Quarter 3 Benchmark Review

History & Perspectives

Psychology’s Basic Perspectives

• Biological– How hormones, drugs, neurotransmitters and brain

structures influence the body and behavior• Evolutionary (Darwin, James)

– How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes (survival of the fittest)

• Psychodynamic (Freud, Jung)– How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

• Humanistic (Rogers, Maslow)– Self Actualization and humans reaching full potential

• Behavioral (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner)– How we learn through observable responses and

consequences; states that learning is automatic and thoughtless

• Cognitive (Beck, Ellis)– Behavior is influenced by how a person thinks and

remembers• Social-Cultural

– How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Structuralism and Introspection

Research Methods

Research Methods

Random Sample vs. Random Assignment

Used to generalize to a population

Used to equalize (make even) two groups (control & exp)

Positive Correlation:Muscle size and exercise

Negative Correlation: Smoking and health

No Correlation: Weight and GPA

Research Methods

Biology and Behavior

Biology and Behavior

Biology and Behavior

Piaget Cognitive Development

Harlow vs. Ainsworth

Longitudinal vs. Cross Sectional Studies

Longitudinal: Watch the same group grow up over time, periodically testing themPros: Eliminate difference variables between peopleCons: Expensive, time consuming and people die

Cross Sectional: Different people with similar characteristics being tested at the same timePros: Quick, less expensiveCons: Different people might have different backgrounds, which leads to confounding variables.

Year 1 Year 5 Year 10

Age 1 Age 5 Age 10

Same Day, Different Ages

Same People, Different Days

Schemas

• Assimilation– Taking new information and fitting it into an

existing schema• Accommodation

– Taking new information and creating a new schema or changing the existing one

Accommodate it by making its own category or adjusting your schema for horse

Assimilate it by saying it is a type of horse

Selective Attention

Brain Plasticity

Feature Detectors (Hubel and Wiesel)

The Eye

Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down

• Slow• No Prior Knowledge• Individual Elements are

observed before the whole

• Fast• Processing based on

prior knowledge• The whloe is osbevred

beofre its parts

REM Sleep

SleepSleep Disorders

Apnea, Narcolepsy, Night Terrors, Somnambulism

Drugs and ConsciousnessWithdrawal, ToleranceStimulants

CocaineNicotine

DepressantsAlcohol

HallucinationsLSDMarijuana

Secondary or Higher Order Conditioning:

Could pairing light with a bell cause the dog to salivate to the light alone?

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

Reinforcement & Punishment

Reinforcement & Punishment

Garcia Effect

Observational Learning

DECLARATIVE/

EXPLICIT MEMORYNON-DECLARATIVE,

IMPLICIT OR PROCEDURAL MEMORY

SEMANTICMEMORY

EPISODICMEMORY

MEMORY

Hippocampus Cerebellum

Mr. Burnes 34

Forgetting

Encoding Failure with pennies

Sleep prevents retroactive interference. Therefore, it leads to better recall.

PORN

Repression

Forgetting

Concepts and Prototypes

Concept“General Category”

Prototype“Specific Representation”

Why is a penguin not a typical prototype?

Functional Fixedness

Recall vs Recogntion

Representativeness and Availability Heuristics

Availability HeuristicWhat ever comes to mind quickest

Is it safer to fly or drive?More words that begin with K or

have K as the third letter?

Representativeness HeuristicWhat ever best fits our schema best

Is this man more likely a bankerOr a pro basketball player?

Gambler’s Fallacy

Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism

Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation

Description

Instinct Theory Reflexes cause us to perform certain behaviors (genetic fixed action patterns)

Drive Reduction Body tries to maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis) by create a drive

Incentive Theory

Pull us toward a goal with rewards

Optimum Arousal

Completing behaviors because we find these stimulating (i.e. base jumping, cave exploring, skydiving)

Theories of Emotion

Type A and Type B

Immune System Classical Conditioning

Similar to Garcia Effect on Taste Aversion

Hunger & Hypothalamus

Stimulate Lesion (destroy)

Lateral Hypothalamus

Eat More Less hungry

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Don’t Eat Very Much Hungry

Freud’s Theory of Personality

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Freud’s Defense MechanismsTh

ings

that

we

do to

pro

tect

our

ego

from

bei

ng h

urt

• Meet the Neo-Freudians– Carl Jung

• Jung believed in the collective unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance. He called these archetypes which later leads to the Myers-Briggs Personality Test.

– Alfred Adler• Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these

tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power. People who cannot overcome their inferiority will have trouble later in life.

– Karen Horney• Like Adler, Horney believed in the social aspects of blended

psychology and development. She countered Freud’s assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer from “penis envy.” Truly she was a feminine force in psychology.

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Examples of Projective Tests