Peace Corps Chad Welcome Book | April 2005

8/9/2019 Peace Corps Chad Welcome Book | April 2005

1/87

PBA AFKAKI\ [TAOKIMA[SIQPI

KBF@

F ^AFKA KI \^[ ^QLO C KFP C I E

JI\ EAT ZIOQEPAA\[

F ~ | c o < > > 1


2/87


3/87

F TAOKIMA OAPPA\

@af| Jqpq|a Zioqepaa|8

Kied|fpqofpcie{ ie siq| cezcpfp cie pi hice pba âfka Ki|~{ fe`

ji| kie{cà|ced fe f{{cdemaep ce Kbf`% Ms ite âfka Ki|~{

{a|zcka ce eacdbli|ced Ecda| tf{ mi|a pbfe 64 saf|{ fdi/ lqp C

kfe koaf|os |amamla| pba arkcpamaep/ fepckc~fpcie/ fe`

ea|ziq{ea{{ C jaop tbae cp jcefoos `ftea` ie ma pbfp C bf`

mfà f kimmcpmaep pi baf` ijj pi Fj|ckf ji| pti-~oq{ saf|{%

[a|zced ce pba âfka Ki|~{ c{ fe ar~a|caeka pbfp c{ ka|pfce pi

bfza f {cdecjckfep cm~fkp ie siq| ocja/ {i pba àkc{cie pi

fkka~p pbc{ cezcpfp cie {biqo` eip la pfgae ocdbpos% C bi~a pbfp

pba mfpa|cfo{ siq bfza |akacza` ce siq| cezcpfpcie ~fkgap tcoo

bao~ siq àkcà tbapba| fe f{{cdemaep ce Kbf` c{ pba |cdbp

pbced ji| siq fp pbc{ p cma%

Oczced fe` ti|gced ce Kbf` c{ fe ar~a|caeka pbfp tcoo

p|fe{ji|m siq ce mi|a tfs{ pbfe siq kiqo` ~i{{clos cmfdcea|cdbp eit% âfka Ki|~{ {a|zcka ba|a tcoo/ ce foo ocgaocbii`/

cekoqà liqp{ ij j|q{p|fpcie/ li|aìm/ `c{kimji|p/ oieaocea{{/

fe` {aoj-ìqlp % Bitaza|/ cj siq f|a ocga pba zf{p mfhi|cps ij

Zioqepaa|{ tbi bfza {a|za` ce Kbf`/ siq tcoo bfza fe

iza|tbaomcedos ~i{cpcza ar~a|caeka% Siq tcoo mfga f {mfoo lqp

{ql{pfep cza kiep|clqpcie pi pba {ikciakieimck àzaoi~maep ij

siq| kimmqecps tbcoa lakimced fà~p fp ti|gced ajjakpczaos

ce f kim~oapaos eat kqopq|a% Siq tcoo oaf|e ofedqfda{/ mfga

j|cae`{/ fe` lakima f |afo ~a|{ie/ |fpba| pbfe fe qegeite

ji|acdea|/ ce pba asa{ ij siq| kimmqecps% Tbae siq oafza fp

pba ae` ij siq| {a|zcka/ cp tcoo la tcpb f {ae{a ij fkbcazamaep/

f d|afp àfo ij {i||it/ fe` f mqkb lappa| qeà|{pfe`ced ij

pba ti|o`%

Siq f|a ei ìqlp ftf|a pbfp Kbf` c{ f ~ii|/ bip/ ofeòikga`

kiqep|s tcpb {ima ij pba ti|o`{ mi{p `c{mfo {ikciakieimckce`ckfpi|{% Kioiecxfpcie ls pba J|aekb fe` oied ~a|ci`{ ij

cepa|efo {p| cja bfza pfgae pbac| pioo ie pba ~ai~oa fe`

àzaoi~maep ij Kbf`% @i eip la jiioa` cepi pbcegced/

bitaza|/ pbfp siq| {a|zcka ba|a tcoo kie{c{p ij pti "i| mi|a#

saf|{ ij {tafps à~|czfpcie fmied ~ai~oa tbi bfza ocppoa pi


4/87

ijja| pba iqp{cà ti|o`% Tbfp siq mfs eip geit/ lqp tcoo {iie

`c{kiza|/ c{ pbfp à{~cpa kb|ieck ~iza|ps fe` `cjjckqop oczced

kie`cpcie{/ Kbf`cfe{ |amfce ~|iq`/ `cdecjca`/ aepa|~|c{ced/

i~pcmc{pck/ pioa|fep/ fe` bi{~cpfloa% Ce f``cpcie/ pba kqopq|fo

`cza|{cps fe` |ckbea{{ ij Kbf` f|a fmfxced%

Ofkg ij aoakp|ckcps fe` |qeeced tfpa|/ oaf|eced f eat ofedqfda

"i| pti#/ fe` pba bf|{b kocmfpa f|a p bced{ pbfp mi{p

Zioqepaa|{ ce Kbf` f`f~p pi za|s vqckgos% Pba lcdda{p

kbfooaeda{ f|a |aofpa` pi c{iofpciej|im kq||aep ceji|mfpcie/

Fma|ckfe kiooafdqa{/ j|cae`{ fe` jfmcos/ fe` foo pbfp pba{a

aepfco% Ta aekiq|fda siq pi pbceg bf|` fliqp pba{a kbfooaeda{f{ siq kie{cà| siq| cezcpfpcie pi Kbf`%

^|a~f|a siq|{aoj/ j|cae`{/ fe` |aofpcza{ ji| f mfhi| |a`qkpcie ce

pba j|avqaeks fe` |aocflcocps ij kimmqeckfpcie{% Cepa|eap fkka{{

c{ ocmcpa` pi pba kf~cpfo/ fe` ce f``cpcie pi laced arp|amaos {oit

ls Q%[% {pfe`f|`{/ cp c{ {qlhakp pi j|avqaep iqpfda{% A-mfco fe`

~biea{ f|a eip |af`cos fkka{{cloa pi mi{p Zioqepaa|{/ fe` mfco

{a|zcka c{ |aocfloa lqp {~i|f`ck/ {i siq mq{p ladce aezc{cieced

ocja tcpbiqp |adqof| fkka{{ pi pba Cepa|eap/ paoa~biea{/ fe`

kimmqeckfpcie tcpb j|cae`{ fe` jfmcos%

F`hq{pced pi laced pba ieos Fma|ckfe ce f zcoofda i| pite tcoo

la `cjjckqop/ lqp iea mq{p mfga {qkb fe f`hq{pmaep pi la

ajjakpcza f{ f Zioqepaa|% Pba bf~~ca{p fe` mi{p ~|i`qkpcza

âfka Ki|~{ Zioqepaa|{ ti|o`tcà f|a pbi{a tbi {~ae` pba

mfrcmqm fmiqep ij pcma ce pbac| f{{cdea` kimmqecpca{

a{pfloc{bced mafecedjqo |aofpcie{bc~{ tcpb kiooafdqa{ feèacdbli|{% Aezc{cie siq|{aoj dappced pidapba| tcpb ipba|

Zioqepaa|{ |aofpczaos cej|avqaepos "aza|s pb|aa pi jiq|

miepb{# `q|ced siq| {a|zcka%

Pba vqfocps ij siq| âfka Ki|~{ ar~a|caeka c{ of|daos ce siq|

bfe`{% Siq {biqo` ladce pi ~|a~f|a siq|{aoj eit ls oaf|eced

mi|a fliqp Kbf` fe` cp{ ~ai~oa/ |azcatced i| ladceeced pi

{pq`s J|aekb/ fe` {pq`sced lipb pba Zioqepaa| Bfe`liigfe` pba mfpa|cfo ce pbc{ taokima liig% Ta oiig ji|tf|` pi

{aaced siq ce E@hfmaef {biqo` siq àkcà pi fkka~p pba

f{{cdemaep ce Kbf`%

Eao{ie K|iese

Kiqep|s @c|akpi|


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PFLOA IJ KIEPAEP[

Mf~ ij Kbf`

F Taokima Oappa| 6

âfka Ki|~{)Kbf` Bc{pi|s fe` |id|fm{ 4

Bc{pi|s ij pba afka Ki|~{ ce Kbf` 4

Bc{pi|s fe` Jqpq|a ij âfka Ki|~{ ^|id|fmmced ce Kbf` 4-2

Kiqep|s Iza|zcat8 Kbf` fp f Dofeka

Bc{pi|s 66-6-0-:6

î{{cloa \aocdciq { C{{q a{ ji| Zioq e paa|{ :6

î{{cloa C{{qa{ ji| Zioq e paa|{ t cpb @c{flc ocpca{ :6

î{{cloa C{{q a{ ji| Mf||c a` Zioq e paa|{ :6-:


7/87

J|avqaepos F{ga` Vqa{pcie{ :1

Taokima Oappa| J|im Kbf` Zioqepaa| 46

^fkgced Oc{p 41

^|a-`a~f|pq|a Kbakgoc{p 43

Kiepfkpced ^afka Ki|~{ Baf`vqf|pa|{ 2;


8/87


9/87

ÂFKA KI\^[) KBF@ BC [PI\S

FE@ ^\ID\FM[Bc{pi|s ij pba âfka Ki|~{ ce Kbf`

Pba âfka Ki|~{ jc|{p {aep Zioqepaa|{ pi Kbf` ce 63:: fe`

{ceka pbae bf{ ~|izcà` mfes saf|{ ij f{{c{pfeka ce pba f|af{

ij a`qkfpcie/ bafopb/ taoo kie{p|qkpcie/ fe` ji|a{p|s% Ce 6343/

pba âfka Ki|~{ tcpb`|at j|im Kbf` lakfq{a ij f paeqiq{

~iocpckfo {cpqfpcie fe` kczco {p|cja% @q|ced pba bcfpq{/ Kbf`cfe{

jieòs |amamla|a` pba f{{c{pfeka pbfp pba âfka Ki|~{ bf`

~|izc a` fe`/ f{ f |a{qop/ cezcpa` Zioqepaa|{ pi |apq|e ce 6324%

Pba ~|id|fm tf{ {q{~aeà` fdfce l|cajos ce @akamla| 633>

lakfq{a ij f kbfeda ce pba diza|emaep% Pba âfka Ki|~{ pbae

|a{qma` jqekpcieced ce Kbf` tcpb {ioc` ~|id|fmmced fe`

{p|ied kioofli|fpcie tcpb pba diza|emaep % Lakfq{a ij

kieka|e{ iza| Zioqepaa|{ {fjaps/ bitaza|/ pba ~|id|fm tf{

{q{~aeà` ieka fdfce ce 6332% @a{~cpa pba{a {q{~ae{cie{/

Zioqepaa|{ k|afpa` of{pced lie`{ tcpb Kbf`cfe kimmqecpca{

pb|iqdbiqp pba kiqep|s% Jiooitced fe f{{a{{maep ce >;

tbae f d|iq~ ij p|fceaa{ ladfe ti|g ie f PAJO " pafkbced

Aedoc{b f{ f ji|acde ofedqfda# ~|ihakp% Pba|a f|a ~|a{aep os ;>

âfka Ki|~{ Zioqepaa|{ {a|zced ce Kbf` fe` iza| pba saf|{/

f~~|ircmfpaos :4> Zioqepaa|{ bfza {a|za` ba|a%

Bc{pi|s fe` Jqpq|a ij âfka Ki|~{ ^|id|fmmced ce Kbf`

Kbf`cfe{ |akidecxa pbfp a`qkfpcie c{ fe cm~i|pfep mafe{ pi

bao~ pba kiqep|s fkbcaza cp{ oied-pa|m difo{% Pba Kbf`cfe

a`qkfpcie {s{pam c{ taoo a{pfloc{ba` ce kcpca{ fe` of|da| pite{/

tba|a pba fzfcoflcocps ij Kbf`cfe pafkba|{ c{ fàvqfpa% Pba

{cpqfpcie `cjja|{ ce |q|fo f|af{/ tba|a pba|a c{ f d|afp eaa` ji|

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@ 4


10/87

{kbiio{ fe` vqfocjca` pafkba|{ ij pba Aedoc{b ofedqfda% Pba

diza|emaep ij Kbf` bf{ |avqa{pa` pbfp pba âfka Ki|~{ {ae`

Zioqepaa|{ pi pafkb Aedoc{b ce qeà|{a|za` "~|cmf|cos |q|fo#{kbiio{%

Zioqepaa|{ pafkb Aedoc{b fp pba {akie`f|s {kbiio oazao/ bao~

Kbf`cfe pafkba|{ cm~|iza pbac| Aedoc{b pafkbced {gcoo{ fe`

mapbi`{/ ~f|p ckc~fpa ce pba àzaoi~maep ij Aedoc{b pafkbced

mfpa| cfo{ ji| {akie`f|s {kbiio{/ fe` {p |aedpbae pba ocegfda{

laptaae {kbiio{ fe` kimmqecpca{%

Fjpa| {cr pi acdbp miepb{ ij ar~a|caeka ce pba jcao`/

Zioqepaa|{ f|a ocgaos pi l|fekb iqp cepi {akpi|{ {qkb f{ tfpa|

fe` {fecpfpcie% Pba pbiq{fe`{ ij àa~ taoo{ tcpb makbfeckfo

bfe` ~qm~{ ce{pfooa` ls f zf|caps ij i|dfecxfpcie{ f|a ce

zf|ciq{ {pfpa{ ij `c{|a~fc|% F difo ij pba Mcec{p|s ij

Aezc|iemaep fe` Tfpa| \a{iq|ka{ c{ pi f{{a{{ pba eqmla|

fe` oikfpcie ij pba{a ~qm~{ fe` pi àpa|mcea pba |a~fc|{ i||a~ofkamaep{ fe` mfpa|cfo{ eaaà` pi l|ced pbam lfkg cepi

i~a|fpcie%

Pba diza|emaep ij Kbf` bf{ càep cjca` mfpa|efo fe` kbco`

bafopb f{ iea ij pba ipba| f|af{ ij k|cpckfo eaa`% Pba FC@[

a~càmck bf{ oa` pba diza|emaep pi {bcjp Kbf`{ efp ciefo

bafopb ~|ci|cpca{/ ce ~f|pckqof| pi jikq{ ie `cjjckqopca{ jfkced

timae/ tbi bfza oied {qjja|a` j|im f ofkg ij fkka{{ pi

a`qkfpcie fe` ~|i~a| bafopb kf|a% Tcpb pba bao~ ij iqp{cà

ìei|{/ pba diza|emaep bf{ àzaoi~a` f efpciefo bafopb

{p|fpads fe` f efpciefo FC@[ kiep|io {p|fpadck ~ofe/ tbckb pba

Ti|o` Lfeg c{ {q~~i|pced tcpb $06%1 mcoocie ji| f bafopb

{akpi| {q~~i|p ~|ihakp fe` $


11/87


EIPA[


12/87


13/87

KIQEP\S IZA\ZCAT8

KBF@ FP F DOFEKABc{pi|s

F pafm ij Kbf`cfe/ J|aekb/ fe` Fma|ckfe ~foaiepioidc{p{

|akaepos `c{kiza|a` pba {gqoo ij pba af|oca{p geite bimcec` ce

pba @hq|fl @a{a|p/ ei|pbaf{p ij Ofga Kbf`% Pbc{ arkcpced jce`/

efma` [fbaofe pb|i~q { pkbfàe {c{ "fe` eckgefma` Piqmfc/

bi~a ij ocja ce pba Di|fe ofedqfda#/ c{ : mcoocie pi 4 mcoocie

saf|{ io` fe` bf{ {ba` eat ocdbp ie pba kim~oarcps ij bqmfe

i|cdce{%

Pba jc|{p |aki|`{ ij {app oamaep ce tbfp c{ eit Kbf` di lfkg

> saf|{/ tbae pba [fi ~ai~oa mcd|fpa` j|im Ads~p% Oczced

ce tfooa` kcpca{/ pbas lakfma geite ji| jcea ~ippa|s fe`l|iexa dii`{% Pba f|af {iie lakfma f k|i{{|if`{ ji| pti

kf|fzfe |iqpa{ kf||sced mcea|fo{ fe` {ofza{/ tbckb l|iqdbp

eat kqopq|fo cejoqaeka{ pi Kbf`% Pba d|itced cejoqaeka ij

C{ofm/ tbckb jc|{p f~~af|a` ce pba f|af ce pba 6>{/ {ap pba

{pfda ji| f kqopq|fo `czc{cie pbfp bf{ ~cppa` eimf`ck F|fl

{~afga|{ j|im pba ei|pb fdfce{p pba {iqpb{ {aàepf|s [f|f

~ai~oa%

Pae{cie{ laptaae pba {iqpbtbckb kiep|iooa` pba ~|a{càeks

fe` f mfhi|cps ij ~i{cpcie{ ce pba eat diza|emaepfe` pba

ei|pb |azcza` fjpa| Kbf` lakfma ceà~aeàep j|im J|feka ce

63:>% Pba kiqep|s vqckgos {oc~~a` cepi kczco tf|% Pba {cpqfp cie

tf{ arfka|lfpa` tbae eacdbli|ced Oclsf hicea` pba jcdbpced/

bi~ced pi kf~pq|a pba q|fecqm-|ckb ei|pba|e li|à| f|af

kfooa` pba Fiqxiq [p|c~% Pba kczco tf| kiepceqa` cepi pba

632>{/ fe` pba {cpqfp cie lakfma {i lf` pbfp 66- fe` 6


14/87

[ceka pbae Kbf` bf{ miza` pitf|` àmik|fks/ pbiqdb pba

~iocpckfo {cpqfpcie c{ jf| j|im ~afkajqo% Ce{q|daep d|iq~{

kiepceqa pi i~a|fpa/ a{~akcfoos ce pba ei|pbta{p/ fe` zcioaepkof{ba{ a|q~p {~i|f`ckfoos% Eadipcfpcie{ laptaae pba

diza|emaep fe` |alao d|iq~{ bfza aeà` {ima ij pba

`c{~qpa{/ fe` f mi|a kim~|abae{cza ~afka c{ eip iqp ij pba

vqa{pcie% Feipba| bi~ajqo {cde c{ f eat ico ~c~aocea pbfp tcoo

fooit Kbf` pi ar~oicp cp{ ~ap |ioaqm |a{a|za{% Eieapbaoa{{/

Kbf` c{ f za|s ~ii| kiqep|s pbfp c{ bafzcos |aocfep ie ji|acde/

a{~akcfoos J|aekb/ fc`% Pba kczco qe|a{p ce pba @f|jq| |adcie ij

eacdbli|ced [q`fe ìa{ eip kq||aepos fjjakp pba âfka

~|id|fm ce Kbf`%

Diza|emaep

Qeà| pba pa|m{ ij f Kie{pcpqpcie fì~pa` ls efpciefo

|aja|ae`qm ce Mf|kb 633:/ pba ~|a{càep c{ `c|akpos aoakpa`ji| f jcza-saf| pa|m fe` bio`{ arakqpcza ~ita|/ tcpb

f{{c{pfeka j|im fe f~~icepa` ~|cma mcec{pa| fe` kflceap%

Oadc{ofpcza ~ita| c{ za{pa` ce f lckfma|fo oadc{ofpq|a/

kim~|c{ced pba 6 ~a|kaep ij Kbf`{ ~i~qofpcie |aoca{ ie {ql{c{paeka

jf|mced fe` pba |fc{ced ij ocza{pikg ji| oczaocbii`% Pba

akieims bf{ oied laae bfe`ckf~~a` ls Kbf`{ ofeòikga`

~i{cpcie/ bcdb aea|ds ki{p{/ fe` bc{pi|s ij ce{pflcocps/ tbckb

bfza oa` pi bafzs à~aeàeka ie ji|acde f{{c{pfeka fe`

ÂFKA KI\^[6


15/87

kf~cpfo ji| ~qlock fe` ~|czfpa {akpi| ceza{pmaep ~|ihakp{%

Kippie/ kfppoa/ fe` dqm f|flck ~|izcà pba lqog ij Kbf`{

ar~i|p af|eced{% Kbf` |fega` 6:4 ij 644 ie pba QecpaÈfpcie{ Bqmfe @azaoi~maep Ceàr \a~i|p ce >0% Pba

~|cmf|cos fd|ckqopq|fo akieims tcoo la lii{pa` ls mfhi| ico

jcao` fe` ~c~aocea ~|ihakp{ pbfp {p f|pa` ce >> fe` ladfe

~|i`qkpcie ce ofpa >;% F kie{i|pcqm oa` ls pti Q%[%

kim~feca{ c{ ceza{p ced $;%4 lcoocie pi àzaoi~ ico |a{a|za{ ce

{iqpba|e Kbf` a{pcmfpa` fp 6 lcoocie lf||ao{%

âi~oa fe` Kqopq|a

Tcpb iza| 6>> ofedqfda{ fe` mi|a pbfe > apbeck d|iq~{/

pb|aa mfhi| |aocdcie{/ pb|aa kocmfpck xiea{/ fe` fe fekcaep

bc{pi|s/ pba kqopq|a ij Kbf` c{ |ckb/ `cza|{a/ fe` kim~oar%

Ce pba ei|pba|e pbc|` ij pba kiqep|s/ ce pba baf|p ij pba

[fbf|f/ pba Piqliq ~ai~oa f|a pba mfhi|cps% Pbas f|a

à{kae`fep{ ij La|la| mcd|fep{ fe`/ ocga pba F|fl{ pi pba

{iqpb/ f|a Mq{ocm% F{ ba|à|{ fe` eimf`{/ pbas f|a jca|kaos

ceà~aeàep/ {p|ied ce lfppoa/ fe` arp|amaos kofe-i|caepa`%

Afkb kofe bf{ fkka{{ pi {~akcjck taoo{/ ~f{pq|a{/ fe` if{a{%

@a{~cpa pbac| |aofpczaos {mfoo ~i~qofpcie/ pba Piqliq fe`

ipba| ~| cmf|cos ocza{pikg-à~aeàep apbeck d|iq~{ ce pba

ei|pb bfza ~ofsa` f {cdecjckfep |ioa ce Kbf`cfe ~iocpck{ {ceka

ceà~aeàeka%

Feipba| d|iq~ tcpb f `c{pcekp kqopq|fo cejoqaeka c{ pba F|fl{/

tbi f|a kiekaep|fpa` ce pba mc`òa pbc|` ij Kbf`/ arpae`ced

jf| cepi pba ei|pb/ fe` mfga q~ iea-pbc|` ij Kbf`{

~i~qofpcie% Kbf`cfe F|fl{ f|a mi{pos {amc-eimf`ck/ d|fxced

pbac| ba|`{ iza| pba [fbao% Pba|a f|a f zf|caps ij apbeckd|iq~{ fmied pba F|fl ~i~qofpcie%

Feipba| {ap ij `c{pcekp kqopq|fo ~|fkpcka{ c{ ìmcefep ce pba

jf| {iqpb/ tba|a pba ~ai~oa f|a mi{pos Fj|ckfe fe` eie-

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@ 6;


16/87

ÂFKA KI\^[60

Mq{ocm% Fliqp iea-{crpb ij pbam f|a \imfe Kfpbiock/ tcpb

mi{p ij pba |amfceà| ~|fkp ckced ce`cdaeiq{ jfcpb{% Fliqp ;>

~a|kaep ij Kbf`{ ~i~qofpcie c{ kim~i{a` ij pba [f|f j|impbc{ |adcie% @q|ced pba ~f{p 1>> saf|{/ pbc{ d|iq~ bf{ laae

{qlhakpa` pi {ima ij pba mi{p cebqmfea p|afpmaep ij fes

Fj|ckfe{ ie pba kiepceaep % P|f`cpciefo kqopq|fo {s{pam{ l|iga

ìte iza| kaepq|ca{ ij ji|ka` ofli|/ {cedoa-k|i~ " kippie#

jf|mced/ fe` pfr kiooakp cie p bfp qeà|mcea` zcoofda kbcaj{% Sap

pba [f|f bfza arbclcpa` jca|ka {q|zczfo {gcoo{8 Pba timae q{a`

pi f|pcjckcfoos aoiedfpa pbac| oc~{ pi mfga pbam{aoza{

qefp p|fkpcza pi {ofza |fcà|{% Ce f``cpcie/ pba [f|f

aepbq{cf{pckfoos aml|fka` pba mafda| a`qkfpciefo

i~~i|pqecpca{ ijja|a` ls pba J|aekb fe` eit ikkq~s mi{p ij

pba ~i{cpcie{ ce pba kczco {a|zcka%

Aezc|iemaep

Kbf` bf{ jiq| kocmfpck xiea{% Pba [fbf|fe xiea ce pba ei|pb

fza|fda{ jata| pbfe acdbp cekba{ ij |fcejfoo feeqfoos% Pba

{~f|{a bqmfe ~i~qofpcie c{ of|daos eimf`ck/ tcpb {ima

ocza{pikg/ mi{pos {mfoo |qmcefep{ fe` kfmao{% Pba [fbao xiea

ce pba kaepa| |akacza{ f~~|ircmfpaos


17/87


{oi~ced lf{ce pbfp à{kae`{ pitf|` Ofga Kbf`% Pba|a f|a fo{i

bcdbofe`{ ce pba kaep |fo Dqa|f |adcie pbfp |c{a pi 0/3>> jaap %

Ofga Kbf` c{ pba {akie` of|da{p ofga ce Ta{p Fj|ckf fe`

kiepfce{ {ima ij pba mi{p cm~i|pfep tapofe`{ ie pba

kiepceaep % Bima pi 6 {~akca{ ij jc{b fe` fp oaf{p pbfp mfes

{~akca{ ij lc|`{/ pba ofga bf{ {b|qeg `|fmfpckfoos ce pba ~f{p

jiq| àkfà{ lakfq{a ij cek|af{a` tfpa| q{a fe` oit |fcejfoo%

Li|à|a` ls Kbf`/ Ecda|/ Ecda|cf/ fe` Kfma|iie/ Ofga Kbf`

eit kiza|{ ieos 10> {vqf|a mcoa{ " 6/;1> {vqf|a gcoimapa|{# /

ìte j|im 6>/>>> ">> {vqf|a gcoimapa|{# ce 63:;% Pba

Kbf|c fe` Oidiea |cza|{/ lipb ij tbckb i|cdcefpa ce pba

Kaep|fo Fj|ckfe \a~qlock fe` joit ei|pbtf|`/ ~|izcà mi{p ij

pba tfpa| aepa|ced Ofga Kbf`%


18/87


19/87


\A[IQ\KA[ JI\

JQ\PBA\ CEJI\MFPCIE

Jiooitced c{ f oc{p ij tal{cpa{ ji| f``cpciefo ceji|mfp cie fliqp

pba âfka Ki|~{ fe` Kbf` fe` pi kieeakp siq pi |apq|ea`

Zioqepaa|{ fe` ipba| cezcpaa{% ôaf{a gaa~ ce mce` pbfp

fopbiqdb ta p|s pi mfga {q|a foo pba{a oceg{ f|a fkpcza fe`

kq||aep/ ta kfeeip dqf|fepaa pbc{% Cj siq ì eip bfza fkka{{

pi p ba Cepa|eap / zc{cp siq| oikfo ocl|f|s% Ocl|f|ca{ ijja| j|aa

Cepa|eap q{fda fe` ijpae oap siq ~|cep ceji|mfpcie pi pfga

bima%

F eipa ij kfqpcie8 F{ siq {q|j pba Cepa|eap / la ftf|a pbfp siq

mfs jce` lqooapce lif|`{ fe` kbfp |iim{ ce tbckb ~ai~oa f|a

j|aa pi ar~|a{{ i~cecie{ fliqp pba âfka Ki|~{ lf{a` ie pbac|ite ar~a|caeka{/ cekoq`ced kimmaep{ ls pbi{a tbi ta|a

qebf~~s tcpb pbac| kbicka pi {a|za ce pba âfka Ki|~{% Pba{a

i~cecie{ f|a eip pbi{a ij pba âfka Ki|~{ i| pba Q%[%

diza|emaep / fe` ta bi~a siq tcoo gaa~ ce mce` pbfp ei pti

~ai~oa ar~a|caeka pbac| {a|zcka ce pba {fma tfs%

Daea|fo Ceji|mfpcie Fliqp Kbf`

ttt%kiqep|stfpkb%kim

Ie pbc{ {cpa/ siq kfe oaf|e fespbced j|im tbfp pcma cp c{ ce

E@hfmaef pi bit pi kieza|p j|im pba ìoof| pi pba KJF

j|fek% Hq{p kockg ie Kbf` fe` di j|im pba|a%

ttt%oieaos~ofeap%kim) à{pcefpcie{

Zc{cp pbc{ {cpa ji| daea|fo p|fzao f`zcka fliqp fomi{p fes

kiqep|s ce pba ti|o`%


20/87

ttt%{pfpa%diz

Pba Q%[% [pfpa @a~f|pmaep{ tal{cpa c{{qa{ lfkgd|iqe` eipa{

~a|ci`ckfoos fliqp kiqep|ca{ f|iqe` pba ti|o`% Jce` Kbf` feòaf|e mi|a fliqp cp{ {ikcfo fe` ~iocpckfo bc{pi|s%

ttt%~{|%gaaoa%fk%qg) ijjckcfo%bpm

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ti|o`tcà%

ttt%daid|f~bs%fliqp%kim) ocl|f|s) mf~{) loceàr%bpm

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{cpa{/ {qkb f{ pba Ocl|f|s ij Kied|a{{/ pbfp kiepfce

kim~|abae{cza bc{pi|ckfo/ {ikcfo/ fe` ~iocpckfo lfkgd|iqe`%

ttt%ksla|{kbiiolq{%qe%i|d) cejiefpcie) ceji%f{~

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ceji|mfpcie ji| mamla| {pfpa{ ij pba QE%

ttt%ti|o`ceji|mfpcie%kim

Pbc{ {cpa ~|izc a{ kq||aep fe` bc{pi|ckfo ceji|mfpcie ie


21/87

Tal \ced% L|it{a pba {cpa fe` oaf|e tbfp ji|ma| Zioqepaa|{

f|a {fsced fliqp pbac| {a|zcka%

ttt%~afkaki|~{t|cpa|{%i|d

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c{ f miepbos ieocea ~qlockfpcie ij a{{fs{ fe` Zioqepaa|

fkkiqep{ ij pbac| âfka Ki|~{ {a|zcka%

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ttt%foofj|ckf%kim) kbf`)

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bpp~8) ) bmeap%kim) fj|ckf) 6fj|ckf%bpmo

[cpa ij pba Fj|ckf Ceji|mfpcie Kaepa|

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ttt%fj`l%i|d)fj|ckfeYkiqep|ca{)bimaYkbf`%bpm

Pba Fj|ckfe @azaoi~maep Lfeg D|iq~

ttt%p`%qe`~%i|d)

Qecpa` Efpcie{ @azaoi~maep ^|id|fmma ce Kbf` " ce J|aekb#

\akimmaeà` Liig{

6% Fj| ckf [iq pb ij pba [fbf|f % Oieìe8 Aq|i~f

^qlockfpcie{ "feeqfo#%

# % Oatc{pie/ E%S%8 A`tce Maooae

^|a{{/ 6323%



22/87

;% Kbf~aooa / Hafe%Oa ~aq ~oa Pkbf`cae 8 {a{ |fkce a{{/ {f

zca vq ipc` cae e a ap {a{ kim lfp{% ^f|c{8 Bf|mfppfe/

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^|cepced Ijjcka/ 633>%

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4% Gaooas/ Mckbfao % Pba Zcflcocps ij pba Kbf` cfe [pfpa8

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6%

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ÂFKA KI\^[


23/87

1% Pbim{ae/ Mi|cpx%Oczce d îi|8 F âfka Ki|~{

Kb|ieckoa% [afppoa8 Qecza|{cps ij Tf{bcedpie ^|a{{/

63:3/ 6334 "~f~a|lfkg#%:% Pc`taoo/ Mcga% Pba îe` { ij Gfofm lfsc8 Fe Fj|ckfe

[ihiq|e % Dqcoji|`/ Kiee%8 Osie{ ^|a{{/ 633>/ 633:

"~f~a|lfkg#%

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@


24/87


25/87

OCZCED KIE@CPCIE[ FE@

ZIOQEPAA\ OCJA[PSOAKimmqeckfpcie{

Mfco

Jat kiqep|ca{ ce pba ti|o` ijja| pba oazao ij mfco {a|zcka

kie{cà|a` ei|mfo ce pba Qecpa` [pfpa{% Cj siq fepckc~fpa Q%[%{pfe`f|`{ ji| mfco {a|zcka/ siq tcoo la ce ji| {ima j|q{p|fpcie%

Mfco daea|foos pfga{ pti pi jiq| taag{ pi dap pi E@hfmaef

j|im pba Qecpa` [pfpa{/ fe` f taag i| {i mi|a pi dap pi

Zioqepaa| {cpa{% [ima mfco mfs {cm~os eip f||cza "ji|pqefpaos

pbc{ c{ eip f j|avqaep ikkq||aeka/ lqp cp ìa{ bf~~ae# % [ima

oappa|{ mfs f||cza tcpb koc~~a` a`da{ lakfq{a {imaiea bf{

p|ca` pi {aa cj fes mieas tf{ ce{cà "fdfce/ pbc{ c{ |f|a/ lqp cpìa{ bf~~ae# %

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p|fkgced ~q|~i{a{ fe` pi cekoqà Fc|mfco fe` ^f| Fzcie ie

pbac| aezaoi~a{% Fo{i oap pbam geit pbfp pba âfka Ki|~{ bf{

ei kiep|io iza| pba cepa|efp ciefo mfco {s{pam%

@q|ced p|fceced/ ~ai~oa kfe {ae` oappa|{ fe` ~fkgfda{ pi siqfp pba jiooitced f``|a{{8

^KP/ Siq| Efma

Ki|~{ à of ^fcr

L%^% 6;


26/87

[a|zcka{ fp pba ^afka Ki|~{ baf`vqf|pa|{ ce Tf{bcedpie/

tbckb tiqo` pbae kiepfkp siq| jfmcos% F`zc{a siq| jfmcos pbfp

ce pba kf{a ij f jfmcos ama|daeks/ pbas {biqo` fo{i kiepfkppba Ijjcka ij [~akcfo [a|zcka{% @q|ced ei|mfo lq{cea{{ biq|{/

pba eqmla| ij pba ijjcka c{ 2>>%07 {aoakp i~pcie % Fjpa| ei|mfo lq{cea{{ biq|{ fe` ie taagae`{

fe` bioc`fs{/ pba [~akcfo [a|zcka{ `qps ijjcka| kfe la |afkba`

fp


27/87


28/87

~q|kbf{a{ pi daeqcea eaa`{% Ce foo kf{a{/ avqc~maep fe`

jq|ec{bced{ {biqo` la kie{c{paep tcpb oikfo q{fda% Pba âfka

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Jii` fe` @cap

@|cegced tfpa| eaa`{ pi la licoa` i| jcopa|a`% J|qcp{ fe`

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fomi{p saf|-|iqe`% J|qcp{ ocga i|feda{/ ~ceaf~~oa{/ fe`

lfefef{ f|a cm~i|pa` j|im Kfma|iie%

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mafo ce pba ei|pba|e ~f|p ij pba kiqep|s kie{c{p{ ij f {pf~oa

jii` ocga mcooap i| {i|dbqm {a|za` tcpb mafp {fqka mfà j|im

laaj i| {baa~% Ce pba {iqpb/ pba {pf~oa jii` c{ {i|dbqm/ |cka/

i| mfcxa {a|za` tcpb f jc{b i| mafp {fqka%

P|fe{~i|pfpcie

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fdaekca{/ Mc{{cief|s Fzcfpcie Jaooit{bc~ " MFJ# fe` pba A{{i

ico kim~fes% Fc| Kbf`/ pba efpciefo fc|ocea/ kaf{a` i~a|fpcie{

ce 6333%

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kimmie mafe{ ij p|fe{~i|p ce Kbf` f|a ~|czfpaos itea`

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foo ij tbckb f|a q{a` pi bfqo aza|spbced j|im ocza{pikg pi

~ai~oa " j|avqaep os pidapba|# % Kbf` bf{ ieos ;6> mcoa{ " 1>>gcoimapa|{# ij ~fza` |if`/ {i p |fzao j|im iea ~icep pi

feipba|~f|p ckqof|os ce pba |fces {af{ieq{qfoos pfga{

kie{cà|floa pcma%

ÂFKA KI\^[


29/87

Lakfq{a ij {fjaps fe` {akq|cps kieka|e{/ Zioqepaa|{ f|a eip

fooita` pi ite i| `|cza fes ps~a ij mipi|cxa` zabckoa

" cekoq`ced mipi|kskoa{# ce Kbf`% Pba ieos arka~p cie pi pbc{|qoa c{ ce pba azaep ij f ocja-/ ocml-/ i| {cdbp-pb|afpaeced

ama|daeks ceziozced f Zioqepaa|%

Daid|f~bs fe` Kocmfpa

Ofeòikga` Kbf` li|à|{ Oclsf ce pba ei|pb/ [q`fe ce pba

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021/:>> {vqf|a mcoa{% Lakfq{a ij pba à{a|p kocmfpa ij pba

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pba {iqpb/ fe` Flkb " ;1/>>># ce pba ei|pb%

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41 fe` 6>1 àd|aa{ Jfb|aebacp tcpb |aofpczaos bcdb bqmc`cps%

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tbae pam~a|fpq|a{ |feda j|im :> pi 6>> àd|aa{% @q|ced pba

bip {af{ie j|im Mf|kb pi Hqea/ `fcos pam~a|fpq|a{ arkaa`

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d|f`qfoos |c{a{ f{ pba |fce{ f~~|ifkb%

[ikcfo Fkpczcpca{

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diced pi pba mf|gap pi pfgced ~f|p ce oikfo ja{pczfo{% Pba

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@


30/87

kqopq|fo `cza|{cps ij Kbf` mafe{ pbfp pba|a c{ fotfs{

{imapbced ij cepa|a{p diced ie ce pba zcoofda pbfp siq kfe

oaf|e j|im/ la cp `|qmmced fe` `fekced i| ~ofepced ~afeqp{%

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kbfooaedced fe` d|fpcjsced% Kbf`cfe{ f|a bi{~cpfloa fe`

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i~ae-ìi| ~iocks fe` f taokimced fppcpqà pi zc{cpi|{%

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mamla| ij pba kimmqecps% Pba mi{p {fpc{jca` Zioqepaa|{

cepad|fpa cepi pbac| kimmqecpca{afp pba oikfo jii`/ {~afg

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f dii` {ae{a ij tbi pbas f|a f{ ce`czc`qfo{% Fopbiqdb pba

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maap ced{ fe` ie ka|pfce bioc fs{%

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pba {fma pcma% Cp c{ eip fe af{s pbced pi |a{ioza% Siq tcoo la

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loiq{a{){bc|p{/ {gc|p{ "laoit pba geaa# / fe` `|a{{a{ f|a

ÂFKA KI\^[


31/87

f~~|i~|cfpa taf| ji| ti|g% Taf|ced {bi|p{/ bfopa| pi~{/ {bi|p

{gc|p{/ ji|m-jcppced i| oit-kqp loiq{a{/ mcocpf|s fppc|a/ i| `c|ps

i| pi|e koipbced ce ~qlock c{ eip f~~|i~|cfpa%

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tcoo ji{pa| |a{~akp tcpbce pbac| kimmqecps fe` |ajoakp taoo ie

pba âfka Ki|~{ fe` ie kcpcxae{ ij pba Qecpa` [pfp a{% Siq tcoo

|akacza fe i|caepfpcie pi f~~|i~|cfpa labfzci| fe` kqopq|fo

{ae{cpczcps `q|ced ~|a-{a|zcka p|fceced% F{ f Zioqepaa|/ siq

bfza pba {pfpq{ ij fe cezcpa` dqa{p fe` pbq{ mq{p la {ae{cpcza

pi pba bflcp{/ pf{pa{/ fe` pflii{ ij siq| bi{p{%

â|{iefo [fjaps

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iza|am~bf{cxa`% Lakimced f âfka Ki|~{ Zioqepaa| aepfco{

ka|pfce {fjaps | c{g{% Oczced fe` p|fzaoced ce fe qejfmcocf|

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cekcàep{% Pba âfka Ki|~{ bf{ a{pfloc{ba` ~|ika`q|a{ fe`

~iockca{ à{cdea` pi bao~ siq |a`qka siq| | c{g{ fe` aebfeka

siq| {fjaps fe` {akq|cps% Pba{a ~|ika`q|a{ fe` ~iockca{/ ce

f``cpcie pi {fjaps p|fceced/ tcoo la ~|izcà` ieka siq f||cza ce

Kbf`% Fp pba {fma pcma/ siq f|a ar~akpa` pi pfga

|a{~ie{clcocps ji| siq| {fjaps fe` taoo-laced%

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@


32/87

ÂFKA KI\^[;>

\atf|`{ fe` J|q{p|fpcie{

Fopbiqdb pba ~ipaepcfo ji| hil {fpc{jfkpcie ce Kbf` c{ vqcpa

bcdb/ ocga foo Zioqepaa|{/ siq tcoo aekiqepa| eqma|iq{

j|q{p|fpcie{% Kioofli|fpced fdaekca{ f|a eip fotfs{ floa pi

~|izc a Zioqepaa|{ pba càfo àd|aa ij {q~~i|p % Ce f``cpcie/

pba ~fka ij ti|g fe` ocja c{ mqkb {oita| pbfe tbfp mi{p

Fma|ckfe{ f|a fkkq{pima` pi% Ji| pba{a |af{ie{/ pba âfka

Ki|~{ ar~a|caeka ij f`f~pced pi f eat kqopq|a fe`

aezc|iemaep c{ ijpae à{k|cla` f{ f {a|ca{ ij amipciefo ~afg{

fe` zfooas{%

Siq tcoo la dczae f bcdb àd|aa ij ceà~aeàeka ce siq|

ti|g~a|bf~{ mi|a pbfe ce fes ipba| hil siq bfza bf` i|

tcoo bfza% @a~ae`ced ie bit siq f~~|ifkb siq| ti|g/ siq f|a

fo{i ocgaos pi bfza f d|afp àfo ij |a{~ie{clcocps% Siq tcoo ijpae

jce` siq|{aoj ce {cpqfpcie{ pbfp |avqc|a fe flcocps pi mipczfpa

siq|{aoj fe` siq| ki-ti|ga|{ tcpb ocppoa dqc`feka j|im{q~a|zc{i|{% Siq mcdbp ti|g ji| miepb{ tcpbiqp {aaced fes

zc{cloa cm~fkp j|im/ i| tcpbiqp |akaczced jaa`lfkg ie/ siq|

ti|g% @azaoi~maep festba|a ce pba ti|o`cekoq`ced

`c{f`zfepfda` f|af{ ce pba Qecpa` [pfpa{c{ {oit ti|g pbfp

|avqc|a{ ~a|{aza|feka% Siq mq{p ~i{{a{{ pba {aoj-kiejc aeka/

~fpcaeka/ fe` zc{cie pi kiepceqa ti|gced pitf|` oied-pa|m

difo{ tcpbiqp {aaced cmma`cfpa |a{qop{%

Pi iza|kima pba{a `cjjckqopca{ siq tcoo eaa` mfpq|cps/

joarclcocps/ i~ae-mceàèa{{/ fe` |a{iq|kajqoea{{% Pba âfka

Ki|~{)Kbf` {pfjj/ siq| Kbf`cfe j|cae`{/ fe` jaooit Zioqepaa|{

tcoo {q~~i|p siq `q|ced pcma{ ij kbfooaeda f{ taoo f{ ce

mimaep{ ij {qkka{{% Cj siq f|a floa pi mfga pba kimmcpmaep

pi cepad|fpa cepi siq| kimmqecps fe` ti|g bf|`/ siq tcoo la f

{qkka{{jqo Zioqepaa|%


33/87

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@ ;6

EIPA[


34/87


35/87

ÂFKA KI\^[ P\FCECED

Iza|zcat ij ^|a-[a|zcka P|fceced

P|fceced c{ fe a{{aepcfo ~f|p ij âfka Ki|~{ {a|zcka% Iq| difo

c{ pi dcza siq aeiqdb {gcoo{ fe` ceji|mfpcie pi fooit siq pi

ocza fe` ti|g ajjakp czaos ce Kbf`% Ce ìced pbfp / ta lqco ie

pba ar~a|caeka{ fe` ar~a|pc{a siq l|ced pi pba âfka Ki|~{%

Ta fepckc~fpa pbfp siq tcoo f~~|ifkb siq| p|fceced tcpb fe

i~ae mce`/ f à{c|a pi oaf|e/ fe` f tcoocedea{{ pi lakima

cezioza`% P|fceaa{ ijjckcfoos lakima Zioqepaa|{ fjpa|

{qkka{{jqo kim~oapcie ij p|fceced%

Pba 66-taag p|fceced tcoo ~|izcà siq pba i~~i|pqecps pi oaf|e

eat {gcoo{ fe` ~|fkpcka pbam f{ pbas f~~os pi Kbf`% Siq tcoo

|akacza p|fceced fe` i|caepfpcie ce ofedqfda/ k|i{{-kqopq|fokimmqeckfpcie/ pba bc{pi|s ij Kbf` fe` cp{ ~ai~oa/

àzaoi~maep c{{qa{/ bafopb fe` ~a|{iefo {fjaps/ fe` pakbeckfo

{gcoo{ ~a|pceaep pi siq| {~akcjck f{{cdemaep% Pba {gcoo{ siq

oaf|e tcoo {a|za f{ pba jiqe`fpcie q~ie tbckb siq tcoo lqco

siq| ar~a|caeka f{ f Zioqepaa| ce Kbf`%

P|fceced tcoo kimlcea {p|qkpq|a` kof{{|iim {pq`s/ `c|akpa`

{pq`s/ fe` ceà~aeàep {pq`s/ tcpb pba mfrcmqm ~i{{cloa

eqmla| ij biq|{ {~aep iqp ij pba kof{{|iim% Fp pba iqp{ap ij

p|fceced/ pba p|fceced {pfjj tcoo iqpocea pba p|fceced difo{ pbfp

afkb p |fceaa bf{ pi |afkb laji|a lakimced f Zioqepaa| fe`

pba k|cpa|cf pbfp tcoo la q{a` pi f{{a{{ fkbcazamaep ij pbi{a

difo{% Azfoqfpcie ij siq| ~a|ji|mfeka `q|ced p|fceced c{ f

kiepceqfo ~|ika{{ lf{a` ie f `cfoidqa laptaae siq fe` pba

p|fceced {pfjj% Pba p|fceced `c|akpi|/ foied tcpb pba ofedqfda/

pakbeckfo/ fe` k|i{{-kqopq|fo p|fcea|{/ tcoo ti|g tcpb siq

pitf|` pba bcdba{p ~i{{cloa fkbcazamaep ij p|fceced difo{ ls

~|izc`ced siq tcpb jaa`lfkg pb|iqdbiqp siq| p|fceced% Fjpa|

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@ ;;


36/87

ÂFKA KI\^[;0

{qkka{{jqo kim~oapcie ij ~|a-{a|zcka p|fceced/ siq tcoo la

{ti|e ce f{ f Zioqepaa| fe` mfga pba jcefo ~|a~f|fpcie{ ji|

à~f|pq|a pi siq| {cpa%

Pakbeckfo P|fceced

Pakbeckfo p|fceced tcoo ~|a~f|a siq pi ti|g ce Kbf` ls

lqco`ced ie pba {gcoo{ siq fo|af`s bfza fe` bao~ced siq

àzaoi~ eat {gcoo{ ce f mfeea| f~~|i~|cfpa pi pba eaa`{ ij pba

kiqep|s% Pba âfka Ki|~{)Kbf` {pfjj fe` oikfo Kbf`cfe

ar~a|p{ tcoo kie`qkp pba p |fceced ~|id|fm% P|fceced ~ofka{

d|afp am~bf{c{ ie oaf|eced bit pi p |fe{ja| pba {gcoo{ siq bfza

pi p ba kimmqecps ce tbckb siq tcoo {a|za f{ f Zioqepaa|%

Pakbeckfo p|fceced tcoo cekoqà {a{{cie{ ie pba daea|fo

akieimck fe` ~iocpckfo aezc|iemaep ce Kbf` fe` {p|fpadca{ ji|

ti|gced tcpbce {qkb f j|fmati|g% Siq tcoo |azcat siq|

pakbeckfo {akpi|{ difo{ fe` tcoo maap tcpb pba Kbf`cfe

fdaekca{ fe` i|dfecxfpcie{ pbfp cezcpa` pba âfka Ki|~{ pif{{c{p pbam% Siq tcoo la {q~~i|pa` fe` azfoqfpa` pb|iqdbiqp

pba p|fceced pi lqco` pba kiejcàeka fe` {gcoo{ siq eaa` pi

qeà|pfga siq| ~|ihakp fkpczcpca{ fe` la f ~|i`qkp cza mamla|

ij siq| kimmqecps%

Ofedqfda P|fceced

F{ f âfka Ki|~{ Zioqepaa|/ siq tcoo jce` pbfp ofedqfda {gcoo{f|a pba gas pi ~a|{iefo fe` ~|ija{{ciefo {fpc{jfkpcie `q|ced

siq| {a|zcka% Pba{a {gcoo{ f|a k|cpckfo pi siq| hil ~a|ji|mfeka/

pbas bao~ siq cepad|fpa cepi siq| kimmqecps/ fe` pbas kfe

af{a siq| ~a|{iefo f`f~pfpcie pi pba eat {q||iqe`ced{%

Pba|aji|a/ ofedqfda p|fceced c{ pba baf|p ij pba p |fceced

~|id|fm/ fe` siq mq{p {qkka{{jqoos maap mcecmqm ofedqfda

|avqc|amaep{ pi kim~oapa p |fceced fe` lakima f Zioqepaa|%

Kbf`cfe ofedqfda ce{p|qkpi|{ p afkb ji|mfo ofedqfda kof{{a{

jcza `fs{ f taag ce {mfoo d|iq~{ ij jiq| pi jcza ~ai~oa%


37/87

Siq| ofedqfda p|fceced tcoo ceki|~i|fpa f kimmqecps-lf{a`

f~~|ifkb% Ce f``cpcie pi kof{{|iim p cma/ siq tcoo la dczae

f{{cdemaep{ pi ti|g ie iqp {cà ij pba kof{{|iim fe` tcpbsiq| bi{p jfmcos% Pba difo c{ pi dap siq pi f ~icep ij lf{ck

{ikcfo kimmqeckfpcie {gcoo{ {i pbfp siq kfe ~|fkpcka fe`

àzaoi~ ofedqfda {gcoo{ jq|pba| ie siq| ite% ^|ci| pi laced

{ti|e ce f{ f Zioqepaa|/ siq tcoo ti|g ie {p|fpadca{ pi

kiepceqa ofedqfda {pq`ca{ `q|ced siq| pti saf|{ ij {a|zcka%

K|i{{-Kqopq|fo P|fceced

F{ ~f|p ij siq| ~|a-{a|zcka p|fceced/ siq tcoo ocza tcpb f

Kbf`cfe bi{p jfmcos% Pbc{ ar~a|caeka c{ à{cdea` pi af{a siq|

p|fe{cpcie pi ocja fp siq| {cpa% Jfmcoca{ bfza diea pb|iqdb fe

i|caepfpcie kie`qkpa` ls âfka Ki|~{)Kbf` {pfjj pi ar~ofce

pba ~q|~i{a ij ~|a-{a|zcka p|fceced fe` pi f{{c{p pbam ce

bao~ced siq f`f~p pi oczced ce Kbf`% Mfes Zioqepaa|{ ji|m

{p|ied fe` of{pced j|cae`{bc~{ tcpb pbac| bi{p jfmcoca{%

K|i{{-kqopq|fo fe` kimmqecps àzaoi~maep p|fceced tcoo bao~

siq cm~|iza siq| kimmqeckfpcie {gcoo{ fe` qeà|{pfe` siq|

|ioa f{ f jfkcocpfpi| ij àzaoi~maep % Siq tcoo la ar~i{a` pi

pi~ck{ {qkb f{ kimmqecps milcocxfpcie/ kiejockp |a{ioqpcie/

daeà| fe` àzaoi~maep/ eieji|mfo fe` f`qop a`qkfpcie

{p|fpadca{/ fe` ~iocpckfo {p|qkpq|a{%

Bafopb P|fceced

@q|ced ~|a-{a|zcka p|fceced/ siq tcoo la dczae lf{ck ma`ckfo

p|fceced fe` ceji|mfpcie% Siq tcoo la ar~akpa` pi ~|fkp cka

~|azaep cza bafopb kf|a fe` pi pfga |a{~ie{clcocps ji| siq| ite

bafopb ls f`ba|ced pi foo ma`ckfo ~iockca{% P|fceaa{ f|a

|avqc|a` pi fp pae` foo ma`ckfo {a{{cie{% Pba pi~ck{ cekoqà

~|azaepcza bafopb maf{q|a{ fe` mcei| fe` mfhi| ma`ckfo

c{{qa{ pbfp siq mcdbp aekiqepa| tbcoa ce Kbf`% Eqp| cpcie/

maepfo bafopb/ {fjaps fe` {akq|cps/ {appced q~ f {fja oczced



38/87

ÂFKA KI\^[

kim~iqe`/ fe` bit pi fzic BCZ)FC@[ fe` ipba| {arqfoos

p|fe{mcppa` `c{af{a{ "[P@{# f|a fo{i kiza|a`%

[fjaps P|fceced

@q|ced pba {fjaps p|fceced {a{{cie{/ siq tcoo oaf|e bit pi

fì~p f ocja{psoa pbfp |a`qka{ siq| | c{g{ fp bima/ fp ti|g/ fe`

`q|ced siq| p |fzao{% Siq tcoo fo{i oaf|e f~~|i~|cfpa/ ajjakpcza

{p|fpadca{ ji| ki~ced tcpb qetfepa` fppaepcie fe` fliqp siq|

ce`czc`qfo |a{~ie{clcocps ji| ~|imipced {fjaps pb|iqdbiqp siq|

{a|zcka%

F``cpciefo P|fceced{ @q|ced Zioqepaa| [a|zcka

Ce cp{ kimmcpmaep pi ce{pcpqpciefocxa vqfocps p|fceced/ pba

âfka Ki|~{ bf{ cm~oamaepa` f p|fceced {s{pam pbfp ~|izcà{

Zioqepaa|{ tcpb kiepceqfo i~~i|pqecpca{ pi arfmcea pbac|

kimmcpmaep pi âfka Ki|~{ {a|zcka tbcoa cek|af{ced pbac|

pakbeckfo fe` k|i{{-kqopq|fo {gcoo{% @q|ced siq| {a|zcka/ pba|a

f|a q{qfoos pb|aa p|fceced azaep {% Pba p cpoa{ fe` ilhakpcza{ ji|

pbi{a p|fceced{ f|a f{ jiooit{8

Ce -{a|zcka p|fce ce d8 ^|izc a{ fe i~~i|pqecps ji|

Zioqepaa|{ pi q~d|fà pbac| pakbeckfo/ ofedqfda/ fe`

~|ihakp àzaoi~maep {gcoo{ tbcoa {bf|ced pbac|

ar~a|caeka{ fe` |afjjc|mced pbac| kimmcpmaep fjpa|bfzced {a|za` ji| pb|aa pi {cr miepb{%

Mc`pa|m kie ja|ae ka "ìea ce kiehqekpcie tcpb

pakbeckfo {akpi| ce-{a|zcka# 8 F{{c{p{ Zioqepaa|{ ce

|azcatced pbac| jc|{p saf|/ |af{{a{{ced pbac| ~a|{iefo fe`

~|ihakp ilhakpcza{/ fe` ~ofeeced ji| pbac| {akie` saf| ij

{a|zcka%

Koi{a ij {a|zcka kieja|aeka8 ^|a~f|a{ Zioqepaa|{ ji|

pba jqpq|a fjpa| âfka Ki|~{ {a|zcka fe` |azcat{ pbac|

|a{~akpcza ~|ihakp{ fe` ~a|{iefo ar~a|caeka{%

;:


39/87

Pba eqmla|/ oaedpb/ fe` à{cde ij pba{a p|fceced{ f|a f`f~pa`

pi kiqep |s-{~akcjck eaa`{ fe` kie`cpcie{% Pba gas pi pba

p|fceced {s{pam c{ pbfp p|fceced azaep{ f|a cepad|fpa` fe`cepa||aofpa`/ j|im pba ~|a-à~f|pq|a i|caepfp cie pb|iqdb pba

ae` ij siq| {a|zcka/ fe` f|a ~ofeea`/ cm~oamaepa`/ fe`

azfoqfpa` kii~a|fpczaos ls pba p|fceced {pfjj/ âfka

Ki|~{)Kbf` {pfjj/ fe` Zioqepaa|{%



40/87


41/87

SIQ\ BAFOPB KF\A FE@

[FJAPS CE KBF@Pba âfka Ki|~{ bcdba{p ~|ci|cps c{ mfcepfceced pba dii`

bafopb fe` {fjaps ij aza|s Zioqepaa|% âfka Ki|~{ ma`ckfo

~|id|fm{ am~bf{cxa pba ~|azaepcza/ |fpba| pbfe pba kq|fpcza/

f~~|ifkb pi `c{af{a% Pba âfka Ki|~{)Kbf` mfcepfce{ f koceck

tcpb f jqoo-pcma ma`ckfo ijjcka|/ tbi p fga{ kf|a ij Zioqepaa|{~|cmf|s bafopb-kf|a eaa`{% F``cpciefo ma`ckfo {a|zcka{/ {qkb

f{ pa{pced fe` lf{ck p|afpmaep / f|a fo{i fzfcofloa ce Kbf` fp

~|czfpa koceck{% Cj siq lakima {a|ciq{os coo/ siq tcoo la

p|fe{~i|pa` acpba| pi fe Fma|ckfe-{pfe`f|` ma`ckfo jfkcocps ce

pba |adcie i| pi pba Qecpa` [pfpa{%

Bafopb C{{qa{ ce Kbf`

Mfhi| bafopb ~|iloam{ fmied Zioqepaa|{ ce Kbf` f|a |f|a fe`

f|a q{qfoos ~|azaepfloa% Pba mi{p kimmie mcei| bafopb

c{{qa{ f|a {cmcof| pi pbi{a jiqe` ce pba Qecpa` [pfpa{/ {qkb f{

kio`{/ `cf||baf/ kie{pc~fpcie/ {gce cejakpcie{/ {ceq{ cejakpcie{/

baf`fkba{/ àepfo ~|iloam{/ mcei| cehq|ca{/ [P@{/ amipciefo

~|iloam{/ fe` fokibio flq{a% Pba{a ~|iloam{ mfs la mi|aj|avqaep i| kim~iqeà` ls ocja ce Kbf` lakfq{a ka|pfce

aezc|iemaepfo jfkpi|{ |fc{a pba |c{g i| arfka|lfpa pba {aza|cps

ij cooea{{a{ fe` cehq|ca{%

Mfhi| bafopb kieka|e{ ce Kbf` cekoqà mfof|cf/ fmialck

`s{aepa|s/ ba~fpcpc{/ fe` BCZ)FC@[% Lakfq{a mfof|cf c{

aeàmck ce Kbf`/ pfgced fep cmfof|cfo ~coo{ c{ mfe`fpi|s% Siq

tcoo la zfkkcefpa` fdfce{p ba~fp cpc{ F fe` L/ maecedcpc{ F fe`

K/ pa pfeq{)`c~bpba|cf/ ps~bic`/ fe` |flca{% Siq kfe ~|azaep

fmialck `s{aepa|s ls pbi|iqdbos tf{bced fe` `|sced j|qcp{

fe` zadapfloa{ fe` ls `|cegced ieos licoa` fe` jcopa|a` tfpa|%



42/87

Bao~ced Siq [pfs Bafopbs

Pba âfka Ki|~{ tcoo ~|izcà siq tcpb foo pba eaka{{f|s

ceikqofpcie{/ ma`ckfpcie{/ fe` ceji|mfpcie pi {pfs bafopbs%

Q~ie siq| f||czfo ce Kbf`/ siq tcoo |akacza f ma`ckfo

bfe`liig fe` f ma`ckfo gcp tcpb {q~~oca{ pi pfga kf|a ij mco`

cooea{{a{ fe` jc|{p -fc eaa`{% Pba kiepaep{ ij pba gcp f|a oc{pa`

ofpa| ce pbc{ kbf~pa|%

Siq f|a |a{~ie{cloa ji| ~|izc`ced siq| ite {q~~os ij

~|a{k|c~pcie ma`ckfpcie{ `q|ced p|fceced% ôaf{a l|ced f pb|aa-miepb {q~~os ij fes ~|a{k|c~pcie `|qd{ siq |avqc|a/ {ceka

pbas mfs eip la fzfcofloa ba|a fe` cp mfs pfga {aza|fo miepb{

ji| {bc~maep{ pi f||cza%

Siq tcoo bfza ~bs{ckfo{ fp mc`-{a|zcka fe` fp pba ae` ij siq|

{a|zcka% Cj siq àzaoi~ f {a|ciq{ ma`ckfo ~|iloam `q|ced siq|

{a|zcka/ pba ma`ckfo ijjcka| ce Kbf` tcoo kie{qop tcpb pba

Ijjcka ij Ma`ckfo [a|zcka{ ce Tf{bcedpie/ @%K% Cj cp c{

àpa|mcea` pbfp siq| kie`cpcie kfeeip la p|afpa` ce Kbf`/

siq mfs la {aep iqp ij pba kiqep|s ji| jq|pba| azfoqfpcie fe`

kf|a%

Mfcepfceced Siq| Bafopb

F{ f Zioqepaa|/ siq mq{p fkka~p f ka|pfce fmiqep ij

|a{~ie{clcocps ji| siq| ite bafopb% ^|i~a| ~|akfqpcie{ tcoo

{cdecjckfepos |a`qka siq| | c{g ij {a| ciq{ cooea{{ i| cehq|s% Pba

io` f`fda Fe iqeka ij ~|azaepcie lakima{ arp|amaos

cm~i|pfep ce f|af{ tba|a `cfdei{pck fe` p |afpmaep jfkcocpca{

f|a eip q~ pi pba {pfe`f|`{ ij pba Qecpa` [pfpa{% Pba mi{p

cm~i|pfep ij siq| |a{~ie{clcocpca{ ce Kbf` c{ pi pfga ~|azaepcza

maf{q|a{ ji| pba jiooitced8

Siq tcoo la {a|zced ce fe f|af tba|a mfof|cf/ f mi{vqcpi-li|ea

`c{af{a/ c{ ~|azfoaep % Pi {q~~|a{{ mfof|cf/ siq mq{p pfga fe

ÂFKA KI\^[0>


43/87

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@

f~~|iza` fep cmfof|cfo `|qd/ q{qfoos majoivqcea% Majoivqcea

kima{ ce md pfloap{ pi la pfgae ie pba {fma `fs ieka f

taag% Pba fepclcipck ìrskskocea kfe fo{i la q{a` ji| mfof|cf~|i~bsofrc{ lqp c{ eip f{ ajjakp cza f{ majoivqcea% Siq mq{p

ladce pfgced fepcmfof|cfo ma`ckfpcie laji|a siq oafza pba

Qecpa` [pfpa{/ qeoa{{ siq bfza kiep|fce`ckfpcie{/ fe`

kiepceqa pfgced cp pb|iqdbiqp siq| {a|zcka fe` ji| jiq| taag{

fjpa| siq oafza f mfof|cfo f|af% Ce f``cpcie/ pi a|f`ckfpa fes

|amfceced mfof|cf ~f|f{cpa{ siq mfs bfza fkvqc|a`/ siq mq{p

pfga feipba| fep cmfof|cfo |qd "~|cmfvqcea# / ieka f `fs ji|

60 `fs{/ tbae siq oafza âfka Ki|~{ {a|zcka%

Mfes cooea{{a{ pbfp fjjockp Zioqepaa|{ ti|o`tcà f|a aepc|aos

~|azaepfloa cj ~|i~a| jii` fe` tfpa| ~|akfqpcie{ f|a pfgae%

Pba{a cooea{{a{ cekoqà jii` ~ic{ieced/ ~f|f{cpck cejakpcie{/

ba~fpcpc{ F/ `s{aepa|s/ Dqceaf ti|m{/ pf~ati|m{/ fe`

ps~bic` jaza|% Siq| ma`ckfo ijjcka| tcoo c{kq{{ {~akcjck

{pfe`f|`{ ji| tfpa| fe` jii` ~|a~f|fpcie ce Kbf` `q|ced ~|a-

{a|zcka p|fceced%

Fl{pceaeka c{ pba ieos ka|pfce kbicka ji| ~|azaepced cejakpcie

tcpb BCZ fe` ipba| [P@{% Siq f|a pfgced |c{g{ cj siq kbii{a pi

la {arqfoos fkpcza% Pi oa{{ae |c{g/ q{a f kieìm aza|s pcma

siq bfza {ar% Tbapba| siq| ~f|pea| c{ f bi{p kiqep|s kcpcxae/

f jaooit Zioqepaa|/ i| fesiea ao{a/ ì eip f{{qma pbc{ ~a|{iec{ j|aa ij BCZ)FC@[ i| ipba| [P@{% Siq tcoo |akacza mi|a

ceji|mfpcie j|im pba ma`ckfo ijjcka| fliqp pbc{ cm~i|pfep

c{{qa%

Zioqepaa|{ f|a ar~akpa` pi f`ba|a pi fe ajjakpcza mafe{ ij

lc|pb kiep |io pi ~|azaep fe qe~ofeea` ~|adefeks% Siq|

ma`ckfo ijjcka| kfe bao~ siq àkcà ie pba mi{p f~~|i~|cfpa

mapbi` pi {qcp siq| ce`czc`qfo eaa`{% Kiep|fka~p cza mapbi`{

f|a fzfcofloa tcpbiqp kbf|da j|im pba ma`ckfo ijjcka|%

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44/87

ÂFKA KI\^[

Cp c{ k|cpckfo pi siq| bafopb pbfp siq ~|im~pos |a~i|p pi pba

ma`ckfo ijjcka i| ipba| à{cdefpa` jfkcocps ji| {kba`qoa`

cmmqecxfpcie{/ fe` pbfp siq oap pba ma`ckfo ijjcka| geitcmma`cfpaos ij {cdecjckfep cooea{{a{ fe` cehq|ca{%

Timae{ Bafopb Ceji|mfpcie

^|adefeks c{ p|afpa` ce pba {fma mfeea| f{ ipba| Zioqepaa|

bafopb kie`cpcie{ pbfp |avqc|a ma`ckfo fppaepcie lqp fo{i bfza

~|id|fmmfpck |fmcjckfpcie{% Pba âfka Ki|~{ c{ |a{~ie{cloaji| àpa|mceced pba ma`ckfo |c{g fe` pba fzfcoflcocps ij

f~~|i~|cfpa ma`ckfo kf|a cj pba Zioqepaa| |amfce{ ce-kiqep|s%

Dczae pba kc|kqm{pfeka{ qeà| tbckb Zioqepaa|{ ocza fe`

ti|g ce âfka Ki|~{ kiqep|ca{/ cp c{ |f|a pbfp pba âfka Ki|~{

ma`ckfo fe` ~|id|fmmfpck {pfe`f|`{ ji| kiepceqa` {a|zcka

`q|ced ~|adefeks kfe la map%

Cj jamcecea bsdcaea ~|i`qkp{ f|a eip fzfcofloa ji| siq pi

~q|kbf{a ie pba oikfo mf|gap/ pba âfka Ki|~{ ma`ckfo ijjcka|

ce Kbf` tcoo ~|izcà pbam% Cj siq |avqc|a f {~akcjck ~|i`qkp/

~oaf{a l|ced f pb|aa-miepb {q~~os tcpb siq%

Siq| âfka Ki|~{ Ma`ckfo Gcp

Pba âfka Ki|~{ ma`ckfo ijjcka| ~|izcà{ Zioqepaa|{ tcpb f

ma`ckfo gcp pbfp kiepfce{ lf{ck cpam{ eaka{{f|s pi ~|azaep fe`

p|afp cooea{{a{ pbfp mfs ikkq| `q|ced {a|zcka% Gcp cpam{ kfe la

~a|ci`ckfoos |a{pikga` fp pba ma`ckfo ijjcka%

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Fka lfe`fda{

F`ba{cza pf~aFm a| ckfe \a` K|i{{ Jc|{p Fc ` * [fjaps Bfe `liig

Fepfkc` pfloap{ "Pqm{#

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Fepclcipck icepmaep "Lfkcp|fkce)Eaimskce)^iosmskce L#

Fepc{a~pck fepcmck|ilcfo {gce koafea| "Bclckoae{#

Lfe`-Fc`{Lqppa|jos koi{q|a{

Kfofmcea oipcie

Ka~fkio oixaeda{

Kie`im{

@aepfo joi{{

@c~baebs`|fmcea BKO


46/87

siq| |aki|`{% Cj siq| àepc{p i| âfka Ki|~{ àepfo kie{qopfep

bf{ |akimmaeà` pbfp siq qeà|di àepfo p|afpmaep i|

|a~fc|/ siq mq{p kim~oapa pbfp ti|g fe` mfga {q|a siq|àepc{p {ae`{ |avqa{pa` kiejc|mfpcie |a~i|p{ i| R-|fs{ pi pba

Ijjcka ij Ma`ckfo [a|zcka{%

Cj siq tc{b pi fzic` bfzced `q~ockfpa zfkkcefpcie{/ kiepfkp

siq| ~bs{ckcfe{ ijjcka/ ilpfce f ki~s ij siq| cmmqecxfpcie

|aki|`/ fe` l|ced cp pi siq| ~|a-à~f|pq|a i|caepfpcie% Cj siq

bfza fes cmmqecxfpcie{ ~|ci| pi âfka Ki|~{ {a|zcka/ pba

âfka Ki|~{ kfeeip |acmlq|{a siq ji| pba ki{p% Pba âfka

Ki|~{ tcoo ~|izc a foo pba cmmqecxfpcie{ eaka{{f|s ji| siq|

iza|{af{ f{{cdemaep fp siq| ~|a-à~f|pq|a i|caepfpcie fe`

{bi|pos fjpa| siq f||cza ce Kbf`% Siq ì eip eaa` pi ladce

pfgced mfof|cf ma`ckfpcie ~|ci| pi siq| ~|a-à~f|pq|a

i|caepfpcie%

L|ced f pb|aa-miepb {q~~os ij fes ~|a{k|c~pcie i| iza|-pba-kiqepa| ma`ckfpcie siq q{a ie f |adqof| lf{c{/ cekoq`ced lc|pb

kiep|io ~coo{% Fopbiqdb pba âfka Ki|~{ kfeeip |acmlq|{a siq

ji| pbc{ pb|aa-miepb {q~~os/ ta tcoo i|à| |ajcoo{ `q|ced siq|

{a|zcka% Tbcoa ftfcpced {bc~maeptbckb kfe pfga {aza|fo

miepb{siq tcoo la à~aeàep ie siq| ite ma`ckfpcie

{q~~os% Pba âfka Ki|~{ tcoo eip ~fs ji| ba|lfo i|

eie~|a{k|cla` ma`ckfpcie{/ {qkb f{ [p% Hibe{ ti|p/doqki{fmcea/ {aoaecqm/ i| fep circ`fep {q~~oamaep{%

Siq f|a aekiq|fda` pi l|ced ki~ca{ ij ma`ckfo ~|a{k|c~pcie{

{cdea` ls siq| ~bs{ckcfe% Pbc{ c{ eip f |avqc|amaep / lqp pbas

mcdbp kima ce bfe`s cj siq f|a vqa{p ciea` ce p |fe{cp fliqp

kf||sced f pb|aa-miepb {q~~os ij ~|a{k|c~pcie `|qd{%

Cj siq taf| asadof{{a{/ l|ced pti ~fc|{ tcpb siqf ~fc| fe` f{~f|a% Cj f ~fc| l|afg{/ pba âfka Ki|~{ tcoo |a~ofka cp/ q{ced

pba ceji|mfpcie siq| ìkpi| ce pba Qecpa` [pfpa{ ~|izcà` ie

ÂFKA KI\^[00


47/87


pba asadof{{a{ ji|m `q|ced siq| arfmcefpcie% Ta `c{kiq|fda

siq j|im q{ced kiepfkp oae{a{ `q|ced siq| {a|zcka pi |a`qka

siq| |c{g ij àzaoi~ced f {a|ciq{ cejakpcie i| ipba| asa`c{af{a% Mi{p âfka Ki|~{ kiqep|ca{ ì eip bfza f~~|i~|cfpa

tfpa| fe` {fecpfpcie pi {q~~i|p asa kf|a tcpb pba q{a ij

kiepfkp oae{a{% Pba âfka Ki|~{ tcoo eip {q~~os i| |a~ofka

kiepfkp oae{a{ i| f{{ikcfpa` {ioqpcie{ qeoa{{ fe

i~bpbfomioidc{p bf{ |akimmaeà` pbac| q{a ji| f {~akcjck

ma`ckfo kie`cpcie fe` pba âfka Ki|~{ Ijjcka ij Ma`ckfo

[a|zcka{ bf{ dczae f~~|izfo%

Cj siq f|a aocdcloa ji| Ma`ckf|a/ f|a iza| 1> saf|{ ij fda/ i|

bfza f bafopb kie`cpcie pbfp mfs |a{p|ckp siq| jqpq|a

~f|p ckc~fpcie ce bafopb-kf|a ~ofe{/ siq mfs tc{b pi kie{qop fe

ce{q|feka {~akcfoc{p fliqp qecvqa kiza|fda eaa`{ laji|a siq|

à~f|pq|a% Pba âfka Ki|~{ tcoo ~|izcà foo eaka{{f|s bafopb

kf|a j|im pba pcma siq oafza ji| siq| ~|a-à~f|pq|a

i|caepfpcie qepco siq kim~oapa siq| {a|zcka% Tbae siq jcec{b/

siq tcoo la aep cpoa` pi pba ~i{p-{a|zcka bafopb-kf|a laeajcp{

à{k|cla` ce pba âfka Ki|~{ Zioqepaa| Bfe`liig% Siq mfs

tc{b pi kie{cà| gaa~ced fe arc{pced bafopb ~ofe ce ajjakp

`q|ced siq| {a|zcka cj siq pbceg fda i| ~|aarc{pced kie`cpcie{

mcdbp ~|azaep siq j|im |aae|iooced ce siq| kq||aep ~ofe tbae

siq |apq|e bima%

[fjaps fe` [akq|cpsIq| ^f|pea|{bc~

[a|zced f{ f Zioqepaa| iza|{af{ aepfco{ ka|pfce {fjaps fe`

{akq|cps |c{g{% Oczced fe` p|fzaoced ce fe qejfmcocf|

aezc|iemaep/ f ocmcpa` qeà|{pfe`ced ij pba oikfo ofedqfda

fe` kqopq|a/ fe` pba ~a|ka~pcie ij laced f tafopbs Fma|ckfe

f|a {ima ij pba jfkpi|{ pbfp kfe ~qp f Zioqepaa| fp |c{g% âpps

pbajp{ fe` lq|dof|ca{ f|a eip qekimmie% Cekcàep{ ij ~bs{ckfo

fe` {arqfo f{{fqop ì ikkq|/ fopbiqdb fomi{p foo Zioqepaa|{

kim~oapa pbac| pti saf|{ ij {a|zcka tcpbiqp {a|ciq{ ~a|{iefo


48/87

ÂFKA KI\^[

{fjaps ~|iloam{% Ce f``cpcie/ mi|a pbfe 2; ~a|kaep ij

Zioqepaa|{ {q|zasa` {fs pbas tiqo` hice pba âfka Ki|~{

fdfce%

Pba âfka Ki|~{ f~~|ifkba{ {fjaps fe` {akq|cps f{ f

~f|pea|{bc~ tcpb siq% Pbc{ Taokima Liig kiepfce{ {akpcie{

ie8 Oczced Kie`cpcie{ fe` Zioqepaa| Ocja{psoa7 âfka Ki|~{

P|fceced7 fe` Siq| Bafopb Kf|a fe` [fjaps% Foo ij pba{a

{akpcie{ cekoqà cm~i|pfep {fjaps ceji|mfpcie%

Pba âfka Ki|~{ mfga{ aza|s ajji|p pi dcza Zioqepaa|{ pbapiio{ pbas eaa` pi jqekpcie ce pba {fja{p fe` mi{p {akq|a tfs

~i{{cloa/ lakfq{a ti|gced pi mfrcmcxa pba {fjaps fe` {akq|cps

ij Zioqepaa|{ c{ iq| bcdba{p ~|ci|cps% Eip ieos ì ta ~|izcà

siq tcpb p|fceced fe` piio{ pi ~|a~f|a ji| pba qear~akpa`/ lqp

ta pafkb siq pi càepcjs fe` mfefda pba | c{g{ siq mfs

aekiqepa|%

Jfkpi|{ pbfp Kiep|clqpa pi Zioqepaa| \c{g

Pba|a f|a {aza|fo jfkpi|{ pbfp kfe bacdbpae f Zioq e paa|{

|c{g/ m fe s ij tbckb f|a ce pba Zioq e paa|{ kiep|io% Lf{a`

ie ceji|mfpcie dfpba|a` j|im cekcàep |a~i|p{ ti|o tcà ce

>;/ pba jiooitced jfkpi|{ {pfe` iqp f{ |c{g kbf|fkpa|c{pck{ ji|

f{{fqop{% F{{fqop{ kie{c{p ij ~a|{iefo k|cma{ kimmcppa`

fdfce{p Zioqepaa|{/ fe` ì eip cekoqà ~|i~a|ps k|cma{ " {qkb

f{ zfe`foc{m i| pbajp# %

Oikfpcie8 Mi{p k|cma{ ikkq||a` tbae Zioqepaa|{ ta|a ce

~qlock f|af{ "a%d%/ {p|aap / ~f|g/ lafkb/ ~qlock lqco`ced{# %

[~akcjckfoos/ 04 ~a|kaep ij f{{fqop{ piig ~ofka tbae

Zioqepaa|{ ta|a ftfs j|im pbac| {cpa{%

Pcma ij fs8 F{{fqop{ q{qfoos piig ~ofka ie pba taagae`

`q|ced pba ofpa azaeced laptaae 6>8>> ~%m% fe` ;8>> f%m%mi{p ijpae ikkq||ced f|iqe` 68>> f%m%

Fl{aeka ij ipba|{8 Mi|a pbfe 41 ~a|kaep ij k|cma cekcàep{

ikkq||a` tbae f Zioqepaa| tf{ qefkkim~feca`%

0:


49/87

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@

\aofpcie{bc~ pi f{{fcofep8 Ce mi{p f{{fqop{/ pba Zioqepaa|

`c` eip geit pba f{{fcofep%

Kie{qm~pcie ij fokibio8 Fomi{p f pbc|` ij foo f{{fqop{cezioza` fokibio kie{qm~p cie ls Zioqepaa|{ fe`)i|

f{{fcofep{

[qmmf|s [p|fpadca{ pi \a`qka \c{g

Laji|a fe` `q|ced {a|zcka/ siq| p|fceced tcoo f``|a{{ pba{a

f|af{ ij kieka|e {i pbfp siq kfe |a`qka pba |c{g{ siq jfka%

Ji| arfm~oa/ ba|a f|a {ima {p|fpadca{ Zioqepaa|{ am~ois8

[p|fpadca{ pi |a`qka pba |c{g)cm~fkp ij pbajp8

Geit pba aezc|iemaep fe` kbii{a {fja |iqpa{)pcma{ ji|

p|fzao

Fzic` bcdb-k|cma f|af{ ~a| âfka Ki|~{ dqc`feka

Geit pba zikflqof|s pi dap bao~ ce fe ama|daeks

Kf||s zfoqfloa{ ce `cjja|aep ~ikgap{)~ofka{ Kf||s f qmms tfooap f{ f àkis

[p|fpadca{ pi |a`qka pba |c{g)cm~fkp ij lq|dof|s8

Ocza tcpb f oikfo jfmcos i| ie f jfmcos kim~iqe`

^qp {p |ied oikg{ ie ìi|{ fe` gaa~ zfoqfloa{ ce f oikg lir

i| p|qeg

Oafza c||a~ofkafloa ilhakp{ fp bima ce pba Q%[% Jiooit âfka Ki|~{ dqc aocea{ ie mfcepfceced bima

{akq|cps

[p|fpadca{ pi |a`qka pba | c{g)cm~fkp ij f{{fqop8

Mfga oikfo j|cae`{

Mfga {q|a siq| f~~af|feka c{ |a{~akpjqo ij oikfo kq{pim{7

ìep `|ft eadfpcza fppaepcie pi siq|{aoj ls taf|cedcef~~|i~|cfpa koipbced

Dap pi geit oikfo ijjckcfo{/ ~iocka/ fe` eacdbli|{

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50/87

P|fzao tcpb {imaiea tbaeaza| ~i{{cloa

Fzic geite bcdb k|cma f|af{

Ocmcp fokibio kie{qm~pcie

[q~~i|p j|im [pfjj

Ce Mf|kb >;/ pba âfka Ki|~{ k|afpa` pba Ijjcka ij [fjaps

fe` [akq|cps tcpb cp{ mc{{cie pi ji{pa| cm~|iza`

kimmqeckfpcie/ kii|`cefpcie/ iza|{cdbp/ fe` fkkiqepflcocps ij

foo afka Ki|~{ {fjaps fe` {akq|cps ajji|p{% Pba eat ijjcka c{

oa` ls fe F{{ikcfpa @c|akpi| ji| [fjaps fe` [akq|cps tbi|a~i|p{ pi pba âfka Ki|~{ @c|akpi| fe` cekoqà{ pba

jiooitced `czc{cie{8 Zioqepaa| [fjaps fe` Iza|{af{ [akq|cps7

Ceji|mfpcie fe` â|{ieeao [akq|cps7 fe` Ama|daeks

^|a~f|aèa{{/ ôfe{/ P|fceced fe` Ara|kc{a% Pba {fjaps fe`

{akq|cps pafm fo{i p|fkg{ k|cma {pfp c{pck{/ c aepcjca{ p |ae`{ ce

k|cmcefo fkpczcps/ fe` bcdbocdbp{ ~ipaep cfo {fjaps |c{g{ pi

Zioqepaa|{%

Pba mfhi| |a{~ie{clcocpca{ ij pba Zioqepaa| [fjaps fe`

Iza|{af{ [akq|cps @czc{cie f|a pi kii|`cefpa pba ijjcka{

iza|{af{ i~a|fpcie{ fe` `c|akp pba âfka Ki|~{ {fjaps fe`

{akq|cps ijjcka|{ tbi f|a oikfpa` ce zf|ciq{ |adcie{ f|iqe` pba

ti|o` pbfp bfza âfka Ki|~{ ~|id|fm{% Pba {fjaps fe`

{akq|cps ijjcka|{ kie`qkp {akq|cps f{{a{{maep{7 |azcat {fjaps

p|fceced{7 p|fce p|fcea|{ fe` mfefda|{7 p|fce Zioqepaa| {fjaps

tf|àe{/ oikfo dqf|`{/ fe` {pfjj7 àzaoi~ {akq|cps cekcàep

|a{~ie{a ~|ika`q|a{7 fe` ~|izcà k|c{c{ mfefdamaep {q~~i|p%

Cj f p|fceaa i| Zioqepaa| c{ pba zckpcm ij f {fjaps cekcàep/

âfka Ki|~{ {p fjj c{ ~|a~f|a` pi ~|izc a {q~~i|p% Foo âfka

Ki|~{ ~i{p{ bfza ~|ika`q|a{ ce ~ofka pi |a{~ie` pi cekcàep{

ij k|cma kimmcppa` fdfce{p Zioqepaa|{% Pba jc|{p ~|ci|cps ji|foo ~i{p{ ce pba fjpa|mfpb ij fe cekcàep c{ pi ae{q|a pbfp pba

Zioqepaa| c{ {fja fe` |akaczced ma`ckfo p|afpmaep f{ eaaà`%

Fjpa| f{{q|ced pba {fjaps ij pba Zioqepaa|/ âfka Ki|~{ {pfjj

ÂFKA KI\^[02


51/87

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@

~|izcà{ {q~~i|p ls |af{{a{{ced pba Zioqepaa|{ ti|g {cpa fe`

biq{ced f||fedamaep{ fe` mfgced fes f`hq{pmaep{/ f{

eaaà`% Ce {ima kf{a{/ pba efpq|a ij pba cekc aep mfseaka{{cpfpa f {cpa i| biq{ced p|fe{ja|% âfka Ki|~{ {pfjj tcoo

fo{i f{{c{p Zioqepaa|{ tcpb ~|a{a|zced pbac| |cdbp{ pi ~q|{qa

oadfo {fekpcie{ fdfce{p pba ~a|~ap|fpi|{ ij pba k|cma% Cp c{ za|s

cm~i|pfep pbfp Zioqepaa|{ |a~i|p cekcàep{ f{ pbas ikkq|/ eip

ieos pi ~|ipakp pbac| ~aa| Zioqepaa|{/ lqp fo{i pi ~|a{a|za pba

jqpq|a |cdbp pi ~|i{akqpa% [biqo` Zioqepaa|{ àkcà ofpa| ce

pba ~|ika{{ pbfp pbas tfep pi ~|ikaa` tcpb pba ~|i{akqp cie ij

pbac| f{{fcofep/ pbc{ i~p cie mfs ei oieda| arc{p cj pba azc aeka

ij pba azaep bf{ eip laae ~|a{a|za` fp pba p cma ij pba

cekcàep%

Pba jiooitced kiqep|s-{~akcjck `fpf kbf|p laoit {bit{ pba

cekcàeka |fpa{ fe` pba fza|fda eqmla| ij cekcàep{ ij pba

mfhi| ps~a{ ij {fjaps cekcàep{ |a~i|pa` ls âfka Ki|~{

Zioqepaa|{)p|fceaa{ ce Kbf` f{ kim~f|a` pi foo ipba| Fj|ckf

|adcie ~|id|fm{ f{ f tbioa/ j|im 6333->;% Cp c{ ~|a{aepa` pi

siq ce f {imatbfp pakbeckfo mfeea| ji| {pfpc{pckfo fkkq|fks%

Pi jqoos f~~|akcfpa pba kiooakpa` `fpf laoit/ fe ar~ofefpcie ij

pba d|f~b c{ ~|izcà` f{ jiooit{8

Pba cekcàeka |fpa ji| afkb ps~a ij k|cma c{ pba eqmla| ij

k|cma azaep{ |aofpcza pi pba Zioqepaa|)p|fceaa ~i~qofpcie% Cp c{

ar~|a{{a` ie pba kbf|p f{ f |fpci ij k|cma pi Zioqepaa| fe`

p|fceaa saf|{ "i| Z)P-Saf|{/ tbckb c{ f maf{q|a ij 6< jqoo

miepb{ ij Z)P {a|zcka# pi fooit ji| f {pfpc{pckfoos zfoc` tfs pi

kim~f|a k|cma `fpf fk|i{{ kiqep|ca{% Fe cekcàep c{ f

{~akcjck ijjae{a/ ~a| âfka Ki|~{ kof{{cjckfpcie ij ijjae{a{/

fe` mfs cezioza iea i| mi|a Zioqepaa|)p|fceaa zckpcm{% Ji|

arfm~oa/ cj pti Zioqepaa|{ f|a |illa` fp pba {fma pcma fe`

~ofka/ pbc{ c{ kof{{cjca` f{ iea |illa|s cekcàep%

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52/87

AFKA KI\ [1>

6Pba fza|fda eqmla|{ ij cekcàep{ f|a ce ~f|aepba{c{ fe` avqfo pba fza|fda|a~i|pa` f{{fqop{ ji| afkb saf| laptaae 6333->;%

> Zioqepaa|{ fe` p|fceaa{~a| saf| " Z)P Saf|{# % [ceka mi{p {arqfo f{{fqop{ ikkq| fdfce{p jamfoa{/ ieosjamfoa Z)P f|a kfokqofpa` ce |f~a{ fe` mcei| {arqfo f{{fqop{% Eqmla|{ ijcekcàep{ f|a f~~|ircmfpa `qa pi |iqe`ced%

;@fpf kiooakpcie ji| Kbf` ladfe f{ ij >; tbae âfka Ki|~{ p|fceaa{

aepa|a` pba kiqep|s ji| pba eatos |a-i~aea` ~|id|fm%

[iq|ka `fpf ie cekcàep{ f|a `|fte j|im F{{fqop Eipcjckfpcie [q|zacoofeka[s{pam "FE[[# fe` A~càmcioidck [q|zacoofeka [s{pam "A[[# f{ ij 4)0%

Pba kbf|p c{ {a~f|fpa` cepi pba acdbp mi{p kimmieos

ikkq||ced f{{fqop ps~a{% Pba{a cekoqà zfe`foc{m "mfockciq{

àjfkamaep i| `fmfda ij ~|i~a|ps#7 pbajp "pfgced tcpbiqp

ji|ka i| cooadfo aep |s#7 lq|dof|s " ji|kcloa aep |s ij f |a{càeka# 7

|illa|s " pfgced {imapbced ls ji|ka# 7 mcei| ~bs{ckfo f{{fqop

"fppfkgced tcpbiqp f taf~ie tcpb mcei| cehq|ca{# 7 mcei|

{arqfo f{{fqop "jieòced/ d|i~ced/ apk%#7 fdd|fzfpa` f{{fqop

"fppfkgced tcpb f taf~ie/ fe`)i| tcpbiqp f taf~ie tbae

{a|ciq{ cehq|s |a{qop{#7 fe` |f~a "{arqfo cepa|kiq|{a tcpbiqp

kie{aep#%

Tbae fepckc~fpced âfka Ki|~{ Zioqepaa| {a|zcka/ siq {biqo`|azcat foo ij pba {fjaps fe` {akq|cps ceji|mfpcie ~|izcà` pi

siq/ cekoq`ced pba {p|fpadca{ pi |a`qka | c{g% Pb|iqdbiqp siq|

p|fceced fe` Zioqepaa| {a|zcka/ siq tcoo la ar~akpa` pi


53/87


{qkka{{jqoos kim~oapa foo p|fceced kim~apaekca{ ce f zf|caps ij

f|af{ cekoq`ced {fjaps fe` {akq|cps% Ieka ce-kiqep|s/ q{a pba

piio{ fe` ceji|mfpcie {bf|a` tcpb siq pi |amfce f{ {fja fe`{akq|a f{ ~i{{cloa%

[akq|cps C{{qa{ ce Kbf`

Tbae cp kima{ p i siq| {fjaps fe` {akq|cps ce pba âfka Ki|~{/

siq bfza pi la tcooced pi f`f~p siq| labfzci| fe` ocja{psoa pi

mcecmcxa pba ~ipaepcfo ji| laced f pf|dap ji| k|cma% F{ tcpbfestba|a ce pba ti|o`/ k|cma ìa{ arc{p ce Kbf`% Siq kfe

|a`qka siq| |c{g ls fzic`ced {cpqfpcie{ pbfp mfga siq jaao

qekimji|pfloa fe` ls pfgced ~|akfqpcie{% K|cma fp pba zcoofda

i| pite oazao c{ oa{{ j|avqaep pbfe ce pba of|da kcpca{7 ~ai~oa

geit afkb ipba| fe` daea|foos tcoo eip {pafo j|im pbac|

eacdbli|{% Piq|c{p fp p|fkpcie{ ce of|da pite{/ ji| ce{pfeka/ f|a

jfzi|cpa ti|g {cpa{ ji| ~ckg~ikgap {% Pba jiooitced f|a {fjapskieka|e{ ce Kbf` siq {biqo` la ftf|a ij8

Zabckoa fkkcàep{% Pba{a fkkcàep{ f|a pba {cedoa d|afpa{p |c{g

pi siq| {fjaps ce Kbf`% Zioqepaa|{ f|a {p|iedos aekiq|fda` pi

taf| {afplaop{ tbaeaza| pbas f|a fzfcofloa fe` pi fzic` | c`ced

ce iza|k|ità` ~qlock lq{a{ i| zfe{% Lakfq{a ij pba ~ii|

kie`cpcie{ ij |if`{ ce pba cepa|ci| ij pba kiqep|s fe` pba

`feda|iq{ {~aa` fp tbckb mfes zabckoa{ p|fzao/ Zioqepaa|{

f|a `c{kiq|fda` j|im p|fzaoced pi E@hfmaef arka~p tbae

fl{ioqpaos eaka{{f|s%

\illa|s)lq|dof|s% Pba mfhi|cps ij cekcàep{ fmied Zioqepaa|{

pfga ~ofka ce E@hfmaef fe` ipba| of|da pite{/ fe` pbas

fomi{p foo jfoo ce pba daea|fo kfpadi|s ij ~q|{a {efpkbced i|

~ckg~ikgapced% Zioqepaa|{ kfe ~|azaep pba{a cekcàep{ ls eipkf||sced fespbced pbfp |a{amloa{ f ~f{{~i|p ~iqkb/ jfees

~fkg/ i| lfkg~fkg tbae tfogced f|iqe` ìtepite7 fotfs{

p|fzaoced tcpb fp oaf{p iea ipba| ~a|{ie7 fe` eaza| zc{cpced


54/87

^AFKA KI\^[1 ~iqe`{ pipfo tcpb f

mfrcmqm tacdbp fooitfeka ij 1> ~iqe`{ ji| fes iea lfd%

^afka Ki|~{ Zioqepaa|{ f|a eip fooita` pi pfga ~ap{/

taf~ie{/ ar~oi{cza{/ |f`ci p|fe{mcppa|{ " {bi|ptfza |f`ci{ f|a~a|mcppa`#/ fqpimilcoa{/ i| mipi|kskoa{ pi pbac| iza|{af{

f{{cdemaep{% @i eip ~fkg jofmmfloa mfpa|cfo{ i| ocvqc`{ {qkb

f{ ocdbpa| joqc`/ koafeced {iozaep{/ bfc| {~|fs/ i| fa|i{io

kiepfcea|{% Pbc{ c{ fe cm~i|pfep {fjaps ~|akfqpcie%

Tbfp c{ pba aoakp|ck kq||aep ce Kbf`9

Cp c{ ba|px "f{ i~~i{a` pi 66> ziop{/ :> ba|px ce

pba Qecpa` [pfpa{#%

Bit mqkb mieas {biqo` C l|ced9

Zioqepaa|{ f|a ar~akpa` pi ocza fp pba {fma oazao f{ pba ~ai~oa

ce pbac| kimmqecps% Pbas f|a dczae f {appoced-ce fooitfeka fe`

f miepbos oczced fooitfeka/ tbckb {biqo` kiza| pbac|

ar~ae{a{% Ijpae Zioqepaa|{ tc{b pi l|ced f``cpciefo mieas ji|

zfkfpcie p|fzao pi ipba| kiqep|ca{% K|a`cp kf|`{ fe` p|fzaoa|{

kbakg{ f|a ~|aja|floa pi kf{b% Cj siq kbii{a pi l|ced arp|f

mieas/ l|ced pba fmiqep pbfp tcoo {qcp siq| ite p|fzao ~ofe{

fe` eaa`{%

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@ :1


68/87

Tbae kfe C pfga zfkfpcie fe` bfza ~ai~oa zc{cp ma9

Afkb Zioqepaa| fkk|qa{ pti zfkfpcie `fs{ ~a| miepb ij

{a|zcka " arkoq`ced p|fceced# % Oafza mfs eip la p fgae `q|cedp|fceced/ pba jc|{p pb|aa miepb{ ij {a|zcka/ i| pba of{p pb|aa

miepb{ ij {a|zcka/ arka~p ce kiehqekpcie tcpb fe fqpbi|cxa`

ama|daeks oafza% Jfmcos fe` j|cae`{ f|a taokima pi zc{cp siq

fjpa| ~|a-{a|zcka p|fceced fe` pba jc|{p pb|aa miepb{ ij {a|zcka

f{ oied f{ pbac| {pfs ìa{ eip cepa|ja|a tcpb siq| ti|g%

Arpaeà` {pfs{ fp siq| {cpa f|a eip aekiq|fda` fe` mfs

|avqc|a ~a|mc{{cie j|im pba kiqep|s `c|akpi|% Pba âfkaKi|~{ c{ eip floa pi ~|izcà siq| zc{cpi|{ tcpb zc{f/ ma`ckfo/ i|

p|fzao f{{c{pfeka%

Tcoo ms laoiedced{ la kiza|a` ls ce{q|feka9

Pba âfka Ki|~{ ìa{ eip ~|izc a ce{q|feka kiza|fda ji|

~a|{iefo ajjakp{7 Zioqepaa|{ f|a qopcmfpaos |a{~ie{cloa ji| pba

{fjagaa~ced ij pbac| ~a|{iefo laoiedced{% Bitaza|/ siq kfe

~q|kbf{a ~a|{iefo ~|i~a|ps ce{q|feka laji|a siq oafza% Cj siq

tc{b/ siq mfs kiepfkp siq| ite ce{q|feka kim~fes7

f``cpciefoos/ ce{q|feka f~~ockfpcie ji|m{ tcoo la ~|izcà`/ fe`

ta aekiq|fda siq pi kie{cà| pbam kf|ajqoos% Zioqepaa|{ f|a

kfqpciea` eip pi {bc~ i| pfga zfoqfloa cpam{ iza|{af{% Hatao|s/

aoakp|ieck avqc~maep/ tfpkba{/ |f`ci{/ kfma|f{/ fe`

ar~ae{cza f~~ocfeka{ f|a {qlhakp pi oi{{/ pbajp/ fe` l|afgfda/

fe` ce mfes ~ofka{/ {fpc{jfkpi|s mfcepaefeka fe` |a~fc|

{a|zcka{ f|a eip fzfcofloa%

@i C eaa` fe cepa|efpciefo `|cza|{ ockae{a9

Zioqepaa|{ ce Kbf` ì eip eaa` fe cepa|efp ciefo `|cza|{

ockae{a lakfq{a pbas f|a ~|ibclcpa` j|im i~a|fp ced mipi|cxa`

zabckoa{% Mi{p q|lfe p|fzao c{ ls lq{ i| pfrc% \q|fo p|fzao

|feda{ j|im lq{a{ fe` mceclq{a{ pi p|qkg{/ lckskoa{/ fe` oip{ij tfogced%

ÂFKA KI\^[::


69/87

Tbfp {biqo` C l|ced f{ dcjp{ ji| Kbf`cfe j|cae`{ fe` ms bi{p

jfmcos9

Pbc{ c{ eip f |avqc|amaep% F pigae ij j|cae`{bc~ c{ {qjjckcaep%[ima dcjp {qdda{pcie{ cekoqà geckggefkg{ ji| pba biq{a7

~ckpq|a{/ liig{/ i| kfoae`f|{ ij Fma|ckfe {kaea{7 {iqzaec|{

j|im siq| f|af7 bf|` kfe`ca{ pbfp tcoo eip maop i| {~ico7 i|

~bipi{ pi dcza ftfs%

Tbae tcoo C la dczae ms {cpa f{{cdemaep fe` bit c{iofpa` tcoo

C la9

âfka Ki|~{ p |fceaa{ f|a eip f{{cdea` pi ce`czc`qfo {cpa{ qep co

pbas eaf| kim~oapcie ij ~|a-{a|zcka p|fceced% Pbc{ dcza{ âfka

Ki|~{ {pfjj pba i~~i|pqecps pi f{{a{{ afkb p|fceaa{ pakbeckfo

fe` ofedqfda {gcoo{ ~|ci| pi f{{cdeced {cpa{/ ce f``cpcie pi

jcefocxced {cpa {aoakpcie{ tcpb pbac| mcec{p|s kiqepa|~f|p{% Cj

jaf{cloa/ siq mfs bfza pba i~~i|pqecps pi ~|izcà ce~qp ie

siq| {cpa ~|aja|aeka{/ cekoq`ced daid|f~bckfo oikfpcie/

`c{pfeka j|im ipba| Zioqepaa|{/ fe` oczced kie`cpcie{%

Bitaza|/ gaa~ ce mce` pbfp mfes jfkpi|{ cejoqaeka pba {cpa

{aoakpcie ~|ika{{ fe` pbfp pba âfka Ki|~{ kfeeip dqf|fepaa

~ofkamaep tba|a siq tiqo` càfoos ocga pi la% Mi{p Zioqepaa|{

ocza ce {mfoo pite{ i| ce |q|fo zcoofda{ fe` f|a q{qfoos tcpbce

iea biq| j|im feipba| Zioqepaa|% [ima {cpa{ |avqc|a f 6>- pi

6>%07 {aoakp i~pcie % Fjpa|



70/87

ei|mfo lq{cea{{ biq|{ fe` ie taagae`{ fe` bioc`fs{/ pba

[~akcfo [a|zcka{ `qps ijjcka| kfe la |afkba` fp %07 i~pcie < pbae arpae{cie


71/87


EIPA[


72/87


73/87

TAOKIMA OAPPA\ J\IM

KBF@ ZIOQEPAA\Mi{vqa{ kfoo pbac| f`ba|aep{ pi ~|fsa|% Cp c{ \fmf`fe%

Mq{ocm{ eacpba| afp ei| `|ceg j|im {qe|c{a pcoo {qe{ap ce f

~ofka tba|a `fspcma pam~a|fpq|a{ |afkb 66> àd|aa{ fe` pba

`q{p {tc|o{/ fe` cp c{ pcma pi ofli| pi bf|za{p |fces {af{ie

k|i~{% Pi dap bima pi ms zcoofda/ Liq{{i/ j|im pba kf~cpfo/ C

bfza |c`àe 60 biq|{ ce pba lfkg ij fe io` âqdaip 0>0 ~ckg-q~ p|qkg tcpb ;> ipba| ~ai~oa/ ocza{pikg/ lckskoa{/ fe` lqkgap{

fppfkba` tcpb {p| ced/ jiooita` ls f oied tfog pb|iqdb pba {fe`

fe` f | cà ce f `qd-iqp kfeia ~f{p bc~~i{% Kimced f|iqe` f

lae` ce pba Kbf|c \cza|/ pba fepcvqfpa` [qopfe{ ^fofka tiqo`

kima cepi zcat f{ ba|`{ ij kfpp oa `|feg foied pba lfeg{ fe`

timae t|f~~a` ce l|cdbp zaco{ kied|adfpa` ce pba mf|gap%

âi~oa ba|a ijpae f{g ma/ Ziq{ e fzax ~f{ ~aq|9 Siq f|a

eip fj|fc`9 Pba|a f|a mfmc-tfppf{/ f {iqo-{pafoced {i|p ij

ma|mfc`/ fe` ipba| {~c|cp{ pbfp ocza ce pba |cza|/ pbas {fs%

Eie / C |a~os/ fe` pbae C dap pbam pi pa oo ma mi|a

{q~a|efpq|fo {pi|ca{% Ta ocza ce pba li|à|ofe`{ ij pba [fbf|f%

Pba kie`cpcie{ f|a piqdb/ ocja za|s cepae{a fe` ijpae

j|q{p |fpced/ fe` siq kfe eaza| |afoos oap siq| dqf|` ìte%

C ladfe ms âfka Ki|~{ {a|zcka ce Kpa `Czic|a/ lqp tf{

azfkqfpa` ce [a~pamla| >< jiooitced ~iocpckfo ce{pflcocps% Cpbae p|fe{ja||a` pi Mf`fdf{kf| pi |ai~ae pba âfka Ki|~{

~|id|fm pbfp bf` laae {q{~aeà` pba|a% J|im Mf`fdf{kf|/

pba i~~i|pqecps f|i{a pi hice pba d|iq~ |ai~aeced âfka

Ki|~{)Kbf`% C ocza` ce f zcoofda ce kaep|fo Kbf` pafkbced

kof{{a{ ij 21 {pqàep{ `q|ced ms jc|{p saf| ba|a% Q~~a|-oazao

bcdb {kbiio {pqàep{ ps~ckfoos bf` pba fkfàmck kf~fkcps ij

{crpb d|fà|{/ fe` {ima ij ms {azaepb d|fà|{ ta|a iza| ;>

saf|{ io`% Foo ij pbam ta|a qefkkq{pima` pi {cedced fe`|f~~ced fe` mizced f|iqe` ce pba kof{{|iim/ lqp ms Aedoc{b

Koql ìa{ f gcooa| |ae`cpcie ij Pba Ocie [oaa~{ Piecdbp ce

pb|aa ~f|p{ eit% Ms f`qop Aedoc{b kof{{/ ìmcefpa` ls pba



74/87

ÂFKA KI\^[4-

~iqe` tacdbp ocmcp ie lfddfda% Fe` |amamla|/ siq kfe dap

fomi{p aza|spbced siq eaa` ce Kbf`%

Daea|fo Koipbced

Dii`-vqfocps kippie pi~{ "ocdbp kioi|{ {bit `c|pvqckgos#

Dii`-vqfocps qeà|taf|/ {ikg{/ fe` l|f{ "aof{pck pae`{

pi taf| iqp / {i l|ced ~oaeps#

\fce hfkgap

Ji| mae/ {~i|p kifp i| lofxa| fe` pca tcpb {ofkg{ ji| pba

|f|a ji|mfo azaep

Pti pi jiq| ~fc|{ ij kimji|pfloa ocdbptacdbp ~fep{ Pti lqppie-ìte {bc| p{

Ji| timae/ pti ecka `|a{{a{ i| {gc|p{ "laoit pba geaa#

Iea i| pti {tafpa|{ i| {tafp{bc|p{ "cp ìa{ dap kbcoos ce

Kbf`#

Kimji|pfloa hafe{ "tcpbiqp bioa{ i| |c~{

Iea ~fc| ij {tafp~fep{

[bi|p{ "pbiqdb eip fkka~pfloa ce ~qlock/ {bi|p{ kfe la

ti|e f|iqe` pba biq{a fe` tbcoa ie zfkfpcie#

[tcm{qcp i| p|qeg{

@q|floa hfkgap "àecm i| joaaka#



78/87

[bia{

[fe`fo{ ji| daea|fo q{a "a%d%/ Pazf{#

Ecka fe` kimji|pfloa kf{qfo {bia{ \qeeced {bia{

Dii` bcgced liip{ ji| p|fzao fe` pba |fces {af{ie

â|{iefo Bsdcaea fe` Picoap|s Cpam{

Fepclfkpa|cfo tc~a{ i| bfe` {fecpcxa| "q{ajqo tbae

p|fzaoced# Pb|aa-miepb {q~~os ij fes ~|a{k|c~pcie `|qd{ siq pfga

Pti ~fc|{ ij ~|a{k|c~pcie asadof{{a{/ cj siq taf| pbam/

~oq{ {p|f~{ fe` |a~fc| gcp

[qedof{{a{

Bfc| koc~{ i| p ca{

Dii`-{maooced pbced{ ocga oipcie{/ cekae{a/ {if~{/ fe`

{fkbap{

Fe cecpcfo {q~~os ij picoap|ca{ fe` bsdcaea ~|i`qkp{7 cj

pba|a f|a jfzi|cpa{ siq pbceg siq kfeeip ì tcpbiqp/

l|ced f pti-saf| {q~~os

Gcpkbae

Maf{q|ced kq~{ fe` {~iie{ ôf{p ck {pi|fda kiepfcea|{

Mcecmfoc{p kiigliig "a%d%/Mi|a-Tcpb -Oa{{ Kiig liig#

[tc{{ f|ms gecja i| Oafpba|mfe piio

ôf{p ck {pi|fda lfd{

^fkgfda` mcra{ "{fqka{/ {fof` `|a{{ced/ {iq~{/ Giio-

Fc`/ apk%#

Dii` kfe i~aea|

Jfzi|cpa {~cka{

Zadapfloa ~aaoa|

ÂFKA KI\^[4:


79/87

[mfoo gcpkbae gecja

Mc{kaoofeaiq{ 6< ~f{{~i|p-{cxa ~bipi{ "ji| zc{f{ tbae p|fzaoced ie

zfkfpcie#

[pq|`s lfkg~fkg{ ij zf|sced {cxa "`fs ~fkg{ f|a ecka

ji| ti|g7 ma`cqm ~fkg{ f|a la{p ji| {bi|p p|c~{#

Mfdocpa-l|fe` jof{bocdbp tcpb |a~ofkamaep lqol{ i| f

dii` baf`ofm~

P|fzao dfma{/ a%d%/ Sfbpxaa/ [k|flloa/ Qei/ ~ofsced

kf|`{

Q%[% {pfm~{ ji| {ae`ced mfco pi bima tcpb |apq|eced

Zioqepaa|{

F``|a{{ liig tcpb f``|a{{a{ ij |aofpcza{/ j|cae`{/ fe`

~|ija{{ciefo kiepfkp{

Lfe`feef{

Bc``ae mieas ~iqkb i| laop

Efodaea tfpa| lippoa ji| p|fzaoced

P|fzao fof|m koikg

[k|aaea` paep ji| {oaa~ced ce pba bip {af{ie "a%d%/ Oied

\if` P|fzao/ P|i~ck[k|aae/ M[\ Lqd Bqp


80/87


81/87

^\A-@A^F\PQ\A KBAKGOC[P

Pba jiooitced oc{p kie{c{p{ ij {qdda{pcie{ ji| siq pi kie{cà|

f{ siq ~|a~f|a pi ocza iqp{cà pba Qecpa` [pfpa{ ji| pti saf|{%

Eip foo cpam{ tcoo la |aoazfep pi aza|siea/ fe` pba oc{p ìa{

eip cekoqà aza|spbced siq {biqo` mfga f||fedamaep{ ji|%

Jfmcos

Eipcjs jfmcos pbfp pbas kfe kfoo pba âfka Ki|~{ Ijjcka

ij [~akcfo [a|zcka{ fp fes pcma cj pba|a c{ f k|cpckfo

cooea{{ i| àfpb ij f jfmcos mamla| " paoa~biea eqmla|8

2>>%0/ arpae{cie 604>7 fjpa|-biq|{ `qps ijjcka|8


82/87

Ce{q|feka

Mfga f||fedamaep{ pi mfcepfce ocja ce{q|feka kiza|fda%

F||feda pi mfcepfce {q~~oamaepfo bafopb kiza|fdatbcoa siq f|a ftfs% "Azae pbiqdb pba âfka Ki|~{ c{

|a{~ie{cloa ji| siq| bafopb kf|a `q|ced âfka Ki|~{

{a|zcka iza|{af{/ cp c{ f`zc{floa ji| ~ai~oa tbi bfza

~|aarc{pced kie`cpcie{ pi f||feda ji| pba kiepceqfp cie

ij pbac| {q~~oamaepfo bafopb kiza|fda% Cj pba|a c{ f

of~{a ce kiza|fda/ cp c{ ijpae `cjjckqop fe` ar~ae{cza pi

la |ace{pfpa`%#

F||feda pi kiepceqa Ma`ckf|a kiza|fda cj f~~ockfloa%

â|{iefo ^f~a|{

L|ced f ki~s ij siq| ka|p cjckfpa ij mf||cfda i| `czi|ka%

Zipced \adc{pa| pi zipa ce pba {pfpa ij siq| bima ij |aki|`%

"Mfes {pfpa qecza|{cpca{ kie{cà| zipced fe` ~fsmaep

ij {pfpa pfra{ f{ azcàeka ij |a{càeka ce pbfp {pfpa%#

Ilpfce f zipa| |adc{p|fpcie kf|` fe` pfga cp tcpb siq

iza|{af{%

F||feda pi bfza fe fl{aepaa lfooip ji|tf|à` pi siq

iza|{af{%

â|{iefo Ajjakp{

^q|kbf{a ~a|{iefo ~|i~a|ps ce{q|feka pi arpae` j|im

pba p cma siq oafza siq| bima ji| {a|zcka iza|{af{ qep co

pba pcma siq kim~oapa siq| {a|zcka fe` |apq|e pi pba

Qecpa` [pfpa{%

ÂFKA KI\^[2>


83/87


84/87


85/87

F TAOKIMA LIIG KBF@ 2;

KIEPFKPCED ÂFKA KI\^[

BAF@VQF\PA\[Pba jiooitced oc{p ij eqmla|{ tcoo bao~ siq kiepfkp pba

f~~|i~|cfpa ijjcka fp âfka Ki|~{ baf`vqf|pa|{ tcpb zf|ciq{

vqa{p cie{% Siq mfs q{a pba pioo-j|aa eqmla| fe` arpae{cie i| `cfo

`c|akpos q{ced pba oikfo eqmla|{ ~|izc a`% La {q|a pi oafza pba

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Documents

Peace Corps Chad Welcome Book | April 2005