Review Article ACNTFET-BasedNanowiredInductionTwo ...downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2012/102783.pdf · Correspondence should be addressed to Rostyslav Sklyar, [email protected] Received

International Scholarly Research NetworkISRN NanotechnologyVolume 2012, Article ID 102783, 9 pagesdoi:10.5402/2012/102783

Review Article

A CNTFET-Based Nanowired Induction Two-Way Transducers

Rostyslav Sklyar

Verchratskogo st. 15-1, Lviv 79010, Ukraine

Correspondence should be addressed to Rostyslav Sklyar, [email protected]

Received 15 December 2011; Accepted 28 February 2012

Academic Editors: C. A. Charitidis and J. Sha

Copyright © 2012 Rostyslav Sklyar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A complex of the induction magnetic field two-way nanotransducers of the different physical values for both the external andimplantable interfaces in a wide range of arrays are summarized. Implementation of the nanowires allows reliable transducing ofthe biosignals’ partials and bringing of carbon nanotubes into circuits leading to examination of the superconducting transition.Novel sensors are based on the induction magnetic field principle, which causes their interaction with an ambient EM field.Mathematical description of both the signal and mediums defines space embracing of the relevant interfacing devices. As a result,a wide range of the nano-bio-transducers allow both delivering the variety of ionized biosignals and interface the bioEM signalswith further stages of electronic systems. The space coverage and transducing values properties of the state-of-the-art magneticinterfaces are summarized, and directions for their future development are deduced.

1. Introduction: Biophysical Signals,Transducing, and Interface Applications

A biosensor is a device that incorporates a biologically activelayer as the recognition element and converts the physicalparameters of the biological interaction into a measurableanalytical signal [1]. Understanding of biosignals’ (BS)nature and properties of their mediums are a basis foreffective design of magnetic interfaces (MIs). Rapid progressin the advancement of several key science areas includingnanoscale interfaces has stimulated the development ofelectronic sensor technologies applicable to many diverseareas of human activity. For example, the conceptualizationand production of electronic nose devices have resulted inthe creation of a remarkable new sector of sensor technologyresulting from the invention of numerous new types ofolfactory-competent electronic sensors and sensor arrays [2].

The growing variety of biosensors can be grouped intotwo categories: implantable and external. In turn, the last onehas two existing paradigms: wearable sensor and noncontactsensor. A wearable sensor had potential to be intrusive,and noncontact sensor methods may still be intrusivenessto a certain extent, while a noncontact sensor is limited inits capability of acquiring physiological signals [3]. Voltagepotentials of the living organism and its organs are measured

by both implantable and external electric field probes of highsensitivity [4]. Information on organ activity is obtainedby measuring biomagnetic signals. For such purposes amultichannel high-temperature superconducting quantuminterference device (high Tc SQUID) system for magneto-cardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG)of humans, with high magnetic field resolution, has beendeveloped [5, 6].

The most current sensing devices give us the possibilityto receive a full scale of both the internal and externalcontrol BS. The internal ones are picking up by polymericmicroprobes, CMOS chips, and nanoneedles, while theexternal by electromyography and neuroprosthetic (elec-troencephalogram (EEG) and MEG) systems. Improving aninformational capability of the interface is implemented bythe application of the advanced superconducting transducerand electromagnetic (EM) transistor/memristor [7, 8]. Theseelements are arranged into the arrays of a different config-urations and can cover the order of spaces from macro- tonanolevels.

There are a number of methods and devices fortransducing different BS into recordable or measurableinformation. The transfer of nerve impulses (NI) is the maindata flow that carries sensory information to the brain andcontrol signals from it and from the spinal cord to the limbs.

2 ISRN Nanotechnology

Moreover, the complex view on BS requires further stages ofprecise processing in order to decode the received or controlinformation. There are different kinds of transducers/sensorsfor picking up NI: room-temperature and superconducting,external, and implantable. Development of such devicesis increasing the penetration into bioprocess whilesimultaneously simplifying the exploitation of the measuringsystems in order to bring them closer to the wide rangeof applications. For this reason, the magnetometer with aroom-temperature pickup coil (PC) for detecting signals,which can clearly be detected in higher frequency range,was developed in order to simplify the SQUID system. ThePC is set outside the cryostat and is connected to the inputcoil of the SQUID [9] or a channel of superconductingfield-effect transistor (SuFET) [10]. On the other hand,implantable-into-nerve fiber transducers are evolving fromthe ordinary Si-chip microelectronics devices [11] intosuperconducting and nanodevices [12, 13].

The recent achievements in nanoelectronics can beregarded as a further step in the progress of BS transduction.They give us the possibility to create the most advancedand universal device on the basis of known microsystems.Such a sensor/transducer is suitable for picking up BS—NI, electrically active (ionized) molecules, and the base-pair recognition event in DNA sequences—and transformingit into recognizable information in the form of electricvoltage, or a concentration of organic or chemical substances.Moreover, this process can be executed in reverse. Substancesand/or voltages influence BSs, thereby controling or creatingthem (BS) [14]. Steady and rapid progress in the roboticsfield requires ever quicker and better human-machine inter-action and the development of a new generation of interfacesfor intelligent systems. Such advances give rise to markedlyincreased biophysical research on the one hand and the needfor new bioelectronic devices on the other. Transductionand measurement of BS are key elements of MIs design.There are two means involved in signal transduction: (1)biochemical—by hormones and enzymes; (2) biophysical—by nerve impulses (ionic currents). Let us consider thebiophysical ones as useful for the said interfaces design above.There are two values—voltage and electric current—whichcharacterize the pathway of transduction [15].

Calculations of PC arrays were performed with theprimary sensor flux transformer sites distributed uniformlyon a spherical sensor shell, extending from the vertex toa maximum angle max [16]. The radial magnetometersand gradiometers occupy one site each, there are twoorthogonal planar gradiometers at each site and there arethree orthogonal magnetometers at each site for vectormagnetometers. Coverage can be achieved by designing somekind of density control mechanism, that is, scheduling thesensors to work alternatively to minimize the power wastagedue to the overlap of active nodes’ sensing areas. The sensingarea of a node is a disk of a given radius (sensing range). Thesensing energy consumption is proportional to the area ofsensing disks or the power consumption per unit [17].

There are two broad ways of brain-computer interface(BCI): invasive and noninvasive. The invasive technique cancapture intracortical action potentials of neurons and thus,

provides high signal strength spatiotemporally, for example,prediction of movement trajectory. In noninvasive tech-nique, EEG and MEG have emerged as viable options; bothof them have time resolutions in milliseconds. Any activityin brain is accompanied by change in ionic concentrations inneuron leading to polarization and depolarization. Such anelectrical activity is measured by EEG, while MEG measuresthe magnetic field associated with these currents. Electric andmagnetic fields are oriented perpendicular to each other [18].

Application of organic-, chemical-, and carbon-nanotubes- (CNT-) based FETs for design of thesuperconducting transducers (SuFETTrs) of BS intodifferent quantities (electrical and biochemical) is theproposed variant of interfacing [19]. The placement of thedevices can be carried out both in vivo and in vitro withthe possibility of forming the controlling BS from the saidquantities. The range of picked up BS varies from 0.6 nA to10 µA with frequencies from 20 to 2000 Hz.

A further step should be the synthesis of the said twomethods in order to develop the internal (implantable)nano-bio-interface arrays. This means wrapping of molec-ular nanowired PC around the axons of a nerve fibre orsynapses of neurons in order to obtain the natural biosignalsfrom the nervous system and brain. This leads to sensingaccess across a vast range of spatial and temporal scales,including the ability to read neural signals from a selectsubset of single neural cells in vivo. Moreover, this processcan be executed in reverse for introducing the artificialcontrol signals with the local neural code into the single cellelectrical activity.

2. Biosignals and Nanoelements forTheir Transduction

As an electrical signal, the biosignal has two components:electrical potential or voltage and ionic or electronic cur-rents. The first component is sufficiently developed anddoes not require penetration into the substances of biosignalpropagation. The marketable progress in transducing of thesecond component began when the necessary instrumenta-tion for measurement of micro- and nanodimensions hadbeen created [14].

Short platinum nanowires (NWs) already have beenused in submicroscopic sensors and other applications. Amethod of making long (cm) Pt NW of a few nanometersin diameter from electrospinning was described [20]. Thosewires could be woven into the first self-supporting webs ofpure platinum. Double-gated silicon NW structures (DG-SiNW), where the position and/or type of the charge couldbe tuned within the NW by electric field, have been studied[21]. Self-assembled molecular nanowires were found tobe composed of a single crystal, allowing good electricaltransport with low resistivity [22].

An interesting structure is that of helical CNT ornanocoils for PCs. Nanocoils offer unique electronic prop-erties that straight CNT do not have. The plasticity ofCNT will be relevant to their use in nanoscale devices [23].Carbon nanocoils (CNCs), as a new type of promising

ISRN Nanotechnology 3

nanomaterials, have attracted considerable attention becauseof their potential applications, such as parts for nano-or micro-electromechanical systems, EM wave absorbers,reinforced composites, nanosolenoids, and field emissiondevices [24].

Integrated CMOS image sensor device for in vivoneural imaging has been developed. Improvement in thepackaging process has resulted in a compact single-chipdevice for minimally invasive imaging inside the mousebrain [25]. Application of the SuFET’s modifications suchas CMOSuFET (low Tc) [26] and coplanar SuFET (highTc) [27] broadens the range of requirements, which arebeing satisfied by the SuFETTr. Alternatively, an FET-basedneurotransducer with CNT or PC kind of input circuitfor the nerve and neuron impulse has been designed. ACNTFET with a high-temperature superconducting channelis introduced into the nerve fibre or brain tissue fortransducing their signals in both directions [28].

Flexible antennas have the potential to enhance theemerging field of flexible electronics, which is primarilymotivated by the desire to incorporate electronics intoflexible substrates such as textiles, displays, and bandages[29]. The ability to reversibly deform antennas may alsoenable new capabilities (e.g., rolling and unrolling for remotedeployment, enhanced durability). Relative to conventionalcopper antennas, fluidic antennas have several advantages[30]. Furthermore, it has been shown that ultrathin layersof metal can display superconductivity, but any limitson the size of superconducting systems remain a mys-tery. On the other hand, (BETS)2GaCl4, where BETS isbis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene, is an organic super-conductor, and in bulk it displays a superconducting gapthat increases exponentially with the length of the molecularchain [31].

Graphene-solution-gated FET (G-SGFET) fabricatedon copper foil offers outstanding electronic performance,is chemically stable and biologically inert, and can readilybe processed on flexible substrates. Not only were the“action potentials” of individual cells detectable above theintrinsic electrical noise of the transistors, but these cellularsignals could be recorded with high spatial and temporalresolution. The analysis of the recorded cell signals and theelectronic noise of the transistors confirm that graphenetransistors surpass state-of-the-art devices for bioelectronicapplications [32].

An organic FET (OFET) is characterized by textileprocess fully compatible size and geometry. This transistorhas shown very interesting performances, with typical valuesof the electronic parameters very similar to those of planardevices. This result is very promising in view of innovativeapplications in the field of smart textiles [33]. Also FETs withsingle- and doublewire channels (NWFET) were fabricatedto give some indication of the potential application ofthe molecular wires [22]. Finally, inkjet-printed FETs usingcarboxyl-functionalized nanotubes as source, drain, andgate electrodes, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-) functionalizednanotubes as the channel, and PEG as the gate dielectric werealso tested and characterized. Considerable nonlinear trans-port in conjunction with a high channel current on/off ratio

of 70 was observed with PEG-functionalized nanotubes. Thepositive temperature coefficient of channel resistance showsthe nonmetallic behavior of the inkjet-printed films [34].

Finally, FETs with single- and doublewire channelswere fabricated to give some indication of the potentialapplication of the molecular wires. Substantial progress hasbeen made in defining the performance limits and exploringapplications based on NWFETs [22]. A five-channel FETstructure is composed of two double-gate transistors and abottom single-gate transistor on a silicon-on-insulator. 3Dtransistor structures such as multiple-gate FETs have beenproposed and extensively studied as a promising solution toovercome the scaling limitations of planar bulk devices. Theyoffer excellent multigate control of the channels and highercurrent drive [35]. In high-performance n-channel OFETs,charge carrier injection at the interface between the organicfilm and source/drain electrodes plays a crucial role [36].

3. An SuFETTr-Based MagneticInterface Devices

The advent of semiconductor devices with nanoscale dimen-sions creates the potential to integrate nanoelectronics andoptoelectronic devices with a great variety of biologicalsystems. In such a case, it is possible to substitute the micro-computer in an object-oriented problem solution scheme bythe natural processing organ-brain or spinal cord. As a result,the software component will be eliminated and the most gen-eral characterization of the measurement problem in one-coordinate-dimensional measurements could be acquirednaturally, according to the feedback reaction on the inputexposure. Moreover, the organs of the senses of living beingscould be regarded in the same way as the natural biosensorsof the relevant physical and chemical quantities [19, 39].

The proposal to measure the biosignal values of differentorigins with advanced nanosensors of EM quantities isjustified when allowing for superconducting abilities of thedevices. They are composed in full-scale arrays. The saidarrays can be both implantable into ionic channels of anorganism and sheathed on the sources of the EM emanation.Nanowired head sensors function both in passive mode forpicking up the biosignals and with additional excitation ofa defined biomedium through the same head (in reverse)[40–42].

3.1. The Arrangements of a NanoFET-Based Delivery andTransducing. The advances in nanotechnology are openingthe way to achieving direct electrical contact of nano-electronic structures with electrically and electrochemi-cally active subcellular structures, including ion channels,receptors, and transmembrane proteins. The method ofcombining the bioelectric nature of the nerve impulses NIand synaptic currents between neighboring neurons withbody-temperature PC and zero-resistance-CNT-based inputof the SuFET device in order to obtain most advantageousbiosensor/transducer was recently advanced [43]. On theother hand, neuroelectronic systems for two-way interfacingof the neuronal and the electronic components by capacitive


Diagnostic

Delivery

M−

M+

M−

M−

M+

M+

CNT

G

D

S

Vout/in

Figure 1: Diagnostics of the biomedium with the necessary drugsdelivering.

Myelin

Gate

Axons

NI

Ionic currents

Channel’s ibio

Vout/in

SuFET

Figure 2: Transducing of the nerve impulses and introducing of therelevant artificial signals [15].

contacts and by FETs with an open gate were developed.A nanoSuFET with a high-temperature superconductingchannel is introduced into the nerve fibre or brain tissue fortransducing their signals in both directions.

Such a sensor/actuator is suitable for picking up BS—NIand electrically active (ionized) molecules—and transform-ing it into recognizable information in the form of electricvoltage, or a concentration of organic or chemical substances(Figure 1). Moreover, this process can be executed in reverse.Substances and/or voltages influence BS, thereby controllingor creating the said media (Figure 2).

As a result, we have achieved SuFETTr that is suitable forascertaining the variety of values. Two directions of SuFETTrfunction enable decoding of the NI by comparing the resultof its reaction on some process or organ with an action on

B2a

B1a

B0a

B2b

B1b

B0b

Figure 3: PC for “two-dimensional” gradiometer that detects bothaxial-second-order gradient and planar-first-order gradient of MF[37]. Copyright 2007 The Japan Society of Applied Physics.

them of the simulated electrical or biochemical signal aftertheir reverse transducing through the SuFETTr(s) [44].

3.2. Arrangement of PSs in Arrays. An MF sensing arrayconsists of primary sensors and, optionally, reference sensors.Primary sensors use flux transformers located in a closeproximity to the scalp or chest surface, where they couple tothe brain’s or heart’s MFs, respectively [7, 45]. The referencesensors are used to subtract the environmental noise from theprimary sensor outputs. The flux transformer design dictatesits relative sensitivity to near and distant sources. Thus, theprimary flux transformers can, in addition to detecting thebrain signals, also provide various degrees of the environ-mental noise rejection. Flux transformers (magnetometers)have the highest sensitivity to both near- and far-fieldsources. Thus, they do not reduce the environmental noise(and must rely solely on the references or other techniquesfor the noise cancellation) [16].

Wire-wound gradiometers are the most conventionaland are commercially available for EM systems. The PCsof wire-wound gradiometers are wound in oppositionand balanced so that a uniform field links the zero netflux [37]. Conventional gradiometers, such as wire-wound,thin-film, or electronic gradiometers, are axial or planar,that is, “one dimensional” that detect the gradient of aMF in one direction. These one-dimensional gradiometerseffectively reduce the ambient MF as their order increases.However, they also reduce the biomagnetic signal. A “two-dimensional” gradiometer detects the gradient of an MF intwo orthogonal directions to achieve high SNR. It focuses ona two-dimensional gradiometer that detects both the axial-second-order and planar-first-order gradients of an MF.Figure 3 shows a PC for the two-dimensional gradiometer.

The discrete configuration space is a graph. Each node inthe graph corresponds to an intermediate, and its neighbors


HP

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure 4: Comparison of the discrete geometry of three self-assembly models. (a) Unfolding an HP chain. (b)–(d) Severalrepresentations of unfolding a cube [38]. Copyright 2011 NationalAcademy of Sciences, USA.

are intermediates to which it can be folded or unfolded[38]. A common feature shared by folding of hydrophobic-polar chains on a lattice and self-folding a net throughvertex connections is that in both cases the process offolding is driven by the formation of secondary links betweentopological neighbors (Figure 4). The best 2D arrangements,called planar nets, to create self-folding polyhedra withdimensions of a few hundred microns are determined, andoptimal configurations for creating 3D geometric shapeshave been found.

The importance of being able to address nanoscaleelements in arrays goes beyond the area of nanocomputingand will be critical to the realization of other integratednanosystems such as chemical/biological sensors. A regularcrossed-NW FET array that consists of n-input Iin and m-output Uout NWs, in which outputs are the active channelsof FETs and the inputs function as gate electrodes that turnthese output lines on and off [46, 47].

3.3. Multisensor Data Fusion from Arrays. A further stepshould be synthesis of the said two methods in order todevelop the external (nonimplantable) MCG&MEG signals-to-processor connection. The EM sensors are surface PCs,which are used in regular configuration where PCs with asmall distance between each other are distributed under theheart or brain surface to pick up the local signals within theplace of interest. The problem of sensing the EM signal foramplification/switching/memory with a speed of light in asingle (passive) solid-state device EM transistor/memristor(EMTM) has been advanced [48].

An attempt to lay down the foundations of biosensingby natural sensors and in addition to them by the artificialtransducers of physical quantities, also with their expansioninto space arrays and external/implantable functioning inrelation to the nervous system, is performed. Because thesensing organs are exponentially better than any of analogousartificial ones, the advances in nanotechnology are openingthe way to achieving direct electrical contact of nano-electronic structures with electrically and electrochemicallyactive neurocellular structures. The transmission of the sen-sors’ signals to a processing unit has been maintaining by anEM transistor/memristor (externally) and superconductingtransducer of ionic currents (implantable). The arrays of theadvanced sensors give us information about the space anddirection dynamics of the signals’ spreading.

Recent developments in bioengineering, nanotechnol-ogy, and soft computing make it possible to create anew generation of intelligent sensing. There are developingopportunities for combining natural and artificial sensingabilities in the synthesized system. Backed up by the rapidstrides of nanotechnology, nanosensor research is makinga two-directional progress, firstly in evolving new sensorsemploying mesoscopic phenomena, and secondly in theperformance enhancement of existing sensors. Nanosensorsare nanotechnology-enabled sensors characterized by oneof the following attributes: either the size of the sensor orits sensitivity is in the nanoscale, or the spatial interactiondistance between the sensor and the object is in nanometers.These nanosensors have been broadly classified into physicaland chemical categories, with the biosensors placed on bor-derlines of biological signals with the remaining classes [49].

Multiprocessor data fusion is in effect intrinsically per-formed by animals and human beings to achieve a moreaccurate assessment of the processing environment. The aimof signal processing by the combined artificial-living beingmultiprocessor system is to acquire complete information,such as a decision or the measurement of quantity, usinga selected set of input data streaming to a multiprocessorsystem-digital data are coming to artificial processor andthe rest of information consumes by a neural system ofliving being (Figure 5). Thereby, a big amount of availableinformation is managed using sophisticated data processingfor the achievement of a high level of precision and reliability.

4. Results

Application variety of the novel superconducting, organic,and CNTFETs allows us to design transducers of BS


Table 1: Dependence of the received BS parameters on the mode of SuFETTr’s functioning.

Medium

Mode

Serial Parallel

External Implantable External Implantable

NI∫ibio = 1cont. or sens. imp.

ibio = ibio( f1) + ibio( f2)+ · · · + ibio( fN )

dibio/dt, dibio/dx∑ibio = 1 network or 1 fibre

Molecules∫

BSs → bio and chem. molec.variation of BSs →concentr. of molec.

∑BSs = 1 type of molec.

∑BSs =∑bio and chem. molec.

DNApropagation of BS along DNA’s

spiralsdecoding the BSs of

nucleoted recognitionspace and length dynamic

on both spirals4 nucleoteds 4 outputs

Inte

rfac

e

ANDOR

Inpu

t

Brain, spin. cord

Ou

tpu

t

Processor

Figure 5: Interaction of the natural and artificial processing bodiestrough a SuFETTr-based interface.

(nerve, biochemical, etc.) that transduce them into differentquantities, including electric voltage, density of chemicaland biomolecules. On the other hand, the said BS canbe controlled by the applied electrical signals or bio andchemical mediums.

The described SuFETTrs designed on the basis of organicand nano-SuFETs are suitable for describing the wide rangeof BS dynamical parameters (see Table 1). Following thecolumns of the table, it should be noticable that serialconnection of the external PCs allows us to gain someintegrated signal, that is, the whole sensing or control NI,which spreads along the number of axons of the nervefibre: the amount of ions passing through the PCs andthe generalized BS passing through one or both spirals ofDNA. When SuFET channel(s) are implanted into the tissueor process, we can acquire more precise data about thefrequency distribution of NI, volume distribution of ionizedmolecules and detecting activity of individual nucleotides.

Exploitation of the parallel input to SuFETTr allowsdetermination of space and time dynamics of BS in the nervefibre and DNA spiral(s) and also the amplification of outputsignal Uout by multiplying the concentration of moleculesaccording to a number of input BS. After the implantation

of parallel SuFET(s), the averaging or summation of thisdynamic among the whole neural network, nerve fibre, orDNA spiral(s) is possible.

A number of both active and passive electronic elementsare used with PCs. On the other hand, any particular elementis susceptible by the effect of some specific physical quantity.The relevant interfacing devices, which are acquired on thesaid basis, are shown in Table 2. As a result, a wide range ofthe biosensors allow both measuring the variety of magneticsignals and interface the EM signals with further stages ofelectronic systems.

The designed sensors are arranged in a space and timearrays for investigation of the biostructures of the differentlevel of precision. This correspondence is established bycomposing the head sensors from Table 2 into the variousgradiometry schemes from a simple planar to the 2d vectorenclosing in Table 3. In Table 3, the geometrical dimensionsfrom a point to volume ranges are transformed to themathematical terms.

The described interfaces designed on the basis ofSuFETTr are suitable for investigating both the structure oforganic objects and their comparing analysis (see Table 4).Following the strings of the table, it should be noticeable,that investigations of biological surfaces are performingaccording to the surface integrals for a passive and activesignals’ moduluses, respectively. The surface gradients areacquired by finding the difference between the respectivevalues of I1 or I2. The same is applying to the investigationsof biological volumes V1 and V2 as the double and tripleintegrals respectively. The next two strings are explaining thebounds on the possible spreading of the said method.

The aggregated interface qualities, which are given in thetables, have been shown in the graph (Figure 6). Upon itsanalysis, it becomes clear that the area which is boundedby the dashed lines presents the MIs. At the same time,there are some uncertain areas (marked on the figure)that are inaccessible to the designed transducing elements.Furthermore, the graph’s square is open to the right forperspective media of MIs.

5. Conclusions

The reviewed variety of FETs shows the varying extent ofreadiness for them to be exploited in SuFETTr of electricalcurrent signals (see Figure 7). The most appropriate for


Table 2: Measuring effects (values) and the relative nanotransducers (for interfacing).

Physical valueNW element

SuFET channel PC(s) Superconducting membrane

Ionic currents NIimpl NIext NIimpl

FerroEM EMTM EMTM acoustical EMTM

Magnetic induction NIcontr induction transducer noise absorb.

Magnetodynam. gaseous flowmeter volume flowmeter universal flowmeter

Table 3: Geometrical form of the distributed in space and time arrays.

DimensionValue

Scalar Array Vector Tensor

Point module differential triaxial triaxial vector

Line gradiometrical differential gradiometrical differential triaxial differential triaxial vector

Curve differential module gradiometrical module differential triaxial differential triaxial vector

Plane gradiometrical module gradiometrical differential module gradiometrical triaxial gradiometrical triaxial vector

Table 4: Dependence of the received structure parameters on the mode of functioning-passive (Figure 1) or active (Figure 2).

ObjectDevice

Passive modulus Active modulus Passive gradient Active gradient

Surface I1 =∫∫

s f (x, y, z)ds I2 =∫∫

s f (x, y, z)dx dy ΔI1 = I ′1 − I ′′1 ΔI2 = I ′2 − I ′′2

Volume V1 =∫∫

s f (x, y)dxdy V2 =∫∫∫

V f (x, y, z)dv ΔV1 = V ′1 −V ′′

1 ΔV2 = V ′2 −V ′′

2

Structure leveldrug delivery to sheath(envelopes) of organs

investigation of the insidestructure of the organs andtissues

comparing delivery to theorgan’s or tissue’s areas

differential investigation thetwin (pair) organs or tissues

Object (body)level

drug delivery to homogeneousorgans or tissues

investigation of inhomogeneousorgans or tissues

comparing delivery to thehomogeneous organ’s ortissue’s areas

differential investigation theinhomogeneous twin (pair)organs or tissues

Tensor

Vector

Array

Scalar

Plane

Curve

Line

Point

Ions Ferro Induct. Dynam.

Spac

e di

men

s.

Phys. value

Coil

Memb-rane

Channel

Figure 6: Interfacing ability (power) of the specific input elements.It depends on two groups of space characteristics (form anddirection) for the available transducing media.

such an application are the ordinary solid-state SuFETmodifications and novel CNT-based SuFETs. The organicSuFETs are not amply developed, but this work is beingcarried out in a number of directions. At the same time,the PCs, which are necessary for the external sensor withrespect to the transducing medium (nerve fibre, flow ofions and DNA spiral), and corresponding low-ohmic wiretraces for connecting PCs to the FET’s channel are sufficientlydeveloped, even at nanodimensions.

The preliminary calculations confirm the possibility ofbroadening the SuFETTr’s action from magnetic field tothe biochemical medium of BSs. The main parameters ofsuch BSs can be gained by applying the arrangement ofthe SuFETTr(s) to the whole measurement system. Twodirections of SuFETTr function enable decoding of the BS bycomparing the result of its action on some process or organwith an action on them of the simulated electrical or bio-chemical signal after their reverse transducing through theSuFETTr(s). Furthermore, this decoded signal will providea basis for creating feedback and feedforward loops in themeasuring system for more precise and complete influenceon the biochemical process.


A functional pattern of SuFETTr

Electronic Ionic

el. current

Informational flow

el. voltage

Empirical data

EM fieldBiological Technical

Informational flow

Biological Technical

Sen

sor

Act

uat

orFigure 7

Two-way current transducers (TCTs)

Conductor CNT(bio)physical/chemical

MEGEM (optical) transistor

Neurointerface

Sen

sor

Act

uat

or

Flowmeter

Ext

ern

alIm

plan

tabl

e

µ-ammeter

EM head coilAcousticalhead coil

Pickup coilmagnetometer

Figure 8

The advance in the instrumentation techniques andtechnology of materials allows introducing of more accuratemethods of interfacing and transducers for their execution(see Figure 8). At this level of progress, the head sensors ofparamount sensitivity and simplicity in picking up functionwith minimal changes of the physical variables. The recentbreakthrough in superconducting- and nanotechnologiescaused the creation of induction transducers, which have bet-ter informational capability in some diagnostical purposes.These devices are based on the universal law of the EMinduction on the one hand and different special effects of MFinteraction with a medium on the other. Since the proposedvariety of bio-nano-sensors are passive, they do not affect thefunctions of the organs and their interaction.

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Review Article ACNTFET-BasedNanowiredInductionTwo ...downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2012/102783.pdf · Correspondence should be addressed to Rostyslav Sklyar, [email protected] Received