Research Ethics AQUINO

8/11/2019 Research Ethics AQUINO

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BS Information Technology

Angelica M. Aquino

School of Computer Studies and Technology

Research Ethics


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DO

YOU

VALUE

Things?

Research Ethics


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TOPIC OUTLINE:

Definition of Research Ethics

Why study research ethics

Research Participants

Ethical Principles

Cases involving ethical rules


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Researchis defined as any form of disciplinedinquiry that aims to contribute to

a body of knowledge or theory.

Research is a social activity.

Research ethics refers to the moral principles

guiding research from its inception through to itscompletion and publication of results andbeyond.

Research and Research Ethics


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Research design

It is an ethical behaviourfor aresearcher

to use resources efficiently andeffectively

to work hard to ensure the well-being of all

colleagues and participants

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Individualsfrom whom the researcher may

obtain data.

Through interaction (e.g., surveys)

Identifiable private information (e.g.,student records)

Effective and ethical relationships

will aid to make more rapid progress

on the project

Research Participants


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Ethics is defined as the norms for conductthat

distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable

behavior.

Ethics in research is actually the application of

ethical principles to a variety of topics involving

research.

These include the design and implementation of research

Ethics in Research


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Is the application of fundamental principlestoa variety of topics involving research.

provides guidelinesfor the responsible conductof research.

Educates and monitors the conduct of

researchto ensure high ethical standard.

Definition of Research Ethics


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Why have ethical standards?

Protect rights and welfare of participants

Ensure accuracy of scientific knowledge

Protect intellectual rights


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Where do standards come from?

Federal Policy for the Protection of Human

Subjects

Professional organization


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Knowing what constitutes ethical research is

important for all people who conduct research

projects.

All researchers should be familiar with the basicethical principles and have up-to-date knowledge

about policies and procedures designed. WHY?..

to ensu re the safety o f research subjects

and to p revent sloppy o r ir responsible research

Why study research ethics


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public trust and upright

Research is a public trustthat must be

ethically conducted, trustworthy, and socially

responsible if the results are to be valuable.

All parts of a research projectfrom the

project design to submission of the results for

peer reviewhave to be upright (respectable)

in order to be considered ethical.


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Reasons why to adhere to ethical

norms in research

Norms promote the aims of research, such as

knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error.

For example, prohibitions against fabricating,

falsifying, or misrepresenting research data

promote the truth and avoidance error.


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Reasons why to adhere to ethical

norms in research

promote thevaluesthat are essential to collaborativeworksince research often involves a great deal ofcooperation and coordination among many differentpeople in different disciplines and institutions

For example, many ethical norms in research, such asguidelines for authorship, copyright policies, andconfidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protectintellectual property interests while encouragingcollaboration.

Most researchers want to receive credit for theircontributions and do not want to have their ideas stolen.


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Authorship

Authorship credit should the individualscontribution to the study.

Author is anyone involved in the research studywith: Initial research design

Data collection and analysis

Manuscript drafting

Final approval

However, the following do not qualify: Providing funds or resources

Mentorship


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Research Ethics PRINCIPLES


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CONSENTPermission/ approval

HARMMisbehaviour/safety

DECEPTIONdishonesty

PRIVACYSecrecy/confidentiality


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There are ethical principles that should be taken into

account when performing research.

PRINCIPLE ONE: Minimize the risk of harm

PRINCIPLE TWO: Obtain informed consent

PRINCIPLE THREE: Protect confidentiality or privacy

PRINCIPLE FOUR: Avoid deceptivepractices

Principles of Research Ethics


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ObtainInformedconsent from potential research participants. means that participants should understand that they are taking part

in research and what the research requires of them.

When in doubt, ask for permission

Consent should always be obtained in writing Elements:

Capacity Ability: individual is competent enough to understand, evaluate, and make a

decision of whether to participate or not

Age

Information Is it complete/comprehensive and fully understood?

Voluntariness Subjects have the choice to participate or withdraw and are aware of this choice

CONSENT


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Informed Consent

TO OBTAIN INFORMED CONSENT YOU NEED TOPROVIDE THE FOLLOWING TO THE PARTICIPANTS:

Discuss to them thepurpose of research

What they will be doing and for how long Offer to withdraw at any time for any reason

Potential benefits to participants

Harm or risk of discomfort How privacy will be protected

Instructions on how to get copy of results


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The process of obtaining consent

1. Identify participant population

2. Produce information sheet and consent document

3. Obtain permission

4. Present research information to participant and discussits contentsindicating that withdrawal at any time is

possible

5. Answer participants questions

6. Give a copy of the consent document

7. Allow the participant time to consider

8. Meet participant and discuss documents, to answer any

more questions and assess participants understanding

9. Obtain appropriate signed consent

10. Start research

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I have read the Information Sheet and have had the

details of the study explained to me. My questions

have been answered to my satisfaction, and I may

ask further questions at any time.

I understand I have the right to withdraw from the

study at any time and decline to answer any

particular questions.

I agree to provide information to the researcher(s)

on the understanding that my name will not be used

without my permission.

I agree/do not agree to the interview being recorded

electronically.

I understand that I have the right to ask for the tape

to be turned off at any time during the interview

I agree to participate in this study under the

conditions set out in the information sheet

SignatureName - Date


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Minimize the risk of harm.

Any research should not harm participants.

Subjects must be protected from harm, or at the least fully

informed about the potential costs and benefits resulting

from.

Research that is physicallyor psychologicallydangerous is

generally considered unethical

It is not harm that you need to think about since a researcher

does not intentionally go out to cause harm. Rather, it is

the risk of harm that you should try to minimise. HOW?

HARM


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A researcher must be responsible holding theinformation.

Sensitivity of topic &/or data

Can responses/results affect the subjects life ifknown by others

How public/private is the setting?

Public display of the data Personally identifiable information should be

removed or changed

PRIVACY


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Confidentiality and Anonymity

Confidentiality is a basic requirement in all

studies (sagepub.com)

The researcher agrees not to reveal the identity of the

participants to anyone other than the researcher. A stronger condition if it can be met is that of anonymity.

This means the identity of the participant is not known by anyone including the researcher.

EXAMPLE: Conducting survey to a large group of people

Fill-out the instrument but not include the names on the surveyform.

The researcher will have the data but no names.


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Often tied to the informed part of consent

how can participants know (a) that they are takingpart in research and (b) what the research

requires of them if they are being deceived? Omission: withhold information (the information

was refused to give)

Commission: provide false information

i.e., lying Establishing false intimacy

DECEPTION


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Falsifying, modifying, or omitting data

Reporting errors

Keep data and materials for 5 years Data and materials available to others

Duplicate publication/presentation

Accuracy of scientific knowledge


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Intellectual property rights

Authorship

Order of authorship

Formulating hyphothesis

Creating experimental design Organizing and conducting stattistical analysis

Interpreting results

Writing a major position of the paper

Reviewers cant steal

Plagiarism


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Plagiarism

What is plagiarism?

What are the types?

Intentional stealing

Inadequate citation

Common knowledge v. Opinion

Secondary source

Failure to indicate quotation


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Paraphrasing

Take notes and include citations

Dont read and write

Break it down


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Falsification

Manipulating research materials, equipment, orprocesses, or changing or omitting data or resultssuch that the researcher is not accuratelyrepresented in the research record.

Publishing or reporting misleading factsassociated with a study, research orexperimentation.

Falsifying data/ evidence Fabricating data/ evidence

Plagiarism


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Effects of falsification

Research participants are greatly dependent

upon the experimentation made by the

researcher to provide direction.

Society depends on a valid research to

determine best plan.

Thus, falsification act can be extremely

dangerous.


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What causes?

Pride is the motivator.

Researcher has this pride of they have to be right.

It may be that they believe in the hypothesis and believethat it should be an accepted theory that they are willing to

risk their career on it.

Money is another motivator.

Funding is normally based on results.

If there is a feeling that funding may be cut if theresults cannot be proven in the favor of the financierof the project this may promote dishonesty inreporting.


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Mr. A has just discovered an error in a paper that has

been accepted for publication in a journal.

The error does not affect the overall results of his

research, but it is potentially misleading.

The journal has just gone to press, so it is too late to

catch the error before it appears in print. In order to

avoid embarrassment, Mr. A decides to ignore the

error.



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Q:

What is the unethical actionof Mr. A?


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A:

Mr. A's error is not misconduct nor it is his

decision to take no action to correct the error.

Most researchers, as well as many different

policies and codes, would say that Mr. A shouldtell about the error and consider publishing an

errata. Failing to publish a correction would be

unethical becauseit would violate norms relatingto honesty and objectivity in research.


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You are interested in understanding the organisational

culture of a firm. You feel that observation would be an

appropriate research method in a naturalistic setting.

However, you feel that if employees knew that youwere monitoring them, they may behave in a different

way.

Therefore, you may have received permission to go

undercover or provide an explanation why you are

there, which is not the truth


Other acti ities that does not define as


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Other activities that does not define as

misconduct but which are still regarded as

unethical

These are

called "other

deviations"

from

acceptableresearch

practices.

Unethical actions:

Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return

for a favor even though the colleague did not make a

serious contribution to the paper

Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from apaper that you are reviewing for a journal

Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your

results through a press conference without giving peers

adequate information to review your work

Conducting a review of the literature that fails toacknowledge the contributions of other people in the

field or relevant prior work

Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even

reading it

Stealing supplies, books, or data


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Most of these would also violate different

professional ethics codes or institutional

policies.


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Summary

Researchers must fully understand the policies and theories designed inresearch ethics to guarantee upstanding research practices.

Now that you have read these basic principles of research ethics, you maywant to understand how the research strategy you have chosen affectsyour approach to research ethics

Researchers must, where feasible, also provide research participants withan appropriate summary of the research results.

Researchers must take all reasonable steps to ensure that their findingsare accurate and properly reported.

If they become aware of misleading or inaccurate statements about theirwork, they must correct the record as soon as possible.


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Good practice in Research

Confidentiality of information

Voluntary participation

Reducing risks to participants

Informed consent

Protection of data


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What is publication?

It is the dissemination of your findings to the

scientific community

Scientific publications are subject to peer

review

Publication of research findings: Researchers have a responsibility to their colleagues and the wider

community to disseminate a full account of their research as broadlyas possible.

The account should be complete, and, where applicable, include

negative findings and results contrary to their hypotheses.


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References

Dr. M. Macdonald, Ethical Issues in Research

into Applied Linguistics and Language

Education

http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources

/bioethics/whatis/

http://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-

research-ethics.php
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/http://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-ethics.phphttp://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-ethics.phphttp://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-ethics.phphttp://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-ethics.phphttp://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-ethics.phphttp://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-ethics.phphttp://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-ethics.phphttp://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-ethics.phphttp://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-ethics.phphttp://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/


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Research Ethics AQUINO