Review for Final and Benchmark

Review for Final and Benchmark

Unit 1: Ecology: Biodiversity

1. Biodiversity is: the number of species in an area

2. A niche is: the role or job of an organism in its ecosystem including the resources it uses

Unit 1: Ecology: BiodiversityAn ecosystem good is an item provided by nature that has value to humans. Examples include:• Food• Construction materials• Medicinal plants

An ecosystem service is something nature does that is valuable to humans. Examples include: Regulating climate• Cleansing water and air• Maintaining the gaseous composition of the atmosphere• Pollinating crops and other important plants• Generating and maintaining soils• Storing and cycling essential nutrients• Absorbing and detoxifying pollutants

Unit 1: Ecology: Biodiversity

Question 5: Which area has a higher level of biodiversity (which one has a bigger variety of plants and animals?)

Answer: Area 1 because it has more species

Unit 1: Ecology: Human Activities

6. An invasive species is a non-native species that grows rapidly (because it has no natural predators) and causes harm to an ecosystem

7. Deforestation is to cut down trees and/or clear away forests


Look at the food web on your study guide.

8. In the above food web, which organism would be most positively affected if humans built a factory nearby that increased the carbon dioxide levels in the air?Plants because they take in carbon dioxide


9. In the above food web, which organism would be most directly affected if humans introduced an invasive species that ate mice?

The owl because it eats mice, and now it has to compete for food


10. In the above food web, which organism(s) would be affected if humans started hunting mountain lions?

All populations would be affected because the mountain lion is the top predator.Deer, bird, and rabbit populations would increase.

Unit 1: Ecology: Population Growth

11.Define emigration. when an organism leaves a population

12.Define immigration. when an organism enters a population

13.Define birth rate. The number of organisms born into a population in X time

14.Define death rate. The number of organisms that die in a population in X time

Unit 1: Ecology: Population Growth

15. In one year, a population of wolves gives birth to 56 new pups, but 13 wolves die. 6 new wolves enter the population, but 7 wolves leave the population. What is the population growth rate of the population?

56-13+6-7 = 42 wolves per year!!!!

Unit 1: Ecology: Biogeochemical Cycles

16.Draw the Carbon Cycle


17. Draw the oxygen cycle

Photosynthesiscarbon dioxide + water + light energy=> glucose + oxygen (6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy=> C6H12O6 + 6O2):

Cellular respirationGlucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy/ATP

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy/ATP


18.Draw the water cycle


19. Draw the nitrogen cycle

Unit 1: Ecology: Producers and Decomposers

20. Define producers. Organisms that make food (plants)21. Define decomposers. Organisms that break down other dead organisms22. Define consumers. Organisms that eat other organisms (plants OR animals) for food23. Define autotrophs. Organisms that can make their own food (plants and some bacteria)24. Define heterotrophs. Organisms that can’t make their own food and must eat other organisms

Unit 1: Ecology: Energy Pyramids25. Draw an energy pyramid for the following food chain. Label trophic labels, and amount of energy in kcals and biomass in g/m^3 if the plant has 14082 kcals and 12502 g/m^3 of biomass.

Plant Caterpillar Praying Mantis Small Bird Hawk

Don’t worry about thebiomass

10% of energy at each level transfers to the next level

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cell Membranes

26. Define diffusion: the movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration

27. Create an illustrationthat shows diffusion in action.


28. Define osmosis. The diffusion of water.The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membranefrom a less concentratedsolution into a moreconcentrated solution


30. Define facilitated diffusion: diffusion of particles across a semi-permeable membrane that requires a membrane channel protein, but does not require energy31. Create an illustration that shows facilitated diffusion in action.


32.Define active transport: the movement of molecules across a membrane – requires ATP and a

membrane protein

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Enzymes

34. Define enzyme.A protein that catalyzesreactions in organisms 35.Define substrate.A molecule that An enzyme works on

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Enzymes36. What is a catabolic reaction?A reaction that happens when an enzyme breaks something into smaller parts

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Enzymes37. What is an anabolic reaction? A reaction that happens when an enzyme puts smaller molecules together to make one product.

38. Draw a picture of an enzyme, substrate, active site and products in a catabolic reaction (in this drawing, the enzyme is orange, the substrates are red and green, the two arrows on the left are pointing to the active site, and the product is purple)

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Types of Cells

39. Fill in the chart

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Types of Cells


Unit 2: Cell Biology: OrganellesName the functions of the following organelles:41. Nucleus: stores and protects DNA42. Ribosomes: make protein43. Endoplasmic reticulum: (is attached to the nucleus)Rough – has ribosomesSmooth – makes lipids, phospholipids, and steroidsGolgi apparatus: processes and packages proteins for secretion44. Lysosome: holds enzymes that break down waste and invaders45. Vacuole: stores water46. Cell membrane: protects cell, controls what comes in and out of the

cell47. Cell wall: cell structure and protection (plants)48. Mitochondria: makes energy (ATP) for the cell50. Chloroplast: captures energy from sunlight to make sugars

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Photosynthesis


Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cellular Respiration

52. Fill in the chart indicating what molecules go in and out


53. Fill in the chart indicating which molecules go into and out of each part of anaerobic respiration

What other type of fermentation exists?Alcoholic fermentation (done by yeast and some bacteria)

Also note that glycolysis is the same as in aerobic respiration.


54.What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, anaerobic respiration does not

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Macromolecules 55. Fill in the chart

Unit 3: DNA: The Central Dogma56. What does the Central Dogma state?

DNA RNA Proteins

(DNA is where the information on how to make proteins is stored, mRNA is a copy, tRNA delivers amino acids, the ribosome attaches the amino acids together to make a polypeptide (a protein)

The central dogma outlines the flow of information from DNA to Protein.

It describes Protein Synthesis (how proteins are made through transcription and translation)

Unit 3: DNA: The Central Dogma57. Which part of the central dogma refers to transcription?DNA RNA(in transcription, a copy of mRNA is made using DNA as a template)

58. Which part of the central dogma 59. refers to translation?RNA Protein(in translation, the sequence of codons in the mRNA is converted to amino acids by tRNA at the ribosome)

Unit 3: DNA: Translation

59.What does mRNA do?

It acts as a template during translation


60.What does tRNA do?

It pairs its anticodonwith a codon on mRNA, and it delivers aminoacids to the ribosomewhere they are addedto the growing chain


61.What does rRNA do?

All you need to know is thatrRNA stands for ribosomalRNA, and that rRNA is on ribosomes


62.Where does translation happen?

IN THE CYTOPLASM!!!!!!!!

Unit 3: DNA: Translation63. What is the final product of translation?

PROTEIN!!!!!!Transcription and translation = protein synthesis

Unit 3: DNA: Codon Table64. Turn the following DNA strand into amino acids. Introns are in red.

Original DNA: GAAAGCTCACCGGGGTAA

Pre-mRNA: CUUUCGAGUGGCCCCAUU(cut out the introns)

Final mRNA: CCGAGUGGCAUU

Amino Acid Sequence:Pro – Ser – Gly - Ile

Unit 3: DNA: Mutations

65. Would the following mutation be expressed? Show your workOriginal DNA: GTATTTCAG mRNA = CAUMutated DNA: GTGTTGCAC mRNA = CAC

Both CAU and CAC code for His, so no, this mutation will not be expressed. It is a silent mutation.


66. What type of mutation is this?Original DNA: CCGAATGACMutated DNA: CCGTAATGAC

This is an insertion. One T was inserted into the original DNA sequence. This will cause a frameshift


67. What type of mutation is this?

Original DNA: CCGAATGACMutated DNA: CGAATGAC

This is a deletion. One C was deleted from the original sequence. This will also cause a frameshift.


68. What type of mutation is this?Original DNA: CCGAATGAC

Mutated DNA: CCCAATGAC

This is a point mutation, and a substitution. One DNA base has been changed. This will NOT cause a frameshift.


Types of gene mutations:


Frameshift Mutations are gene mutations that are caused by an insertion or a deletion.

Unit 3: DNA: Mutations69. Define a deletion chromosomal mutation. When a segment of chromosome is lost or removed.70. Define an inversion chromosomal mutation. When a segment of chromosome is flipped around and inserted back into the same chromosome.71. Define a duplication chromosomal mutation. When a segment of chromosome is repeated.72. Define a translocation chromosomal mutation. When two non-homologous (different) chromosomes exchange sections*See the next slide for pictures of these*


Chromosome Mutations

Unit 3: DNA: Cell Differentiation

73. Define cell differentiation.

the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

Unit 3: DNA: Cell Differentiation74. Define gene expression.

When a cell is making proteins from the information in DNA, we say that gene is being expressed.

Not all genes are expressed in all cells, but all cells have the same DNA.

Unit 3: DNA: Cell Differentiation

75. Nerve cells need the ability to transmit messages across cells. Would the genes that create the proteins necessary to transmit these messages be turned ON or OFF in skin cells?

OFF because a skin cell does not transmit electrical messages. Skin cells have a different function than nerve cells, so they need different proteins.

Unit 3: DNA: Structure of DNA, RNA, and Proteins

76. Fill in the chart:

Unit 3: DNA: Structure of DNA, RNA, and Proteins

77. Define Polypeptide:

A chain of amino acids

Unit 3: DNA: Replication and Transcription

78.Turn this DNA strand into its complementary DNA strand.

Original DNA Strand: GTCGGACCGAGT

Complementary DNA Strand: CAGCCTGGCTCA

(Remember that in DNA, A pairs with T and C pairs with G)


79. What does DNA helicase do?It unzips the DNA double helix in preparationfor replication or transcription


80.What does DNA polymerase do?

It adds DNA nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA


81. Turn this DNA strand into is complementary mRNA strand.

(Introns are in red) Remember that in RNA, A pairs with U and C pairs with GOriginal DNA Strand: GTACGGTTTTTTTTC

Complementary pre-mRNA Strand:

CAUGCCAAAAAAAAG

Final pre-mRNA Strand: CAUGCCAAG


82.Define introns. Non-coding regions of DNA (introns still have nucleotide bases, but they do not contain genes)

83.What does RNA polymerase do? Adds RNA nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA

Unit 3: DNA: Genetic Engineering

84. Define genetic engineering. Changing the DNA of an organism on purpose to get desired traits into the organism (you might add a gene or change a gene).85.Define plasmid. A small circular piece of DNA, frequently used in genetic engineering86.Define restriction enzyme An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific (palindromic) sequences

Unit 4: MeiosisWe have not covered meiosis. You will not need to know the steps of meiosis (or mitosis) for the final. Go ahead and cross out questions 87 and 91.

You do need to know:-Mitosis is the process of cell division – when cells divide to make identical copies of themselves-Meiosis is the process that makes sex cells (sperm cells and egg cells)-Meiosis starts with one diploid cell, and after two cell divisions, it results in four haploid cells

A diploid cell has 2 copies of each chromosomeA haploid cell has 1 copy of each chromosome

Why do egg cells and sperm cells only have one copy of each chromosome?Because when they combine at fertilization, they need to make a diploid organism.

Unit 4: Meiosis

Just FYI

Unit 4: Meiosis88. In males, the final cells made in meiosis are called sperm cells

89. In females, the final cells made in meiosis are called egg cells and polar bodies

(after meiosis in females, you end up with one egg cell and three polar bodies. The polar bodies donate their organelles and cytoplasm to the egg)

90. Are these haploid or diploid? haploid

Unit 4: Meiosis

Again, just FYI

Unit 4: Meiosis - Fertilization92. Sperm + Egg = zygote

93. What is the pathway for development after a sperm meets an egg? zygote embryo fetus infant

(fertilized egg, fertilized egg that has started dividing, unborn baby, newborn baby)

94. Where does the DNA in all your cells originally come from?

Half comes from your mother (from the egg cell) and half comes from your father (from the sperm cell).

Unit 4: Sex Chromosomes

95. Look at this karyotype. Is this individual a male or a female? How can you tell? Male because he has an X and a Y for his sex chromosomes.

A female would have two Xchromosomes

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Review for Final and Benchmark