Maths subject of Std. 9.
Sample
All the students of Std. 9 of Gujarati medium schools of Rajkot city
was the population of the study and as a sample 156 students of one class of
Std. 9 of three high schools were included in the study.
Tool
Criterion Reference Test
Research Method
Survey Method
Analysis Method
Findings by content and construct validity
14
Findings
Objective similar score of each item was +1 that showed content
validity of the test.
Bhatt4 (2004) has conducted study on ‘Teaching by Play Way of ‘Circle’ unit
of Maths subject of Std. 5 at M.Ed. level in Veer Narmad South Gujarat
University.
Objectives
To test the effectiveness of play way for teaching of ‘circle’ unit of
maths subject of Std. 5 of primary schools of Gujarat state.
Sample
In present study all students of std. 5 of primary school of Gujarat was
taken as population. Two schools from urban and rural area of Valsad district
were selected by purposive sampling method. Also to get opinion about play-
way teaching programme.
Tool
Play way programme, target test, opinionnaire
Research Method
Experimental Research Method
Analysis Method
ANOVA, 3x2 factorial covariance, percentage, rating.
Findings
Play way programme was very effective for ‘Circle’ unit in Maths
subject and boys and girls have shown equal opinion for ‘play way
programe’.
15
Nayak5 (2007) has conducted study on Construction and application of
Computer Programme on ‘Distance and Height” Unit of Maths Subject of
Std. 10 at M.Ed. level in Veer Narmad South Gujarat University.
Objectives
To test effectiveness of computer programme for Distance and Height
unit of Maths subject and get opinion of students about it.
Sample
All the students of Std. 10 of total 23 secondary schools of Gandevi
Taluka is considered as population. One school of Gandevi Taluka was
selected by purposive sampling and two groups of 40 – 40 students were
selected by lottery method.
Tool
Target Test, Opinionnaire
Research Method
Experimental Research Method
Analysis Method
T-test, chi – square test, percentage, grading.
Findings
Teaching through computer programme was more effective then the
traditional teaching method.
Popat6 (2007) has conducted a study on “A study of effectiveness of Vedic
Maths in Maths subject of Std. 8 in Delhi Public School of Baroda’. This
study was conducted in M. S. University.
16
Objectives
To know Vedic maths would more effective then the traditional maths
in fast calculation.
Sample
Sample was comprised of 36 students of Std. 8 of Delhi Public School
of Baroda.
Tool
Research tool, target test, opinionnaire
Research Method
Experimental Research Method
Analysis Method
T –test, percentage
Findings
Fast calculation can be done by Vedic maths then the traditional maths.
Maths subject can make more interesting by Vedic maths.
Parekh7 (2008) has conducted study on ‘A study of effectiveness of Role
play method of ‘Area’ unit of Maths subject of Std. 7 at M.Ed. level in Veer
Naramad South Gujarat University.
Objectives
To test effectiveness of Role play method for ‘Area’ unit of Maths
subject and to get opinion of students about it.
Sample
All the students of Std. 7 of primary school of Navasari city were the
population of the study. School was selected by purposive sampling and two
groups of 40 - 40 students were prepared by Matching method.
17
Tool
Encoding, graphic, Evaluation Test, Opinionnaire
Research Method
Experimental Research Method
Analysis Method
T-test, percentage, chi-square
Findings
Teaching through Role play was more effective then the traditional
method.
Dhiver8 (2009) has conducted a study on A field trip Experiment on
‘Banking’ Unit in Maths of Std. 9.
Objectives
To test the effectiveness of field trip constructed tool for teaching
‘Banking’ unit in Maths subject of Std. 9.
Sample
All the students studying Maths subject in Std. 9 of secondary school
of Gujarat state was the population of the study. Purposive sampling method
was employed to select Desai K. K. Sarvjanik High School, Dhamchada of
Gandevi Taluka.36 – 36 two groups of students were prepared by Matching
Method.
Tool
Target test, Opinionnaire
Research Method
Experimental Research Method
18
Analysis Method
t-test, Percentage
Findings
Teaching through field trip was more effective then the traditional
teaching.
Tandel9 (2010) has conducted a study on A study of effectiveness of Vedic
maths on ‘Polynomial’s H.C.F. Unit in maths subject of Std. 10 at M.Ed.
level in Veer Narmad South Gujarat University.
Objectives
1. To test the effectiveness of Vedic maths of ‘Polynomial H.C.F’ unit in
Std. 10 students.
2. To get opinion of students about Vedic maths.
Sample
10th standard students of secondary schools of Gujarat were the
population of the study. One – one school of rural and urban area of Gandevi
taluka of Navsari district was selected by convenient sampling method.
Tool
Target test, opinionnaire
Research Method
Experimental Research Method
Analysis Method
ANOVA, 3X2 factorial covariance analysis, percentage and ratings.
Findings
Teaching of ‘Polynomial’s H.C.F.’ unit in Maths was very effective by
Vedic Maths. The boys and girls have equal opinion for Vedic maths.
19
2.2.1.2 Review of Researches done at M.Ed. Level
Nayak (2009) has tested effectiveness of computer programme in
Maths subject Dhiver (2009) has tested effectiveness of fieldtrip in Maths
subject. While Parekh (2008) tested effectiveness Role Play method for
‘Area’ Unit and Vadil (2000) constructed and tried out linear programme.
Popat (2007) and Tandel (2010) have tested effectiveness of Vedic
maths in Maths subject. While Bhatt (2004) has tried to test effectiveness of
teaching by play way method. Vyas (2002) has constructed and standardized
criterion reference test of ‘TRIGONOMETRY’ unit. While Patel (1999) had
compare teaching through traditional method and computer of
‘Trigonometry’ unit.
Nayak (2009), Dhiver (2009), Parekh (2008), Popat (2007), Bhatt
(2004) had used target test and opinionnaire for data collection. While Vyas
(2002) had used criterion reference test for data collection. Vadil (2000) had
used target test and linear programme. While Patel (1999) had used Desai
Verbal –Non verbal Intelligence test, Target test, computer programme for
data collection.
2.2.1.3 Researches done Ph.D.Level
Mukherjee10
(2001) has conducted Development of Mastery Learning
Program based on Competencies in Mathsematics for Standard III at Ph.D.
level in S.N.D.T University.
Objectives
To test the effectiveness of Mastery Learning Program in
Mathsematics for Standard III.
To make improvement in program for the students who have achieved
less then 50% marks in constructed program.
20
Sample
There were 80 boys and girls in all groups. In the sample all the
students were of average socio – economic status. The sample was selected
by random sampling method.
Tool
Criterion Reference Test (CRT)
Research Method
Experimental Research Method
Analysis Method
Percentage, analysis of co-variance
Findings
In all these three chapters Measurement, fraction, geometry the
students of experimental group have achieved effective mastery.
After the improvement in program for who achieved less then 50%
marks in post test, there was improvement in students’ achievement in it.
Sindh11
(2001) has conducted study on the effect of television education and
computer education on the Mathsematics Achievement on secondary high
school' at Ph.D level in Punjab University.
Objectives
To compare effectiveness of computer education and television
education.
To study whether gender is responsible for achievement in Maths or
not.
To check whether there is significant effect of interaction between
gender and achievement in Maths or not?
21
Sample
In sample 85 students of Std. 10 of Shivalik Public school, Rpoer were
selected by random sampling method.
Tool
CIET, Delhi video programme, CAL programme
Research Method
Experimental Research Method
Analysis Method
Mode, Mean, Median, co-variance, skewness, kurtosis were used for
data analysis.
Findings
Computer education proved more effective the television education.
Gender is not responsible for achievement in Maths.
There is not significant interaction of teaching method and gender.
Ghatlia12
(2006) has conducted study on 'construction and standardization of
Task test of 'solid objects ( Trigonometric Prism, Trigonometric Pyramid )
of Maths in 9th standard at Ph.D Level in Saurashtra University.
Objectives
To construct and standardize task test on cuboids’ Total Field Area &
Volume, Field Area of Trigonometry .
Sample
All the Gujarati medium schools of Rajkot city and two schools from it
were selected or total 110 students were included as sample in study.
22
Tool
Task test
Research Method
Survey experimental methodology
Analysis Method
T -test
Findings
Students of experimental group got effective command in
measurements fraction, geometry in all the three chapters.
There is increase of achievement in after improving programme for the
students obtained less then 50% achievement on the bases of constructs post
test.
2.2.1.4 Review of Studies done at Ph.D Level
Ghatlia (2006) has conducted research on “construction and standardize
of task test on Solid Objects of Maths in Grade – 9. While Mukherjee (2001)
has conducted study to test effectiveness of Mastery Learning Programme in
Maths subject of Grade – 3 or Sindh (2001) has conducted study to compare
computer education and television education.
Ghatlia (2006) had used Task test, Mukherjee (2001) has used criterion
reference test a stool. While (2001) has used CIET, Video programme of
Delhi, CAI programme as tool.
The study conducted by Ghatlia (2006) was survey type study. While
studies of Mukherjee (2001) and Sindh (2001) were experimental type
studies.
23
Ghatlia (2006) had sued t0test for data analysis while Mukherjee
(2001) had used percentage and analysis of co -variance or Sindh (2001) had
used Mode, Mean, Median, Covariance and Skewness, Kurtosis for data
analysis.
2.2.2 Researches in done in Abroad
2.2.2.1. Studies done in Abroad
Goins13
(2001) has conducted “Comparing the effects of usual and algebra
tile manipulative methods on students skill and understanding of polynomial
multiplication” at Ph.D level.
Objectives
To construct visual method for teaching polynomial multiplication and
frames programmes in algebra.
To test the effect of usual and algebra tile manipulative methods on
students skill and understanding.
Sample
In this study classes were selected by three different methods. The
same content and same treatment was given to all the three groups.
Findings
� There was significant difference between the teaching done by self-
made programmes and visual method and without this programs and
visual method.
� There was great effect of visual method on students’ competencies and
understanding.
Lori114
(2002) has conducted study “ Effect of Computer medicated learning
instruction on commuting college intermediate algebra students’ attitudes and
achievement” at Ph.D level in University of South Florida.
24
Objectives
To test effectiveness of computer program for teaching algebra to the
students.
Sample
Total 146 students were comprised as sample.
Tool
CAI programme, Achievement Test
Research Method
Experimental Research Method
Findings
The students have more interest in learning Maths by computer then
the conventional method. Computer program was more effective then the
convention method
Rosales15
(2005) has conducted the study on “The effect of Computer
Assisted Instruction on the Mathsematics Achievement on Ninth Grade High
School Students in Lower Rio – Grackle Valley at Ed.D in Houston
University.
Objectives
To construct CAI Programme in 9th standard Maths subject
Sample
Two groups were made from one school by 'Matching Method' in
which one group was taught by available software and other group was taught
by only lecture method.
Tool
Target Test, Ready Available Programme in Maths Subject
25
Findings
CAI programme was more effective then the lecture method for
teaching Maths subject.
Ruchiti16
(2005) has conducted study on “Middle school students use of
pictorial models and discourse to facilitate the development of proportional
reasoning” at Ph.D.level in India.
Objectives
To test effectiveness of pictorial models of Maths subject for
secondary school students.
Sample
In this study 78 students of secondary school or 41 trainees were
selected as sample by random sampling method.
Findings
Maths subject curriculum was more effective by pictorial models.
Steckroth17
(2007) has conducted study on “Technology enhanced
Mathsematics Instruction of Visualization on Students Understanding to
Trigonometry y at Ph.D. Level in Verginia University.
Objectives
� To test the effect of technology on students' understanding in radius,
Corners and Circle in 'Trigonometry'.
� This study was carried out on tow groups in which one group was
taught through traditional method by experienced teachers and the
other group was taught through technology by trainees -teachers.
26
Findings
The students have good understanding in TRIJYA, Corners, Circle unit
taught by technology that means there was positive effect of animation.
Bagresh18
(2008) had conducted study on “The effect of Vedic Method to
perform Multiplication and Division on the Achievement of Pupils of 5th
Grade at Ph.D level in Aden University.
Objectives
To compare mean score of achievement of experimental group and
controlled group.
To compare mean score of achievement of boys and girls of controlled
group and experimental group.
Sample
Two schools of Al-Munsooresh district were selected as sample in
which total 156 students were included. There were 79 students (35 boys and
44 girls) in both groups.
Tool
Research tool, Target test
Research Method
Experimental Research Method
Analysis Method
T- test
Findings
Mean score of the students in achievement test of experimental group
was more then the controlled group.
27
2.2.2.2 Review of Researches done in Abroad
Bagresh (2008) has conducted study to study effectiveness of Vedic
maths in multiplication and division process. While Steckroth (2007) studied
effectiveness of technology on students’ understanding for ‘Trigonometry’
unit. Rosales (2005) has studied effectiveness of CAI programme in Maths
subject of 9th standard and Ruchiti (2005) has conducted study to study
effectiveness of pictorial sample in Maths subject. While Lori (2002) studied
effectiveness of computer programme for teaching Algebra
Bagresh (2008) and Steckroth (2007) has used research tool and target
test. While Rosales (2006) has used the software for Maths and target test as
tool. Lori (2002) has used CAI programme and achievement test as research
tool.
In studies of Steckroth (2007), Rosales (2005), Lori (2002) computer
program was more effective then the conventional teaching. In study of
Bagresh (2008) Vedic maths teaching was more effective. In Ruchiti (2005)
pictorial sample was more effective while in study of Goins (2001)
programmes and visual method teaching were more effective.
2.3 Significance of the Present Study
In the studied of Nayak (2009), Dhiver (2006), Parekh (2008), Bhatt
(2004), Vadil (2000), Patel (1999) had tested effectiveness of computer
programmes, field trip, role play method, linear programme, computer in
maths subject respectively. While in present study conducted to study
effectiveness of Vedic maths in maths subject.
Bhargesh (2008), Popat (2007) had carried out studies to know
effectiveness of Vedic maths in multiplication and division in maths subject.
While the present study is conducts to know effectiveness of Vedic maths in
“Expansion’ unit of Maths subject.
28
Steckrith (2007), Rosales (2005), Lori (2002), Sidh (2001) had taught
by technology. Mukherjee (2001) had taught by mastery learning programme
in maths subject and Goins (2001) has taught through visual method and
frame method. While present study is carried out to study effectiveness of
Vedic maths for unit Expansion in maths at M.Ed. level.
2.4 Conclusion
In this second chapter investigator has presented the review of related
literature conducted in the past. In the end of this chapter investigator has also
mentioned significance of the present study.
In the next chapter, chapter – 3- origin of the study, method, and
population, and sample, construction of tool, data collection and data analysis
are discussed in detail.
29
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31
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