Research advances in pulses and benefit to stakeholders

CL Laxmipathi Gowda Deputy Director General, ICRISAT

Vision A prosperous, food-secure and resilient dryland tropics Mission To reduce poverty, hunger, malnutrition and environmental degradation in the dryland tropics

ICRISAT Locations in the Semi-arid Tropics

55 countries 6.5 million sq km 2.5 billion people

Headquarters- Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India

ESA Regional

Hub-Nairobi, Kenya

WCA Regional

Hub- Bamako, Mali

Crop 2011-12 2012-13

Area (mha) Production

(mt) Yield

(kg/ha) Area (mha)

Production (mt)

Yield (kg/ha)

Pigeonpea 4.01 2.65 662 3.81 3.07 806

Chickpea 8.30 7.70 928 8.70 8.88 1020

Mungbean 3.39 1.63 483 2.75 1.20 436

Urdbean 3.22 1.77 549 3.19 1.90 595

Lentil 1.56 1.06 678 1.41 1.08 765

Other Pulses

3.99 2.27 570 3.61 2.32 643

Total Pulses 24.46 17.09 699 23.47 18.45 786

Foodgrains 124.75 259.29 2078 120.16 255.36 2125

Production of major pulse crops in India

Top chickpea producers, import and export Rank Production Import Export

1 India (69%)

India (19%)

Australia (37%)

2 Pakistan (5%)

Pakistan (14%)

India (13%)

3 Turkey (5%)

Bangladesh (13%)

Mexico (11%)

4 Australia (5%)

UAE (7%)

Turkey (7%)

5 Myanmar (4%)

Algeria (5%)

Canada (6%)

6 Ethiopia (3%)

Spain (5%)

Myanmar (4%)

7 Iran (2%)

UK (3%)

Ethiopia (4%)

8 Mexico (1%)

Jordon (3%)

USA (3%)

Options for increasing production

Enhancing yield by reducing yield gap

Improved cultivars +

Improved ICM

Yield gaps in chickpea

A large shift (about 4 million ha) in chickpea area from cooler, long-season environments to warmer, short-season environments

6.1

0.7

Central and southern states

Northern and eastern states

4.7

2.1

Options for increasing chickpea production

1. Bringing additional area under production

- Huge opportunities exist in rice-fallow areas in South Asia (e.g. India, Bangladesh and Nepal)

Enhancing adoption of improved cultivars

1. Knowledge empowerment

of farmers

• Electronic and print media

• Field days/farmers’ fairs

• Training programs

• Demonstrations

• Farmer-participatory varietal

selection trials (FPVS)

Enhancing adoption of improved cultivars -2

2. Ensuring seed supply of

improved cultivars

• Strengthening formal seed system

(both public and private seed

sectors)

• Strengthening informal seed system

(seed production by individual

farmers and farmers’ groups).

• Establishing linkages between

formal and informal seed systems

• Making available seed samples (1-

2 kg) to large number of farmers

JAKI 9218 JG 11 JG 130 JG 14 JG 16 JGK 2 JAKI 9218 KAK 2 Virat JG 6 JGK 1 Vishal JGK 3 Vaibhav JG 218 Ujjawal (IPCK 2004-29) Pratap Chana 1 Raj Vijay Gram 203 Kranti (ICCC 37) GG 2 ICCV-2 Himachal Chana 2 Vihar KRIPA GG 4

Chickpea varieties developed through ICRISAT-ICAR partnerships

• 40 chickpea varieties developed in India through ICRISAT-ICAR partnerships and account for 49% of the total indent of chickpea breeder seed in the country for 2014-15

ICRISAT-ICAR partnership

varieties

49%

• ICRISAT-ICAR partnership varieties are grown in >90% of the chickpea area in AP and were instrumental in bringing a chickpea revolution in the state.

Promoting agribusiness ventures through

Seed Business Ventures

A unique initiative of Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Program of ICRISAT

• to develop and promote rural seed business ventures at village level, and thereby

• address demand-supply gap for open pollinated, quality seeds through public, private and people partnership (PPPP).

SBV MODEL

Adoption and impacts of

improved chickpea cultivars - A success story from Andhra Pradesh State of India

Chickpea success story from Andhra Pradesh,

India

During the past 12 years

(2000 – 2011)

• 3.6-fold increase in area

(163,000 to 580,000 ha)

• 2.1-fold increase in yield

(583 to 1241 kg/ha)

• 7.6-fold increase in production

(95,000 to 720,000 t)

• >90% area under improved

short-duration cultivars

developed through ICAR-

ICRISAT partnership (JG 11,

JAKI 9218, KAK 2, Vihar)

Lentil: IPL 316, Pusa Vaibhav, JL 3, IPL 81, DPL 62 Fieldpea: IPFD 10-12 (green seeds), Adarsh, Indra, Jaya, Ambika, Vikas, Prakash

Short Duration

Urdbean : Jawahar Urid 2, 3, IPU 2-43, RBU 38 (Barkha), TPU 4, Pant U 30, TAU 1, TAU 2, AKU 4 (Melghat)

Mungbean : Samrat, SML 668, IPM 2-3, HUM 16, IPM 2-14, Pant M 5, Pusa Vishal, Gujarat Mung 1, Gujarat Mung 4, AKM 9911

High yielding varieties

Lentil : IPL 316, JL 3, IPL 406

Mungbean : SML 668, IPM 02-3,

HUM 16, Pusa Vishal

Extra-large/Large seeded Varieties

Mungbean for spring/Summer season

Samrat, SML 668, IPM 02-3, IPM 2-14, HUM 16

Hybrid Variety

At 60 days

Hybrids in Pigeonpea

• More vigor and yield

• 44% greater shoot mass

so needs low seeding

rates

• 40-50% greater root mass

with greater drought

tolerance

• Ideal for inter-cropping

ICPH 2671 ON- FARM TRIALS (2007-10) State Dist Farmers Mean yield (kg/ ha)

Hybrid Check

%Gain

Maha 7 782 969 717 35.1

A. P. 8 399 1411 907 55.6

Karnataka 4 184 1201 951 26.3

Jharkhand 9 288 1460 864 68.9

M. P. 10 360 1940 1326 46.3

Total 38 2013 1396 953 46.5

Developing early and extra-early chickpea cultivars

Early and extra-early cultivars have been developed which are better adapted to short-season environments (e.g. southern India) and escape end of season stresses

Reproductive stage heat tolerance

Effects of reproductive stage heat stress on chickpea

Chickpea cultivars suitable for mechanical harvesting

Herbicide tolerance

Market preference for grain quality

Transgenic Chickpea Resistance to Helicoverpa

Transgenic Non-transgenic

Illumina sequencing used to generate 153.01 Gb

73.8% of the genome is captured in scaffolds

Genome analysis predicted 28,269 genes

High levels of synteny observed between chickpea and Medicago

> 81,845 SSRs and 4.4 million variants (SNPs and INDELs)

The chickpea genome

Illumina sequencing tech used to generate 237.2 Gb

72.7% (605.78 Mb) of the total pigeonpea genome assembled into scaffolds

Genome analysis predicted 48,680 genes

High levels of synteny observed between the pigeonpea and soybean

>50,000 SSR and SNP markers identified

Higher abundance of drought tolerance genes

The pigeonpea genome

MABC for root and other drought tolerance related traits in chickpea

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Irrigated Rainfed

The Plant Genome, 2013

Future Scenario in Pulses

• Demand will continue to grow (62 m tons by 2050)

• Supply gap will exist in South Asia

• Technologies available to bridge yield gap

• New initiatives and cutting-edge technologies will need to be deployed

• Good news: Fast progress in technologies will help increasing supplies

ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium

Thank you!