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REPUBLIC OF CHADREPUBLIC OF CHAD
WELCOME TO CHAD WELCOME TO CHAD
By: MOLENGAR NGOUNDO
Master’s of Science
(Dec., 2003)
CHADLocation: North-Central Africa.
Landlocked country, bounded by Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger in West; Central African Republicin South, Sudan in East; Libya in North.
Geographic coordinates:15 00 N, 19 00 E
Total area: 1,284,000 Km2.
Flag: Blue- Yellow - Red
AFRICA MAP
CLIMATE
Tropical in South, Desert in North, the climate is caracterized by threeecological zones:1. Saharian zone desert in North: ( < 200 mm of rain);2. Sahelian zone in Center: (200 mm to 700 mm of rain) ;3. Soudanian zone in South: (700 mm to + 1,000 mm of rain).
Two seasons:
Rainy season (From June to earlySeptember in sahelian zone and from April to October in Soudanian zone)
Dry season from October to May in Sahelian Zone and from November to March in Soudanian zone.
Saharian Zone
Sahelian Zone
Soudanian Zone
RELIEF AND HYDROGRAPHY
RELIEF
Desert in North with mountains and plateaus in North-East, arid, savanna with Lake Chad in West, massif in Center, highland in East and lowlands in South. Lowest point, Djourab: 160m; Highest point, Emi-koussi: 3,415 m
HYDROGRAPHY
Permanent rivers: Logone (1,000 km long), Chari (1,200 km long).Lakes: Lake Chad (25,000 km2 before 1970, now 10,000 sq.km). Seven other lakes total area of 720 Km2.Underground water. Renewable: 20.6 million m3/year; Exploitable: 263 to 455 million m3 /year.
Emi Koussi, Tibesti, Chad
Location: 19.80 N, 18.53 EElevation: 11,204 ft. (3,415 m)
Tousside, Tibesti, Chad
Location: 21.03N, 16.45EElevation: 10,712 ft. (3,265 m)
Tibesti, Neolotic printson the mountains of Bardaï
Landscape of Tibesti
Mountains of Ennedi
Tibesti, Hole of Natron (Sodium bicarbonate)
This is a space shot provided by the US Geological Survey,
taken in 1963.
This is a space shot taken in October 1968.
This was taken in 1997. Essentially, the lake has been
reduced to that dark portion at the end of the yellow arrow.
AGRICULTURAL AREAS
Arable lands:
Total area: 39 million ha,
Cultivated: About 2.2 million ha / year.
Irrigable lands:
Total irrigable area: 5.5 million ha,
Exploited surface: 7,000 ha
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
1. NATURAL RESOURCES
Bauxite, Uranium, Oil, Gold, Ore, Natron (sodium carbonate), Kaolin, Fish (Lake Chad).
Petroleum (exploited on 2 sites: The first one in South financed by World Bank for exportation and the second one in North financed by R.O.C. for local consumption).
ESSO-CHAD
DOBA Oil Basin (250,000 bbl day-1)
Chad – Cameroon pipeline
Consortium: EXXON-CHEVRON-PETRONAS-CHAD
Pipeline
1,070 Km
2. POPULATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE SITUATION
Population: 8,707,078 inhabitants (2001 E).Population growth rate: 3.31%.Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 (2000)Infant mortality rate: 101 deaths/1,000 (2000)Life expectancy at birth: 47 yrs Male, 50.5 yrs Female.Officials languages: French, Arabic.Government: Type Republic, Capital: N’DjaménaAdministration Division: 8 Regions, and 47 Departments.
3. ECONOMY3. ECONOMY
Major industries: Cotton, Meat packing, Natron, Soap, Cigarettes, Beer brewing, Sugar, Construction materials and recently Gold and Petroleum.
GDP-purchasing power parity:$7.6 billion. GDP-per capita:$240. Annual growth: 8% GDP-composition by sector: Agriculture: 38%;
Industry and breeding: 14%, Services: 48%.
3. ECONOMY (Cont’d)
Exportation:
Chad exports cotton, Arabic gum, cotton textiles, livestock, to some countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, Costa Rica, France, Portugal, Germany, Thailand, USA.
Importation:
Although Chad has largely achieved food self-sufficiency foodstuffs still constitute most of the country’s imports. Other import products include machinery, transportation equipment, and industrial goods. Chad also imports petroleum products although this is expected to change in the near future as the country starts to exploit its own resources.
4. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT4. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Animals: abundant and various, they are mammals the most representative of African continent (134 species and 14 threatened species);
Migratory birds: 370 species interesting Ostrich and 15 threatened species.
Natural forests: 32.5 million hectares with 1,600 species of higher plants.
Some animals in Zakouma Park
Equinoxial Buffalo
Elephant Hippopotamus Cheetah
Lion Rhinoceros Phacochere Oryx
SYSTEM OF PRODUCTIONSYSTEM OF PRODUCTIONThree types:1.Oasian system: Date production, camel breeding,
subsistence irrigated agriculture.
2. Pastoral and agro-pastoral system: Dune cultivation, nomadic breeding, irrigated agriculture.
3.Diversified soudanian system: Cereals cultivation, cotton, tubercle, traditional cultivation through forestry, fishing, hunting.
AGRICULTURAL CHANNELSAGRICULTURAL CHANNELS
1.Cereals Channel: main feeding of Country2. Fruit, vegetable Channel: less developed.3.Root, tubercle channel: contribute to food
security.4. Cotton Channel: Contribute to 12% on GDP.5. Breeding Channel: 12 million of heads.6. Forest, Fishing, Hunting Channel.
RURAL WORLD STRUCTURESRURAL WORLD STRUCTURES
Basic organizations: (28,000) Farmers’ grouping; (4,000) Villagers’ Association.
Legal and Institutional Environment: Civil service reform, decentralization, privatization and promotion of private sectors.
Sustaining service in rural environment: Extension, Plants protection, Animal health and,
Research: Six institutions of Research.
GENERAL STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENTGENERAL STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT
Strategy in general frame of fighting against poverty:
1. Strengthening financial stabilization 2. Developing sectors of growth and promoting
private operators of development ;3. Improving infrastructures to access to other regions
and correcting regional unbalance; 4. Reforming State,5. Reinforcing national capacities of management..
Camel for transportation Traditional holiday
Traditional instruments for dancing
Tourists observing a flock of elephants
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONLandlocked country, Chad’s economic development
suffers from its geographic remoteness, drought, lack of infrastructures, lack of mastery of agricultural production and continuous political turmoil.
Unavailability and inaccessibly factors of production materials pose essential problems on well- being of population.
Nevertheless, with the exploitation of petroleum, hope for overcome some development handicaps is permitted.