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Rescue, management, and Rescue, management, and evaluation of marine climate dataevaluation of marine climate data
Scott Woodruff1 and Catherine Marzin2
1) NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, USAand Chair, JCOMM Expert Team on Marine Climatology
2) NOAA Office of the National Marine Sanctuaries, USA
International Workshop on Climate and Oceanic FisheriesInternational Workshop on Climate and Oceanic FisheriesRarotongaRarotonga, Cook , Cook Islands, 3Islands, 3‐‐5 October 2011 5 October 2011
Topics
In situ marine climate
data:
(1) Rescue
(2) Management
(3) Evaluation
RECLAIM
Modern JCOMM marine meteorological observing system – August 2011
Evolution of the Marine Climate Data System
By platform mixture
By variable
TOTAL
Marine Climate Datanear Rarotonga
Grey=ships, dark blue=moored buoys, green=drifting buoys, light blue=oceanographic
February 2000
February 1980
Overview: International Comprehensive Ocean‐Atmosphere Data Set
Domain‐specific archive for marine met. data• like World Ocean Database (WOD) for subsurface
Release 2.5 (R2.5) spanning 1662‐2007 • Major delayed‐mode update completed 2009• Plus “Preliminary” near‐real‐time updates
Data, metadata, and product access:http://icoads.noaa.gov/
Woodruff, S.D., S.J. Worley, S.J. Lubker, Z. Ji, J.E. Freeman, D.I. Berry, P. Brohan, E.C. Kent, R.W. Reynolds, S.R. Smith, and C. Wilkinson, 2011: ICOADS Release 2.5: Extensions and Enhancements to the Surface Marine Meteorological Archive. Int. J. Climatol., 31, 951‐967.
OHCA curves (Lyman et al. 2010)
IMMA: A Robust and Extensible IMMA: A Robust and Extensible Observational Data FormatObservational Data Format
. . .
Key requirement: attm of original data forms: experience
demonstrates format translations
frequently contain errors or omissions
core icoads immt meta model suppl
Advantage:exact copy of original
permits re‐translation and cross‐checks at any time
Historical data mixture:dominated by national ship data collections
Thompson et al. (2008) Nature, described a discontinuity in global mean surface
temperature associated with abrupt WW2 data mixture changes
US Maury Collection (1784‐1893); original microfilm records also utilized by Tim Smith
et al. for whaling information
Recent marine platform mixture• Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS)• Drifting and moored buoys, and other marine platform types• Plus VOS metadata (with help from UK NOCS)
The official Release 2.5 period (1662‐2007) is
now extended monthly with “preliminary”real‐time data and
products based on GTS dataWMO Pub. 47 VOS metadata 1966‐2007
1955‐65 problematic
Examples of data obtained from fishing vessels:“deck” (source) numbers; numbers of marine reports
• 187 –– Japanese Whaling (punched cards obtained from JMA c. 1960s): 1946‐56; 10K
• 761 –– Japanese Whaling forms (obtained in 1997 via M.I.T).: 1946‐84; 20K
• 188 –– Norwegian Antarctic Whaling Factory Ships: 1932‐39; 2K
• 667 –– Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission: 1971‐97; 1.1M• Semi‐independent observations by
fishermen + NOAA/NMFS observers• 899 –– South African Whaling: 1900‐55; 64K
These digital sources only incl. marine met. data; no biological/catch data
Arctic Drift Stations: 1952-76
Extended WWI UK Royal Navy (RN) Ship's Logs: 1914-23
US Lightship Collections: 1819-1982
US Fish Commission Fisheries vessel survey logs: c. 1877-1948
Greenwich Mean Noon (GMN)/Simultaneous Obs.: c. 1874-1947
Arctic Norwegian Logbook Data: 1867-1912; 125K
Finnish Lightvessel Data: 1900-16, 1919-57; 250K
Swedish Lightvessel Data: 1860-64, 1879-1922; 198K
DWD Historical Archive: 1850-1939; ~11.2M
German Maury Collection: 1845-67; 544K
KNMI Extract Journals: 1826-92; 650K (daily)
UK Hull Merchant/Whaling Logbooks: 1798-1861 English East India Co.: 1789-1834; ~273K
Printed Met. Data digit. by ACRE: ~1700-1907
Data Rescue: Status and PlansData Rescue: Status and PlansMajor Major (past) (past) contributions contributions from NOAA/from NOAA/CDMPCDMP
RECoveryRECovery of Logbooks Aof Logbooks And nd International Marine Data (RECLAIM) International Marine Data (RECLAIM) ProjectProjectAtmospheric Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRECirculation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE))
GreenGreen =digitized
YellowYellow =partially
RedRed =undigitized
Note: all require translation
R2.5
R2.4
RECLAIM
Data Rescue Steps and Best PracticesData Rescue Steps and Best Practices• All these steps are important,
but “Crowdsourcing” is a new more affordable (b) option
• IMMA translation (c) has generally been under‐resourced – but serves as a critical foundation for applications
• Concurrent processing (“pipelining”) through steps (a)‐(c) can facilitate data evaluation and access
(a) Imaging
(b) Digitizing (keying)
(c) IMMA translation
Wilkinson, C., S.D. Woodruff, P. Brohan, S. Claesson, E. Freeman, F. Koek, S.J. Lubker, C. Marzin, and D. Wheeler, 2011: RECovery of Logbooks And International Marine Data: The RECLAIM Project. Int. J. Climatol., 31, 968‐979.
RECLAIM
UK Royal Navy WW1 Era Ship’s Logs(imaged, under digitization and translation)
Via Crowdsourcing(“Citizen Science”)www.oldweather.org
669K pages and 171 ships already been digitized: ~88% of collection
Short video—at end of presentation if time permits—courtesy of UK National Maritime Museum
SpeciesRichness
Nature of BottomNature
of Bottom
PositionPosition
Air Temperatur
e
Air Temperatur
eSea Surface Temperatur
e
Sea Surface Temperatur
e
SalinitySalinity
BarometerBarometer
Cloud CoverCloud Cover
WindWind
Bottom Temperatur
e
Bottom Temperatur
e
DateDate
DepthDepth
Atmospheric and
Oceanographic Data
US US Fish Fish Commission Commission Scientific Survey Scientific Survey LogbooksLogbooks18771877‐‐1948 1948 (imaged(imaged, proposed , proposed to be digitized)to be digitized)
“Obtained; Sea Urchins, 1. Starfish, Rock Crabs, Hermit Crabs, and shells. A few skates and flounders a number of Pectens(scallops)”
“Obtained; Sea Urchins, 1. Starfish, Rock Crabs, Hermit Crabs, and shells. A few skates and flounders a number of Pectens(scallops)”
Dredging InstrumentDredging Instrument
Ecological Data
Expeditions of the RV Albatross• Alaska Salmon Investigation ‐ Jun. to Aug. 1903• Biological Survey of San Francisco ‐ Jan. to Apr. 1912• California Coast Expedition ‐Mar. Sep. 1904• Eastern Pacific Expedition‐ Oct. 1904 to Feb. 1905• Hawaiian Explorations ‐Mar. to Aug. 1902• Lower California Cruise ‐Mar to Apr. 1911• Northwestern Pacific Expedition ‐ Jun. to Oct. 1906• Philippines Expedition ‐ Oct. 1907 to Jan. 1910o Other ‐ 1883‐1901
US Fish Commission, predecessor to
NOAA/NMFS, was created in 1872 to
understand why fish populations were
declining
German Maury Collection: 1845German Maury Collection: 1845‐‐67; 544K67; 544K(digitized, under QC and translation)(digitized, under QC and translation)
Spatial/temporal QC is requiring large resources, but will ultimately augment
global C19th spatial coverage
• Originals held at British Library – imaged for preservation, and to broaden access
• Logbooks (1.1K) selected to capture early daily instrumental weather data
English East India Co. Logs ~1789‐1834(imaged and digitized, under translation)
The Indiaman Thomas Coutts by James Miller Huggins, c. 1836. By courtesy of National Maritime Museum, London
Potential new “Best Practices” for Marine Climate Data Management
Appropriate stewardship and archival of data and metadata: both original and derived records
Seeking data continuity (as feasible) in the observing system, in the processing of observations, and in the generation of products
Ensuring convenient, free, and unrestricted availability of observations and products for research
Ref. GCOS Climate Monitoring Principle 4:“The quality and homogeneity of data should be regularly assessed as a part of routine operations”
ICOADS Value‐Added Databasehttp://icoads.noaa.gov/ivad/
Project aim: Address our current inability to trace value‐added
improvements back to individual ICOADS observations through:
establishment of DBMS to support development of value‐added records and facilitate user access;implementation of supporting modifications to IMMA formatscientifically demonstrate the impact of value‐added records on air‐sea flux estimates & common climate indicators
Limited funding for FY2011‐13 obtained from NOAA Climate Program OfficeNOAA (ESRL and NCDC), FSU/COAPS, and NCAR
Release 2.6.0 Plans
Data ingest cutoff: ~April 2012• Available historical inputs – in IMMA format
A variety of data corrections • Will incorporate near‐surface data from the updated WOD09
IMMA format improvements in conjunction with IVAD Other proposed new attachments:
Physical Oceanography (Ocn) – near surface only, w/ SSS Automated high‐resolution instrumentation (Auto) Reanalysis feedbacks
to be developed later w/ reanalysis projects Platform tracking (Track)
MARCDAT‐IIIThird International Workshop on Advances in the Use of Historical Marine Climate Data (MARCDAT‐III),2‐6 May 2011, Frascati, Italy
Aim: to showcase and build recent advances in marine climatology: Evaluation, utilization and improvement of the over 300‐year record of ICOADS (e.g. using satellite data) Development of multi‐decadal, homogeneous gridded datasetsCharacterization of uncertainty and bias in marine obs. and products
HadISST, April 2010 (Rayner et al. 2003)
Global mean sea level (IPCC, 2007)
International Data Management Issues
JCOMM Marine Climate Data System (MCDS) Workshop28 November‐2 December 2011, Hamburg Germany
Conclusions (i)Historical records do not necessarily have a clean
disciplinary fit (e.g. ecology, meteorology, oceanography) • Most cost‐effective (if possible) to mine records for their full
environmental potential
How to quantify data rescue benefits (e.g. reanalyses, sea surface temperature, ecology) remains a challenge
Assessing the impact of climatic change on natural resources – need to begin making the historical linkages
Operationally, can WMO (and JCOMM) enhance interdisciplinary observations and data management?• E.g. encourage met/ocean obs from fishing fleets?
Conclusions (ii)
Regular MARCDAT/CLIMAR workshops (~every 2 yr)• Data focus; help drive progress & develop shared ownership• Overall “CLIMAR” initiative
http://www.marineclimatology.net/web/• Recommending a 10‐year action plan for improved integration
and accessibility of climatological observations
Involvement with satellite projects and new “surface temperature” (land) initiative offers an important new avenue for closer linkages between communities
• E.g. interoperable tracking of data provenance (UID)
Thank YouThank You
[email protected]@[email protected]@noaa.govnoaa.gov
Joe Hoyt/NOAA, Thunder Bay NMSJoe Hoyt/NOAA, Thunder Bay NMS