Resources, Strategies, and Early Battles. Advantages for the Union Advantages for the Confederacy Advantage in Population (22 million vs. 5.5 million)

Resources, Strategies, Resources, Strategies, and Early Battlesand Early Battles

Advantages for the Union Advantages for the Union Advantages for the ConfederacyAdvantages for the Confederacy

Advantage in Advantage in Population (22 million Population (22 million vs. 5.5 million)vs. 5.5 million)– To serve in the militaryTo serve in the military– To work in the factoriesTo work in the factories

Better industry to Better industry to produce war goodsproduce war goods

Control of railroadsControl of railroads Bigger Navy than the Bigger Navy than the

SouthSouth Established govt and Established govt and

leadershipleadership

A reason to fight, A reason to fight, the southern way of the southern way of lifelife

Strong military Strong military leadersleaders– Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee– General Stonewall General Stonewall

JacksonJackson Fighting a defensive Fighting a defensive

war on their own war on their own territoryterritory

Confederate StrategyConfederate Strategy Defend the South until the North gives upDefend the South until the North gives up Ally with France and GBAlly with France and GB

– The South needed them for the trade of cotton and protectionThe South needed them for the trade of cotton and protection– This never happens thoughThis never happens though

Union StrategyUnion Strategy

The Anaconda The Anaconda Plan (3 parts)Plan (3 parts)– Blockade of all Blockade of all

Southern portsSouthern ports– Split the Split the

Confederacy in 2 Confederacy in 2 down the down the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

– Take the Take the Confederate capital Confederate capital of Richmondof Richmond

Border StatesBorder States

Missouri, Kentucky, Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Delaware, and Maryland were slave Maryland were slave states that had not states that had not seceded yetseceded yet

These are known as These are known as border statesborder states

In order to keep them In order to keep them in the Union, Lincoln in the Union, Lincoln promised to not promised to not interfere with slavery interfere with slavery where it existedwhere it existed

New TechnologiesNew Technologies

Theses new methods of warfare will cause Theses new methods of warfare will cause a rise in the death toll a rise in the death toll

Wooden ships to ironclad…..more on this Wooden ships to ironclad…..more on this laterlater


Mini balls replaced Mini balls replaced the cone shaped the cone shaped bulletsbullets

These were more These were more accurate accurate

These were made These were made out of softer lead…out of softer lead…effect?effect?


The repeating rifleThe repeating rifle This could be fired up to 16 times before This could be fired up to 16 times before

reloadingreloading


New tactics New tactics included new included new marching marching formations and formations and the use of the use of trenchestrenches

Early BattlesEarly Battles

The 1The 1stst major battle major battle occurred at Bull occurred at Bull Run (or Manassas) Run (or Manassas) in Virginiain Virginia

The Confederates The Confederates were able to push were able to push back the Union at back the Union at this battlethis battle

Some bystanders had picnics to watch the battle. They were

unaware of how bloody and brutal these battles would be. The war

was not as many expected

General Stonewall JacksonGeneral Stonewall Jackson

The leader of the The leader of the Confederates here Confederates here was General was General Thomas Jonathan Thomas Jonathan JacksonJackson

His brave stance His brave stance earned him the earned him the nickname nickname ““StonewallStonewall””

Union GeneralsUnion Generals

Gen. George B Gen. George B McClellan fought McClellan fought for the Union in for the Union in the northern parts the northern parts of the Civil Warof the Civil War

Gen. Ulysses S Gen. Ulysses S Grant fought for Grant fought for the union in the the union in the southern battlessouthern battles

Battle of Shiloh Battle of Shiloh

This battle took This battle took place in Tennesseeplace in Tennessee

Gen. Grant led the Gen. Grant led the Union, but fought Union, but fought terriblyterribly

This battle This battle horrified both horrified both sides as over sides as over 25,000 men died25,000 men diedThe “Hornets Nest” at Shiloh.

Why do you think it was called this?

The Union Takes New OrleansThe Union Takes New Orleans

The Anaconda The Anaconda Plan was Plan was underway when underway when the Union took the Union took New OrleansNew Orleans

This would mean This would mean that they could that they could sail up the sail up the Mississippi River Mississippi River as plannedas planned

The Union Takes New OrleansThe Union Takes New Orleans

The Union The Union was led by was led by David David FarragutFarragut

After this was After this was taken, taken, Farragut and Farragut and Grant will Grant will both merge both merge on Vicksburgon Vicksburg

The IroncladsThe Ironclads

In 1862, each side In 1862, each side used ships made of used ships made of iron, not woodiron, not wood

These are called These are called IroncladsIronclads

The The MonitorMonitor and and Merrimack Merrimack fought it fought it out with no real out with no real resultsresults

This did, however, This did, however, signal the end of signal the end of the wooden shipsthe wooden ships

African Americans and African Americans and the Warthe War

The Push Toward EmancipationThe Push Toward Emancipation What would Union What would Union

officers do with officers do with slaves they came slaves they came across?across?

Gen Butler declare Gen Butler declare them contraband, them contraband, or captured war or captured war suppliessupplies

Fremont freed Fremont freed slaves he came slaves he came acrossacross

General Butler

AntietamAntietam

Gen. Lee marched Gen. Lee marched confidently into confidently into MarylandMaryland

He was hoping a He was hoping a victory on Union victory on Union soil would force soil would force Union surrenderUnion surrender

Also trying to reach Also trying to reach food, supplies for food, supplies for his troopshis troops

AntietamAntietam

Lee invited Lee invited Marylanders to join Marylanders to join the Confederatesthe Confederates

Few respond, and Few respond, and the Union had the Union had discovered Leediscovered Lee’’s s battle plansbattle plans

Lee has now lost Lee has now lost the crucial element the crucial element of surpriseof surprise

AntietamAntietam

September 17, 1862September 17, 1862 23,000 soldiers lay dead or wounded 23,000 soldiers lay dead or wounded

by the end of the dayby the end of the day The bloodiest single day battle of the The bloodiest single day battle of the

Civil WarCivil War Union loses more men, but Lee Union loses more men, but Lee

retreats to Virginiaretreats to Virginia Union victoryUnion victory

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

Sept. 22, 1862 – Sept. 22, 1862 – Lincoln frees all Lincoln frees all enslaved people in enslaved people in states still in rebellion states still in rebellion (not border states)(not border states)

He hoped that this He hoped that this would cause some would cause some confederate states to confederate states to surrender before it is surrender before it is passedpassed

Criticism?Criticism? The war is now about The war is now about

slaveryslavery

African Americans Join the FightAfrican Americans Join the Fight

Need for soldiers led Need for soldiers led to the Militia Actto the Militia Act

This would allow This would allow African Americans to African Americans to serve in the military serve in the military (but in segregated (but in segregated units)units)

5454thth Massachusetts Massachusetts Regiment was an all Regiment was an all volunteer, African volunteer, African American Regiment American Regiment that served bravelythat served bravely

180,000 total would 180,000 total would volunteer and servevolunteer and serve

African American SoldiersAfrican American Soldiers 5454thth Mass led by Mass led by

Robert Gould ShawRobert Gould Shaw Led attack on Ft Led attack on Ft

Wagner, most died Wagner, most died in this attackin this attack

One received the One received the Congressional Congressional Medal of HonorMedal of Honor

African American SoldiersAfrican American Soldiers AAAA’’s still faced s still faced

discriminationdiscrimination Often given little tasks Often given little tasks

(cook, clean, etc)(cook, clean, etc) Fort Pillow – Captured Fort Pillow – Captured

AA soldiers (100) were AA soldiers (100) were massacred by the massacred by the ConfederacyConfederacy

70,000 total AA70,000 total AA’’s died s died in the Civil Warin the Civil War

Slaves Still Help the UnionSlaves Still Help the Union

Many whites left Many whites left plantations for safety plantations for safety of citiesof cities

Slaves were left to Slaves were left to farm, and were farm, and were enlisted when Union enlisted when Union forces found themforces found them

Some used as spiesSome used as spies Others simply leave Others simply leave

and form own livesand form own lives

Life During the WarLife During the War

The Northern Home FrontThe Northern Home Front

Impact on the Impact on the Northern economy:Northern economy:– Paying for the military Paying for the military

was expensivewas expensive– An An income taxincome tax was was

established to helpestablished to help– Also, Also, tariffstariffs raised to raised to

make more money and make more money and help out Northern help out Northern industryindustry

– BondsBonds were biggest were biggest source of revenue for source of revenue for the govt.the govt.

Northern EconomyNorthern Economy Government also began issuing paper Government also began issuing paper

money called money called ““greenbacksgreenbacks””– Provided a single, common currency for all of Provided a single, common currency for all of

the USthe US

Homestead ActHomestead Act

Homestead Act: Made western land available at Homestead Act: Made western land available at low costlow cost– Only requirement of those buying the land was that they Only requirement of those buying the land was that they

had to farm it for a certain amount of timehad to farm it for a certain amount of time

The first homestead was built in Nebraska

Here a couple of “Soddy” homes built on the Great Plains

Draft RiotsDraft Riots 1863, Union uses 1863, Union uses

conscriptionconscription, or a , or a draft, to replenish draft, to replenish troopstroops

18-45 could be 18-45 could be drafted, $300 dollars drafted, $300 dollars got you out of itgot you out of it

Immigrants and lower Immigrants and lower class burdened the class burdened the most by the draftmost by the draft

Draft riots in NY(1863) Draft riots in NY(1863) was a white mob was a white mob destroying the citydestroying the city

The CopperheadsThe Copperheads CopperheadsCopperheads: :

Northerners who Northerners who called for the called for the immediate end to the immediate end to the Civil WarCivil War

Lincoln viewed them Lincoln viewed them as dangerous to the as dangerous to the war effortwar effort

He suspended He suspended habeas habeas corpuscorpus, allowing the , allowing the military to arrest military to arrest anyone suspected of anyone suspected of disloyalty to the Uniondisloyalty to the Union

The Home Front In the SouthThe Home Front In the South

The naval blockade The naval blockade really made life really made life difficult in the Southdifficult in the South– Union blockade was Union blockade was

80% effective80% effective– Forced southerners Forced southerners

depend on themselves depend on themselves (farms, few factories)(farms, few factories)

– Made difficult by war Made difficult by war and men gone to fightand men gone to fight

Union controlled rivers Union controlled rivers and RRand RR’’ss

So transport was hard So transport was hard alsoalso

Paying For the WarPaying For the War

With most of With most of revenue bound by revenue bound by blockade, Pres. blockade, Pres. Jefferson turns toJefferson turns to– Seizing supplies off Seizing supplies off

dead bodiesdead bodies– Paper money issued Paper money issued

(worthless due to (worthless due to inflation)inflation)

Southern Leaders ArgueSouthern Leaders Argue

Southern unity was weakened by all Southern unity was weakened by all these hardshipsthese hardships

Some states refused to obey Some states refused to obey conscriptionconscription

Some states, like Georgia, even Some states, like Georgia, even wanted to secede from the wanted to secede from the ConfederacyConfederacy

Life Of A SoldierLife Of A Soldier Camp LifeCamp Life

– Mostly young menMostly young men– Wrote letters, played Wrote letters, played

games, focused on games, focused on religion religion

– Some men fighting Some men fighting against family or friendsagainst family or friends

Death Comes In Many FormsDeath Comes In Many Forms

Amputation was risky and often Amputation was risky and often ended in infection or deathended in infection or death– Harsh methodsHarsh methods– Poor sanitationPoor sanitation

Women and the WarWomen and the War Women took over Women took over

businesses, farms, businesses, farms, plantations, etc in the plantations, etc in the absence of menabsence of men

This exposes women This exposes women to jobs they had been to jobs they had been shut out of (like shut out of (like teaching)teaching)

Some women Some women pretended to be men pretended to be men and foughtand fought

Some stayed with Some stayed with husbands in camp or husbands in camp or served as spiesserved as spies

Women and the WarWomen and the War

Most notable role was Most notable role was as nursesas nurses

Clara Barton – Nursed Clara Barton – Nursed soldiers from both soldiers from both sides after seeing sides after seeing horrors of warhorrors of war

She would eventually She would eventually go on to found the go on to found the American Red CrossAmerican Red Cross

Turning Points of the Turning Points of the WarWar

Vicksburg, MSVicksburg, MS

Located on the Located on the Mississippi River, Mississippi River, and preventing the and preventing the Union from Union from carrying out the carrying out the Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan

It was heavily It was heavily defended and defended and tough to overtaketough to overtake

Siege of VicksburgSiege of Vicksburg At first, Farragut and At first, Farragut and

Grant repelledGrant repelled Then, Grant changes Then, Grant changes

his planshis plans Comes from the south, Comes from the south,

and distracts Confeds. and distracts Confeds. By attacking RRBy attacking RR’’s in s in central MScentral MS

After taking Jackson After taking Jackson (capital), Vicksburg (capital), Vicksburg was cut off from was cut off from suppliessupplies

VicksburgVicksburg Grant proceeded to surround and bombard the Grant proceeded to surround and bombard the

fortressfortress After about a month, the Confederates were forced to After about a month, the Confederates were forced to

surrendersurrender The Union would now be able to split the Confederacy The Union would now be able to split the Confederacy

in twoin two

Lee Is VictoriousLee Is Victorious

At Fredricksburg At Fredricksburg VaVa– Union = 120,000 Union = 120,000

troopstroops– Confederacy = Confederacy =

80,000 troops80,000 troops

– Confederate victory Confederate victory led by Lee, Jackson, led by Lee, Jackson, and Longstreetand Longstreet

Lee Is VictoriousLee Is Victorious

Chancellorsville, VaChancellorsville, Va– Confederates win Confederates win

againagain– But, Jackson was But, Jackson was

shot in friendly fire, shot in friendly fire, dying days laterdying days later

– Lee tries to seize Lee tries to seize the moment the moment though, he invades though, he invades the North in hopes the North in hopes of defeating the of defeating the Union armyUnion army

Battle At GettysburgBattle At Gettysburg Gettysburg, PaGettysburg, Pa

– Lee is pushing northward and his troops were in search Lee is pushing northward and his troops were in search of shoes and other suppliesof shoes and other supplies

– July 1 – Confederate forces meet Union forces just July 1 – Confederate forces meet Union forces just outside of Gettysburgoutside of Gettysburg

– This decisive battle would last for 3 daysThis decisive battle would last for 3 days

GettysburgGettysburg At first, the At first, the

Confederates were Confederates were successful in pushing successful in pushing the Union backthe Union back

The Confederates The Confederates stopped their advance stopped their advance at night though, at night though, allowing the Union to allowing the Union to bring up bring up reinforcementsreinforcements

With higher ground With higher ground and more troops, now and more troops, now the Union held the Union held advantageadvantage

GettysburgGettysburg July 2 – Confederates July 2 – Confederates

try to attack from both try to attack from both ends and sandwich ends and sandwich Union forcesUnion forces

Union is able to hold Union is able to hold on thoughon though

This day was some of This day was some of the fiercest fighting in the fiercest fighting in the warthe war– Gen. Chamberlain and Gen. Chamberlain and

his men were his men were responsible for responsible for defending Little Round defending Little Round Top, saving the UnionTop, saving the Union

GettysburgGettysburg July 3 – Lee believes July 3 – Lee believes

victory is still very victory is still very nearnear– He bombards the Union He bombards the Union

in hopes of weakening in hopes of weakening themthem

– He then orders Gen He then orders Gen Pickett to charge up the Pickett to charge up the middle (believed to be middle (believed to be the weakest)the weakest)

– ““PickettPickett’’s Charges Charge”” was a was a huge failurehuge failure

– 50,000 Confederates 50,000 Confederates die, Lee retreats Southdie, Lee retreats South

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address Lincoln came to Lincoln came to

Gettysburg later in the Gettysburg later in the year to honor the year to honor the fallen soldiers therefallen soldiers there

His speech focused on His speech focused on fulfilling the Decl. of fulfilling the Decl. of Independence and Independence and preservation of the preservation of the nationnation

He stated that the US He stated that the US was was ““dedicated to the dedicated to the proposition that all proposition that all men are created equamen are created equall ””

Union Seeks Total VictoryUnion Seeks Total Victory

US Grant was named US Grant was named commander of all commander of all Union forces in 1864Union forces in 1864

His goal was to march His goal was to march northward and take northward and take Richmond Va.Richmond Va.

His methods were His methods were controversial as he controversial as he targeted more than targeted more than just soldiersjust soldiers

Total WarTotal War Total WarTotal War: The military strategy that targets : The military strategy that targets

civilian and military objectives, with the purpose civilian and military objectives, with the purpose of weakening the army, economy, and morale of of weakening the army, economy, and morale of its enemiesits enemies

Is it ethical?Is it ethical?

ShermanSherman’’s March To the Seas March To the Sea

Union Gen. William Union Gen. William Tecumseh Tecumseh ShermanSherman

In 1864, he used In 1864, he used total war to bring total war to bring the South to its the South to its kneesknees

Marched from Marched from Tennessee to Tennessee to Savannah Ga. With Savannah Ga. With 60,000 troops60,000 troops

ShermanSherman’’s March To the Seas March To the Sea

His march is known as His march is known as the the ““March to the seaMarch to the sea””

His troops got supplies His troops got supplies by stealing them from by stealing them from civilians they came civilians they came acrossacross

They burned or They burned or destroyed everything destroyed everything elseelse– Tore up RR tracksTore up RR tracks– Destroyed buildingsDestroyed buildings– Vandalized homesVandalized homes

“ We don’t want your negroes, your horses, or your horses or your lands…but we do want, and will have, a just obedience to the laws of the US. That we will have, and if it involves the destruction of your improvements, we cannot help it”

Election of 1864Election of 1864

Union victories in Union victories in 1864 give him enough 1864 give him enough support to win the support to win the electionelection

McClellan won 45% of McClellan won 45% of vote, but Lincoln won vote, but Lincoln won the most electoral the most electoral votesvotes

There is no longer a There is no longer a chance that the Union chance that the Union will stop fightingwill stop fighting

The WarThe War’’s End and s End and ImpactImpact

The WarThe War’’s Final Dayss Final Days

The Confederates The Confederates made one of their made one of their last stands at last stands at Petersburg Va.Petersburg Va.– In 1864-1865In 1864-1865– Union would lose Union would lose

40,000+ troops40,000+ troops– Confederacy would Confederacy would

lose 28,000 + lose 28,000 + troopstroops

But Lee had not But Lee had not replacements, the replacements, the Union didUnion did

Siege of PetersburgSiege of Petersburg

Lee eventually Lee eventually ordered the ordered the surrender of surrender of PetersburgPetersburg

This allowed the This allowed the Union to overtake Union to overtake Richmond, and Richmond, and they burned it to they burned it to the groundthe ground

Lincoln Looks ForwardLincoln Looks Forward

1313thth amendment amendment: This amendment outlawed all slavery in : This amendment outlawed all slavery in the USthe US

The Confederates were desperate, but unwilling to accept The Confederates were desperate, but unwilling to accept thisthis

LincolnLincoln’’s challenge was to readmit them into the Union, but s challenge was to readmit them into the Union, but how?how?– ““With malice toward noneWith malice toward none””

Lee Surrenders To GrantLee Surrenders To Grant Lee hoped to regroup Lee hoped to regroup

in NC, but his troops in NC, but his troops were demoralized and were demoralized and lacking supplieslacking supplies

On April 9, at On April 9, at Appomattox Court Appomattox Court House, Va, Lee House, Va, Lee surrenderedsurrendered

Fighting continued, Fighting continued, but the Confederacy but the Confederacy would lose by June of would lose by June of 18651865

Assassination of LincolnAssassination of Lincoln

April 14, 1865April 14, 1865 Lincoln attends Lincoln attends Our Our

American CousinAmerican Cousin, a , a play in Fordplay in Ford’’s s Theatre Theatre (Wash.D.C.)(Wash.D.C.)

An actor, John An actor, John Wilkes Booth will Wilkes Booth will plot to kill him on plot to kill him on this visitthis visit


Booth snuck into the box in which Booth snuck into the box in which President Lincoln was sittingPresident Lincoln was sitting

He shot Lincoln in the back of the headHe shot Lincoln in the back of the head


After shooting After shooting Lincoln, Booth Lincoln, Booth jumped on to the jumped on to the stage and says…stage and says…

““Sic Semper Sic Semper TyrannisTyrannis (Thus (Thus always to tyrants), always to tyrants), the South is the South is avengedavenged””

Lincoln would die Lincoln would die the next morningthe next morning

Assassination of LincolnAssassination of Lincoln What followed was the What followed was the

largest manhunt in US largest manhunt in US history, as the search history, as the search for Booth was onfor Booth was on

He eventually was He eventually was found in a barn and found in a barn and shotshot

The plot was revealed The plot was revealed in which more in which more government officials government officials were targetedwere targeted

The hope was to The hope was to create chaos and force create chaos and force the Union to surrenderthe Union to surrender


Lincoln immediately became a national heroLincoln immediately became a national hero The US would suffer though as they lost a very The US would suffer though as they lost a very

good leadergood leader

Why The North WonWhy The North Won

Ability to utilize its Ability to utilize its better technology, better technology, population, and population, and resourcesresources

Grant & ShermanGrant & Sherman’’s s ruthless tactics ruthless tactics ““changed the gamchanged the gamee””

Great leadership Great leadership from Lincolnfrom Lincoln

The WarThe War’’s Lasting Impacts Lasting Impact

600,000 Americans 600,000 Americans deaddead

Hundreds of Hundreds of thousand more thousand more woundedwounded

Much of it seen Much of it seen through through photography of photography of Matt BradyMatt Brady– This causes us to This causes us to

think more before think more before going to wargoing to war

Effect of War On the EconomyEffect of War On the Economy

The North experienced The North experienced an economic boom an economic boom during & after the warduring & after the war– Land Grant College ActLand Grant College Act: :

Govt gave $ to states to Govt gave $ to states to establish colleges that establish colleges that taught the best farming taught the best farming and mechanical skillsand mechanical skills

– A tariff passed in 1863 A tariff passed in 1863 protected industry and protected industry and encouraged its growthencouraged its growth

Effects On the Southern EconomyEffects On the Southern Economy Many Southern cities were destroyed (Richmond, Many Southern cities were destroyed (Richmond,

Atlanta, etc)Atlanta, etc) This meant that factories and RRThis meant that factories and RR’’s were also s were also

destroyed, the South had to rely on the Northdestroyed, the South had to rely on the North

Effects On SocietyEffects On Society

Southern soldiers Southern soldiers came home to came home to destroyed propertydestroyed property

Families were Families were broken upbroken up

Some Southerners Some Southerners saw the Civil War saw the Civil War as a noble and as a noble and unfinished causeunfinished cause

Effects On SocietyEffects On Society

African Americans African Americans were surprised to were surprised to find that freedom find that freedom was not exactly was not exactly what they thought what they thought it would beit would be

Some stayed in the Some stayed in the South, others South, others migrated to the migrated to the West (Homestead West (Homestead Act) or the NorthAct) or the North

Effects on Government and PoliticsEffects on Government and Politics

Sectional politics began to die downSectional politics began to die down We begin seeing ourselves as a nation, not We begin seeing ourselves as a nation, not

a sectiona section

Documents

Resources, Strategies, and Early Battles. Advantages for the Union Advantages for the Confederacy Advantage in Population (22 million vs. 5.5 million)