Republic of India (Geo)

7/31/2019 Republic of India (Geo)

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Location

Figure 1 : Republic of India

Figure 2 : India (in green)

Figure 3 : India in Asia

India, officially the Republic of India is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest

country by geographical area and the second most populated country with over 1.2 billion

people. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west,

and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west China,

Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian

Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and Maldives.
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Republic of India

Flag

Tricolour

Emblem

Sarnath Lion Capital

Motto"Satyameva Jayate"(Sanskrit), (Devangar)"Truth Alone Triumphs"

National Song Vande Mataram, "I Bow to Thee, Mother

Capital city New Delhi

Largest city Mumbai

Official Languages Hindi, English

National Languages -none-

Currency Indian rupee (Rs)

President Pratibha Patil

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh

IndependenceFrom United Kingdom on 15

th

August 1947

Area 3,287,263 km2
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National symbols

Flag Tricolour

Emblem Sarnath Lion Capital

Song Vande Mataram

Calendar Saka

Game Hockey

Flower Lotus

Fruit Mango

Tree Banyan

Bird Indian Peafowl

Land Animal Royal Bengal Tiger

Aquatic Animal River Dolphin

River Ganges River

Etymology

The name India is taken from Indus, which is taken from the Old Persian wordHindu,

from Sanskrit Sindhu (), the historic local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient

Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi(), the people of the Indus. The Constitution of India

and usage in many Indian languages also recognizes Bharatas an official name of equal status.

The name Bharat is taken from the name of the legendary king Bharata in Hindu scriptures.

Hindustanoriginally a Persian word for "Land of the Hindus" and referring to North India and

Pakistan before 1947, is also occasionally used as a synonym for all of India.
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History

The History of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization in such sites asMohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Lothal, and the coming of the Aryans. These two phases are

usually described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic periods. It is in the Vedic period that Hinduism first

arose: this is the time to which the Vedas are dated.

In the fifth century, large parts of India were united under Ashoka. He also converted to

Buddhism, and it is in his reign that Buddhism spread to other parts of Asia. It is in the reign of

the Mauryas that Hinduism took the shape that fundamentally informs the religion down to the

present day. Successor states were more fragmented.

Islam first came to India in the eighth century, and by the 11th century had firmly

established itself in India as a political force; the North Indian dynasties of the Lodhis, Tughlaqs,

and numerous others, whose remains are visible in Delhi and scattered elsewhere around North

India, were finally succeeded by the Mughal empire, under which India once again achieved a

large measure of political unity.

The European presence in India dates to the seventeenth century and it is in the latter

part of this century that the Mughal empire began to disintegrate, paving the way for regional

states. In the contest for supremacy, the English emerged 'victors', their rule marked by the

conquests at the battlefields of Plessey and Buxar.

The Rebellion of 1857-58, which sought to restore Indian supremacy, was crushed; and

with the subsequent crowning of Victoria as Empress of India, the incorporation of India into the

empire was complete. Successive campaigns had the effect of driving the British out of India in

1947.
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Population

With 1,210,193,422 residents (1.21 billion) reported in the 2011 provisional Census, India

is the world's second-most populated country (China was the most populated country in the

world with 1.46 billion residents). Its population grew at 1.76% per year during 20012011,down from 2.13% per year in the previous decade (19912001). The human sex ratio,

according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000 males. The median age was 24.9 in the

2001 census. Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural

productivity brought about by the "Green Revolution" have caused India's population to grow

rapidly. India continues to face several public health-related challenges. According to the World

Health Organization, 900,000 Indians die each year from drinking contaminated water or

breathing polluted air. There are around 50 physicians per 100,000 Indians. The number of

Indians living in urban areas has grown by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001. Yet, in 2001, over70% lived in rural areas. According to the 2001 census, there are 27 million-plus cities in India,

with Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai being the largest. The literacy rate in 2011 was

74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14% among males. Kerala is the most literate state,

Bihar the least.

India is home to two major language families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the

population) and Dravidian (24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic

and Tibeto-Burman language families. India has no national language. Hindi, with the largest

number of speakers, is the official language of the government. English is used extensively in

business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary official language" it is important

in education, especially as a medium of higher education. Each state and union territory has

one or more official languages, and the constitution recognizes in particular 21 "scheduled

languages". The Indian Constitution recognizes 212 scheduled tribal groups which together

constitute about 7.5% of the country's population. The 2001 census reported that Hinduism, with

over 800 million adherents (80.5% of the population), was the largest religion in India; they are

followed by Muslims (13.4%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.9%), Buddhists (0.8%), Jains (0.4%),

Jews, Zoroastrians, and Bahais. India has the world's largest Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Zoroastrian,

and Bahai populations, and has the third-largest Muslim population and the largest Muslim

population for a non-Muslim majority country.
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Economy

India's population is estimated at more than 1.1 billion and is growing at 1.55% a year. It

has the world's 12th largest economy--and the third largest in Asia behind Japan and China--

with total GDP in 2008 of around $1.21 trillion ($1,210 billion). Services, industry, and

agriculture account for 54%, 29%, and 18% of GDP respectively. India is capitalizing on its large

numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language to become a major exporter of

software services and software workers, but more than half of the population depends on

agriculture for its livelihood. 700 million Indians live on $2 per day or less, but there is a large

and growing middle class of more than 50 million Indians with disposable income ranging from

200,000 to 1,000,000 rupees per year ($4,166-$20,833). Estimates are that the middle class will

grow ten-fold by 2025.

India continues to move forward, albeit haltingly, with market-oriented economic reforms

that began in 1991. Reforms include increasingly liberal foreign investment and exchange

regimes, industrial decontrol, reductions in tariffs and other trade barriers, opening and

modernization of the financial sector, significant adjustments in government monetary and fiscal

policies, and more safeguards for intellectual property rights.

The United States is India's largest trading partner. Bilateral merchandise trade in 2008

topped nearly $50 billion. Principal U.S. exports are diagnostic or lab reagents, aircraft and

parts, advanced machinery, cotton, fertilizers, ferrous waste/scrap metal, and computer

hardware. Major U.S. imports from India include textiles and ready-made garments, Internet-

enabled services, agricultural and related products, gems and jewelry, leather products, and

chemicals.

The rapidly growing software sector is boosting service exports and modernizing India's

economy. Software exports crossed $28 billion in FY 2006-2007, while business process

outsourcing (BPO) revenues hit $8.3 billion in 2006-2007. Personal computer penetration is 14

per 1,000 persons. The number of cell phone users is expected to rise to nearly 300 million by

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The United States is India's largest investment partner, with a 13% share. India's total

inflow of U.S. direct investment was estimated at more than $16 billion through 2008. Proposals

for direct foreign investment are considered by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board and

generally receive government approval. Automatic approvals are available for investments

involving up to 100% foreign equity, depending on the kind of industry. Foreign investment is

particularly sought after in power generation, telecommunications, ports, roads, petroleum

exploration/processing, and mining.

India's external debt was nearly $230 billion by the end of 2008, up from $126 billion in

2005-2006. Foreign assistance was approximately $3 billion in 2006-2007, with the United

States providing about $126 million in development assistance. The World Bank plans to double

aid to India to almost $3 billion a year, with focus on infrastructure, education, health, and rural

livelihoods.

Economy

GDP (FY 2008): $1.21 trillion ($1,210 billion).

Real growth rate (2008 est.): 6.6%.

Per capita GDP (PPP, FY 2008): $2,900.

Natural resources: Coal, iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, chromite, thorium, limestone,

barite, titanium ore, diamonds, crude oil.Agriculture: 18% of GDP. Products--wheat, rice, coarse grains, oilseeds, sugar, cotton, jute,

tea.

Industry: 29% of GDP. Products--textiles, jute, processed food, steel, machinery, transport

equipment, cement, aluminum, fertilizers, mining, petroleum, chemicals, and computer software.

Services and transportation: 54% of GDP.

Trade: Exports (FY 2008)--$176.4 billion; engineering goods, petroleum products, precious

stones, cotton apparel and fabrics, gems and jewelry, handicrafts, tea. Software exports--$22

billion. Imports (FY 2008)--$306 billion; petroleum, machinery and transport equipment,electronic goods, edible oils, fertilizers, chemicals, gold, textiles, iron and steel. Major trade

partners--U.S., China, U.A.E., EU, Russia, Japan.


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Per capita income

Meaning and Significance

Per capita Income means how much an individual earns, of the yearly income that is generated

in the country through productive activities. It means the share of each individual when the

income from the productive activities is divided equally among the citizens. Per capita income is

reported in units of currency. Per capita income reflects the gross national product of a country.

Per capita income is also a measure of the wealth of a population of a nation when compared

with other countries. It is expressed in terms of commonly used international currency such as

Euro, Dollars because these currencies are widely known.

Per Capita Income in India

India's per capita income is found by the Atlas method and by employing official exchange rates

for conversion. Further, this Atlas method of calculating the per capita income of India is not

determined by using purchasing power parity, which essentially adjusts exchange rates for

purchasing power of currencies.

Economist have been giving considerable importance to the performance of states vis a vis

each other in terms of per capita income. It has been observed that those states that were more

open and better adapted to economic liberalization have overall shown faster rate of growth.

Per Capita Income of Various Indian States

The two backward states of the Indian republic Jharkhand and Orissa are growing at a rapid

rate in terms of the per capita income because of rise of industrial activities in these two states.

Karnataka is at the top of the chart with the fastest growing per capita income (nearly 9.28%)

followed by Gujarat with 8.92%.The per capita income in 17 states is below the national average

of 8.4%. Per capita income shows the purchasing power of the states and so it is very important

for the states to increase the per capita income of each person.


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History of India per Capita GDP

In 2002-03 the Per Capita Income in India was Rs 19040.

In2003-04 the Per Capita Income in India was Rs 20989.

In2004-05 the Per Capita Income in India was Rs 23241.

In2008-2009 the Per Capita Income in India was Rs37490.

GDP at factor cost at constant (1999-2000) prices in the year 2008-2009 is likely to

attain a level of Rs 3351653.India achieved a growth rate of 7.1% in 2008-2009.

Agriculture, forestry and fishing had a combined growth rate of 2.6% during 2008-2009

Industry had growth rate of 3.4% during 2008-2009 Service sector had a growth rate of 10.3% during 2008-2009

In spite of the global meltdown, India has performed well in comparison to the rest of the world.


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Geography

India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent and lies atop the minor Indian tectonic

plate, which in turn belongs to the Indo-Australian Plate. India's defining geological processes

commenced 75 million years ago when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern

supercontinent Gondwana, began a north-eastward drift across the then-unformed Indian

Ocean that lasted fifty million years. The subcontinent's subsequent collision with, and

seduction under, the Eurasian Plate bore aloft the planet's highest mountains, the Himalayas.

They abut India in the north and the north-east. In the former seabed immediately south of the

emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that has gradually filled with river-

borne sediment, it now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain. To the west lies the Thar Desert, which is

cut off by the Aravalli Range.

The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most

stable part of India and extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India.

These parallel ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich

Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east. To the south the remaining peninsular

landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by the coastal ranges, the

Western and Eastern Ghats respectively; the plateau contains the nation's oldest rock

formations, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of

the equator between 6 44' and 35 30' north latitude[e] and 68 7' and 97 25' east longitude.

India's coast is 7,517 kilometers (4,700 mi) long; of this distance, 5,423 kilometers (3,400

mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometers (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and

Lakshadweep Islands. According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coast

consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky coast including cliffs, and 46%

mudflats or marshy coast.


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Interesting places

Agra

Agra is an unmissable stop on your tour of India. There are many places of

interest to a visitor in Agra, the most famous of course being the iconic and

beautiful Taj Mahal. A UNESCO World heritage site and an eternal symbol of

love (it was built by an emperor in memory of his third wife). The white domedstructure boasts delicately detailed interiors, tranquil gardens and a collection of

other impressive buildings.

The Agra Fort is the sister monument of the Taj Mahal and also holds UNESCO

heritage site status. The striking fort dates from the year 1000 but was later

remodeled in the 1500s to be used as a palace. Thirteen kilometers from the

Agra Fort you will f ind Akbars Tomb, a stunning red-ochre sandstone tomb and

another architectural masterpiece.
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Shimla

A popular tourist destination located in the north-west Himalayas, Shimla is also

sometimes referred to as the Queen of Hills. Its colourful colonial past is still

evident today and the town is characterised by unusual neo-gothic buildings

surrounded by thick forest and outstanding views, offering a very different feel to

the rest of India. The Mall is the main shopping street and the hub of the city

where tourists and locals like to meet shop and eat. This area also has good

number of clubs and bars great for those looking to step it up a gear.

The Christ Church is also worth a visitits the second oldest church in northern

India and its stained glass windows are designed in a distinctive style that you

wont find anywhere else. Also dont leave Shimla without visiting Jakhu Hill the

highest peak which is also home to many playful monkeys who hang out waiting

to be fed.
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Goa

The famous idyllic party place should not be missed and its still one of the most

popular places to visit in India. If you decide to take a trip, I recommend not

leaving the islands coastal areas. Goa is the smallest state in India and has the

most beautiful beaches by farwhen youre here youll want to make the most of

them. Many refer to Goa as a tropical paradise and when youre here enjoying

the warm temperatures, clear turquoise water and palm trees youll also probablyagree. If you time your visit around the Goa Carnival held every February youll

be treated to three days and nights of music, lights, dancers and awesome food.

This is when the legendary King Momo takes over the state and the island

becomes party central. Originally celebrated in the 1800s by locals only, now

both tourists and locals come here to have a good time.
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Mumbai

Formally known as Bombay, Mumbai is the most populated city in India. Noisy,

frantic and polluted, Mumbai is a melting pot of different cultures, religions and

wealth extremes. Even though the city is developing at a fast rate, unfortunately

youll still see many scenes of poverty. The city is also the birthplace of Indian

cinema and there are many theatres to watch movies from all over the world

(including the worlds largest IMAX dome theatre). A visually impressive city

Mumbai has a large metropolitan area comparable to the size of New Yorks

skyline and a fine but eclectic mix of colonial buildings, stylish bars, colourful

bazaars and shiny new malls. Finding something to do here would not be a

problem.

Auroville

Auroville is an amazing place. Its an experimental township of an international

community. Here people from all over the world come to live in peace, and

progressive harmony, above all creeds, all politics and all nationalities. The sole

purpose of Auroville is to realise human unity. In the centre of this town is The

Matrimandir a huge gold sphere accompanied by ramps. It was put there by the

towns founder as a symbol of the Divines answer to mans inspiration for

perfection. It even has its own solar power plant and inside is a spiral ramp that

leads to a marble room. Surrounded by pristine beautiful gardens and peacefuln
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The backwaters of Kerala

The backwaters are a beautiful chain of lakes and lagoons along the Arabian Sea

coast and definitely shouldnt be missed they are considered to be the number

one tourist destination in India. Ferries here will take you anywhere and you can

even hire a houseboat to stay in. In the Kuttanad region of Alappuzha youll also

be treated to boat races, where you will also find snake boats that can hold up to

a hundred oarsmen. Thousands of fans line the riverbanks and cheer on their

favourite teams which make for a great atmosphere. There are dozens of villages

and communities throughout this area.

Kodaikanal

In the Ghat mountains lies this beautiful and atmospheric town, which translated

means the gift of the forest. Easily one of the most beautiful places to visit in

India, Kodaikanal has many places of interest for travellers and tourists. One of

which is the Kodaikanal lake which is a star shaped man made lake. Here you

can rent horses or bicycles to ride around the shore. Just east of the lake is a 20

acre botanical garden, from here you can reach Coakers Walk, a 1 kilometre

long pedestrian path that follows along the south of Kodai. Expect wooded

slopes, rocky scenery and beautiful waterfalls
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Gingee

Near the larger city area of Tiruvanamalai, you can find the village of Gingee.

Although the village itself is pretty standard, it is home to the amazing Gingee

Fort. The fort, which is comprised of three astonishing and massive stone hills,

offers some breath-taking views from the top of each hill. The fort dates back to

the 13th century and makes a great subject for anthropology and history buffs. If

you want to see the best views, prepare for at least a 900 foot climb.

Darjeeling

Darjeeling is a popular tourist town in the Indian State of West Bengal. Famous

for its tea production and outstanding scenery, its often thought to be one of the

most beautiful valleys in the world. The lush green environment, cooling breeze

and amazing views make an atmospheric and photogenic destination. In fact

Darjeeling is the only location in eastern India that attracts large numbers of

tourists. The more adventurous visitors come here for trekking and river rafting

and many others just enjoy leisurely scenic walks taking in the extraordinary

views.
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References

Family Members and Friends

Geography Teacher, Encik Nuzul haqimi bin Ismail

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://www.globalgrasshopper.com/destinations/asia/top-10-places-to-visit-in-india/

http://www.google.com.my/imghp?hl=ms&tab=wi

http://www.indhistory.com/

http://www.tradechakra.com/indian-economy/per-capita-income.html

http://www.traveldocs.com/index.php?page=about-india-2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://www.globalgrasshopper.com/destinations/asia/top-10-places-to-visit-in-india/http://www.globalgrasshopper.com/destinations/asia/top-10-places-to-visit-in-india/http://www.google.com.my/imghp?hl=ms&tab=wihttp://www.google.com.my/imghp?hl=ms&tab=wihttp://www.indhistory.com/http://www.indhistory.com/http://www.tradechakra.com/indian-economy/per-capita-income.htmlhttp://www.tradechakra.com/indian-economy/per-capita-income.htmlhttp://www.traveldocs.com/index.php?page=about-india-2http://www.traveldocs.com/index.php?page=about-india-2http://www.traveldocs.com/index.php?page=about-india-2http://www.tradechakra.com/indian-economy/per-capita-income.htmlhttp://www.indhistory.com/http://www.google.com.my/imghp?hl=ms&tab=wihttp://www.globalgrasshopper.com/destinations/asia/top-10-places-to-visit-in-india/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

Documents

Republic of India (Geo)