Report on Improved Stove Projects in Development Countries

7/28/2019 Report on Improved Stove Projects in Development Countries

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An a n a l y t i c a l r e v i e w o f p r o g r e s s a n d p r o b l e m s w i t h i m p r o v e d s t o v ep ro gr amme s i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s .

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s .

Many t h a n k s t o t h e f o l l o w i n g ; S i z o o m u Ge o r g e , J o h n W T a t u m,W i l l e m F l o o r , R S G u l r a i , S t e p h e n K a r e k e z i , Y v o n n e S ha na h a n , A n n eS e f u , J o s J o n k e r s , B M o g o t s i a n d J W a l u l y a - M a k a s a , f o r t h e i rt i m e l y a n d mu c h a p p r e c i a t e d r es p o n s e s t o m y r e q u e s t s f o r r e p o r t sand i n f o r m a t i o n ; S i m o n B u r n e , P e t e r Y o u n g , K a t e C l a r k e , V i vA b b o t t a n d I a n G r a n t , a t t h e I n t e r m e d i a t e T e c h n o l o g y De v e l o p me n tG r o u p ( I T D G ) , f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e w i t h r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l a n dv a l u a b l e d i s c u s s i o n ; a n d O d e t t e M u r r a y f o r h e r c r e a t i v e e d i t i n g .

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I n t r o d u c t i o n .2 . S umm a r y e x t r a c t .3. P r o b l e m s a n d f a i l u r e .3 . 1 . D e s i g n .3 . 2 . M a t e r i a l s , p r o d u c t i o n a n d q u a l i t y c o n t r o l .3 . 3 . M a r k e t i n g a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n .3 . 4 . T r a i n i n g .3 . 5 . S u r v e y s a n d m o n i t o r i n g .3 . 6 . D o n o r s , e x e c u t i n g a n d i m p l e m e n t i n g a g e n c i e s .4. S u c c e s s e s .4 . 1 . U r b a n p r o g r a m me s .4 . 2 . R u r a l p r o g ra m m e s .4 . 3 . I n s t i t u t i o n a l S t o v e s

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5. D i s c u s s i o n - t h e l o n g e r t e r m .5 . 1 . A d a p t a t i o n a n d i mp r o v e me n t s .5 . 2 . F u e l s u b s t i t u t i o n .5 . 3 . T h e i m p a c t o f s t o v e p r o g r a mm e s .6. C o n c l u s i o n s .7 . A n n e x e s .7 . 1 . R e f e r e n c e s , n o t e s a n d f u r t h e r r e a d i n g .7 . 2 . I l l u s t r a t i o n s .


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1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n .As p a r t o f a re s po ns e t o t h e mo s t s e r i ou s p r o b le m o fd e f o r es t a t i o n a nd f ue lwo od s u p pl y d e f i c i t i n d e v e lo p in gcoun t r ies , p rogrammes have been des igned t o promote th e use o fi mp ro ve d c o o k i n g s t o v e s . T h e i r o b j e c t i v e s a r e d e f i n e d w i t hp a r t i c u l a r e mp ha s is o n b e n e f i t s t o women a nd c h i l d r e n ,improvement s i n hea l t h , dom es t i c and na t i o na l economies , i na d d i t i o n t o t h e p r i n c i p a l e n v i r on me n t a l c o nc e rn s .I n many p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d i t i s women, a s s i s t e d b y t h e i rc h i ld re n , wh o a re re s po ns i b l e f o r f u e l c o l l e t i o n . I f f i r ewo o d i ss c ar ce t h e n t h i s means l o n g t r u d g e s t o a n d f r o m t h e b us h . W o o di s an es s en t i a l , and when women have t o s pend l on g hou rsc o l l e c t i n g f u e l f o r c o o k in g, i t i s f a r m a nd g ar de n wo rk t h a t a r el i k e l y t o s u f f e r and lo we r y i e l d s a r e t h e r e s u l t . F u el w oo dc u t t i n g t o m ee t t h e demand f r o m f a s t g r o w i n g ur b a n p o p u la t i o n s i so f t e n p a r t i c u l a r l y d a ma gi ng t o w oo dl an ds a c c e s s i b l e f r o m t h et owns a nd c i t i e s . I t i s t h es e c on ce rn s t h a t h av e l e d t o s t ov eprogrammes b e i n g i n i t i a t e d i n mo re t h a n f i f t y c o u n t r i e s a r o un dt h e w o r l d .S tove p rogrammes a r e a c onse r va t i on measu re , o f t en i n t ended ass up po rt t o f u e lwo od p r od u c t i on i n i t i a t i v e s i n v o l v i n g f o r e s t r y ,a g r of o r e s t r y an d f u el wo od p l an t a t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n t o r e du c i ngwood f ue l consum pt i on , im proved s t oves can enab le t he bu rn i ng o fs u b s t i t u t e f u e l s s uc h a s b r i q u e t t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l r es i du es a ndt h i s p o s s i b i l i t y h as a l s o be en e x p lo r ed i n c o u n t ri e s h av i n g s uc hresources.I s i t p o s s i b l e t h a t s t o v e pr ogra mmes c a n a do p t s t r a t e g i e s t h a tw i l l r e s u l t i n p r od u c t i on mo vi ng f r o m f u l l y s u pp or t ed a nds u b s id iz e d a c t i v i t y , t o s u s t a i n a b l e d ev e lo pme nt t h a t h as r e a lbene f i t s f o r women and t he env i ronm en t ?A p r i n c i p a l a i m o f t h i s p a p er i s t o as s es s t h e cha nc es f o r l o n gt e rm, s u s t a i n a b l e p r og r es s a n d t o r e p o r t o n wh e t he r o r n o t s t o v eprogrammes c a n me et t h e i r o b j e c t i v e s , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c et o r e c e n t d ev el op me nt s a nd r e p o r t s f r o m t h e f i e l d .


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2 . S umma ry e x t r a c t .S t ov e p ro gr am me s h a v e f a i l e d f o r m a n y r e a s o n s . I n a p p r o p r i a t ed es i g n , p r o d u c t i o n , m a r k e t i n g a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n d i f f i c u l t i e s ,t r a i n i n g , f u n d i n g , m a na ge me n t a n d s t a f f p r o b l e m s , h a v e a l lc o n t r i b u t e d t o p r o j e c t s n o t m e e t i n g t h e i r o b j e c t i v e s . H o w e v e r , as i g n i f i c a n t n u m be r o f s t o v e p ro g ra mm e s h a v e n o w o v e r c o me ma n y o ft h e p r o b l e m s a n d a r e s u c c e e d i n g i n t h e i r a i m t o d i s s e m i n a t e l a r g enumbe rs o f i m p r o v e d s t o v e s . G u i d e l i n e s f o r s u c c e s s f u l p r o g r a mm e shav e e me r g ed f r o m t h e m a ny f a i l u r e s a n d i t i s n o w c l e a r t h a t e v e nt he g o o d s t o v e s c a n n o t s i m p l y b e t r a n s p l a n t e d f r o m o n e l o c a t i o nt o a n o t h e r w i t h a n y g u a r a n t e e o f s u c c e s s . W o r k i n g t o i m p r o v e t h et r a d i t i o n a l c o o k i n g s t o v e h a s p r o v e n t o b e t h e m o s t s u c c e s s f u la p p r o a c h .Many u r b a n f a m i l i e s a r e s p e n d i n g a n i n c r e a s i n g p r o p o r t i o n o ft h e i r i n c o m e o n w o o d f u e l s a n d t h e r e f o r e h a v e a g r e a t i n c e n t i v et o i n v e s t i n a n i mp r o v e d f u e l e f f i c i e n t s t o v e . A s m a n y u r b a nc on s ume r s a r e a l s o a b l e t o a f f o r d t h e r e l a t i v e l y e x p e n s i v ei mp r o v e d s t o v e s , l a r g e c i t i e s a n d t o wn s a r e t h e i d e a l s t a r t i n gp o i n t f o r i m p r o v e d s t o v e d i s s e m i n a t i o n .R u r a l s t o v e p ro g r a m me s c a n ma k e a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t w h e r e t h eg o v e r n me n t i s i n t h e p o s i t i o n t o s u b s i d i s e a n d s u p p o r t a l a r g en a t i o n a l p ro gr am m e . S m a l l e r c o u n t r i e s t h a t c a n n o t a f f o r ds u b s i d i e s m a y a l s o b e a b l e t o a c h i e v e s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s w h e r et h e p ro g r am m e s a r e b a s e d o n s i m p l e i m p r o v e d o p e n f i r e s , s u p p o r t e dw i t h ma s s i v e t r a i n i n g p r og ra mm e s r e a c h i n g i n t o n e a r l y e v e r yv i l l a g e .A d a p t a t i o n a n d i m p r o v e m e n t o f d e s i g n s i s l i k e l y t o c o n t i n u e a st he m a r k e t f o r i m p r o v e d s t o v e s e x t e n d s a n d d i v e r s i f i e s .Ho we v er , g i v e n t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l c o n s t r a i n t t o s t o v e p r og r a mm e sm e e t i n g t h e i r f u l l p o t e n t i a l i s t h e a b i l i t y o f l o w e r i n c o m ef a m i l i e s t o p u r c h a s e e v e n s u b s i d i s e d s t o v e s , m a r k e t i n g w i l lr em a in t h e m a j o r p r o b l e m f a c i n g o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h a t a t t e m p t t op r o mo t e h i g h l y e f f i c i e n t a n d s m o k e l e s s s t o v e s i n t h e c o n t e x t o fs t r u g g l i n g d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r y e c o n o m i e s .The p r o b l e m s i n v o l v e d i n s u b s t i t u t i n g k e r o s e n e o r b r i q u e t t e da g r i c u l t u r a l r e s i d u e s f o r w o o d f u e l s a r e d i s c u s s e d . I t i ss u gg es t e d t h a t f u t u r e s t o v e p r o g r a mm e s m a y n e e d t o c o n c e n t r a t e o nt h e d e s i g n a n d p r o mo t i o n o f l o c a l l y p r o d u c e d k e r o s e n e s t o v e s , a sw e l l a s w o o d f u e l a n d b r i q u e t t e b u r n i n g m o d e l s .F r o m i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e n u m b e r s o f s t o v e s t h a t h a v e b e e n s o l d i n

i c e r t a i n u r b a n a r e a s , i t i s c l e a r t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n s i nl u n s u s t a i n a b l e a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y d a m a g in g w o o d c u t t i n g h a v eo c c u r r e d .1O t h er b e n e f i t s f r o m t h e s e p ro gra mme s a r e a l s o l i k e l y t o s a t i s f yt ho s e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r f o r m u l a t i n g t h e o b j e c t i v e s . I n c r e a s e s i nd i s p o s a b l e i n c o m e o f s t o v e u s e r s , a r t i s a n s a n d m a n u f a c t u r e r s ,i mp r o v e me n t s i n h e a l t h , i n c r e a s e s i n l a b o u r p r o d u c t i v i t y ,e s p e c i a l l y o f wo me n , w i l l a l l p r o v i d e a n i mp e t u s f o r f u r t h e rs o c i a l a n d e c o n o mi c d e v e l o p m e n t .

v.


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3 . 1 De s i gn .

3. P r o bl e ms a n d f a i l u r e .S t ove p rogrammes have f a i l e d f o r t h e same reasons t ha t many o t he rdev elopment i n i t i a t i v e s h av e f a i l e d . I n a p p r o p r i a t e d es i gn s ,ma rk et in g an d d i s t r i b u t i o n d i f f i c u l t i e s , t r a i n i n g , f u n di n g,management a nd s t a f f p r ob l ems , h a v e a l l c o n t r i b u t e d t o p r o j e c t sn ot me e t in g t h e i r o b j e c t i v e s .

A s t o v e pr og ramme i n G ua t ema la , i n i t i a t e d f o l l o w i n g t h ee at hqu ak es i n 1 97 6 wa s , a l o n g w i t h w or k i n I n d i a , o n eo f t h e e a r l i e s t a t t e m pt s t o d i s s e m in a t e l a r g e nu mb er s o f i m pr o v e dc o ok i ng s t o v e s ( 1 ) . W i d e l y r e g a rd e d a s a s u c c es s , t h e G ua t ema la nprogramme a t t r a c t e d a g r e a t d e a l o f i n t e r e s t a n d a t t e mp t s we r emade t o re p l i c a t e t he prog ramme i n many o t he r c oun t r i es ;I n d on e s ia , S en e g a l, B u r k i n a Fa s o a n d S r i L a nk a a r e j u s t a f e wex amples ( 2 ) . L a t e r e v a l u a t i o n s , ho we v e r, i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h eLo rena s t ove had a number o f d i sadvan t ages , wh i c h a re m a in l yd e s i g n r e l a t e d p r o b l e m s ( 3 ) .The L o r en a s t o v e i s a ma s s i v e, s a n d - c l a y c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h ac himney a nd s p ac e f o r u p t o f o u r p o t s . I t i s a n e xa mp le o f ap a r t i c u l a r t y p e o f d e s i gn , o f wh i c h t h e r e h a v e b ee n manyv a r i a t i o n s , a l l w i t h t h e s ame b a s i c f e a t u r es .I n S r i La nk a , t h e L o re na s t o v e pr ov e d t o b e v e r y i n e f f i c i e n t , a swomen o n l y n e ed ed t o u s e t w o o f t h e f o u r a v a i l a b l e p o t h o l e s ( 4 ) .They a l s o r e q u i r e d a f a s t c o o k i n g s t o v e , w h i c h t h e Lo re na i s n o t ,du e t o t h e g r e a t mas s o f m a t e r i a l t h a t n ee ds t o b e he a t ed a n dt h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l a r ea o f t h e p o t t h a t r e c ei v e s d i r e c t h e a tf r o m t h e f l a m e s ( 5 ) .Women of ten pre fe r to cook in d i f f e ren t p laces a t var ious t imeso f t h e da y. T r a d i t i o n a l t h r e e -s t o n e / co o k in g f i r e s ca n b e e a s i l ys et u p wh er ev e r t h e y a r e r e q u i r ed . T h i s i s n o t p o s s i b l e w i t hma s si v e, pe r ma n en t de s i g n s , w h i c h a r e t h e n l i k e l y t o o n l y b e u s e df o r p a r t i c u l a r m ea l p r ep a ra t i o ns ( 6 ) .St ov es s h o u l d b e e a s y t o u s e a nd f u e l s a v i n g s s h o u l d n o t d e pe ndo n t h e u s e o f c o m p li c a t e d p ro c e d u re s , w h i c h a r e u s u a l l y a ni n d i c a t i o n o f p o o r de s i g n. I t h as be e n r e p o r t e d f o r e x amp le , t h a tLo rena t ype s t oves w i t h ch im ney dam per dev i ces , i nco rpo ra t ed byt h e de s i g n e r s t o c o n t r o l h e a t o u t p u t , w e r e n o t u s e d by womenbec aus e t h e y we re n o t s i mp l e an d r e a u i r e d t r a i n i n g i n o r d e r f o rthem t o b e us ed ( 7 ) . I n f a c t , h e a t o u t p u t i n s i mp l e c o ok i ngs tov es i s mo re e f f i c i e n t l y c o n t r o l l e d by p l a c i n g f u e l i n o r o u to f t h e s t o v e , a n d t h e i n c l u s i o n o f c h i mn ey da mpe rs i s a n o t h e ri n d i c a t i o n o f p o o r d es i gn ( 8 ) . I n L es o th o, t h e p r ot o t y p e me t a ls t ove was p rov i ded w i t h a damper wh i ch was subsequen t l y d i s ca rdedas i t was f o un d t h a t i t d i d n ot c o n t r o l t h e f i r e ( 9 ) .Women f a c i ng a f ue l s upp l y p rob lem w i l l t ak e much more ca re ov e rc o o k in g a nd w i l l o f t e n d e v e l o p p e r s o n a l me th od s o f u s i n g i m pr o v e ds t ov es t h a t c o n s e r v e wo od . R e mo v i n g s t i c k s o f wo od f r o m t h es t ov e a nd q u i c k l y e x t i n g u i s h i n g t h em i n s a nd f o r e x amp le i s q u i t ecommon p rac t i c e ; y e t women do no t o f t en use a f i r e bo x do o r i ft h i s h a s b ee n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e d e s i gn , a s , a g a i n , r e m ov i n g


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3t h e wo od i s a b e t t e r me th od o f c o n s e r v i n g i t , a n d woo d s t i c k s a r eo f t e n t o o l o ng f o r t h e d oo r t o be s h u t ( 1 0 ) . I n s i mp l e s t ov e s ,c l o s i n g t h e f i r e b o x d o or Me re ly r e s t r i c t s a i r s u p pl y an d c aus esi n e f f i c i e n t c o mbus t ion ( 5 ) . I n Ni g er , b y way o f c o nt r as t ,e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s u c c e s s f u l Ma i Sa u k i p o r t a b l e m e t a l s t o v eshowed t h a t 7 556 o fw o m e nr e d uc e dt hen um be rofwoodp iecesinthe

s t ov e a n d r e g u l a r l y e mp t i ed t h e as h es , t h e r e b y e n s u r i n g e f f i c i e n to p e r a i i o n ( 1 1 ) .I f p a r t i c u l a r f e a t u re s o f a s t ov e a r e f ou n d n o t t o b e u s ed t h e nd e s i gn e rs s h o u l d e x ami ne t h e ne ed f o r s u c h f e a t u r e s , r a t h e r t h a nt he n ee d f o r a d d i t i o n a l t r a i n i n g .A not he r common prob lem i s t ha t s t ov es a r e u nab le t o accomoda t e arange o f c oo k in g v e ss el s. T h i s d i f f i c u l t y i s a l s o as s o ci at edw i t h ma s s iv e c h imn ey s t o v es , r a t h e r t h a n l i g h t w e i g h t p o r t a b l emodels (12) .Most s t ove p rogrammes have now re -o r i en t ed t h e i r wo rk away f ro mt h e ma s s i v e t y p e o f s t o v e , b u t t h e d e s i g n c o nc e p t wa s v e r y w i d e l yf e l t f o r many y e ar s . I t h as no w b ee n r e a l i s e d t h a t t h e y c an no tbec ome w i d e l y u s ed a nd w i l l n o t M ee t t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f mo s tp ro gr amme s. H o w e v e r , l i m i t e d s t a f f r e s o u r c e s c a n be wa s t e d b ydemands f r o m i n f l u e n t i a l m i d d l e a n d h i g h e r i n c o me f a m i l i e s wh or e q u e s t m a s s i v e s t o v e s ( w h i c h a r e o f t e n v e r y i m p r e s s i v ec o n s t r u c t i o ns ) a n d t h e n f a i l t o u s e t h a n on c e t h e y h av e b ee nb u i l t . F o r e xa mp le , t h e hus band, a c i v i l s e r v a n t , ma y o r d e r as t ov e a n d h i s w i f e t h e n p r e f e r s t o m a i n t a i n h e r p r e v i o u s c o o k i ngmethods and t he new s t ov e rema ins as a s t a t u s sym bo l anda monument t o t h e s k i l l s o f t h e s t o v e c o n s t r u c t o r s ( 1 0 ) .De sp it e t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f d is s e mi na t i on an d t h e f a c t t h a t t h e yo f t e n q u i c k l y f a l l o u t o f u s e when b u i l t , ma s s i v e s t o ve s h av e ama j o r a d v an t a ge i n t h a t t h e y a r e c o m p l e t e l y s mo k el es s wh enc o ns t r uc t e d w i t h a c hi mn ey a nd o p er at e d c o r r e c t l y . D i f f i c u l t i e sw i t h c h i m n e y s , h o w e v e r , h a v e a l s o b e e n v e r y w i d e l y r e p o r t e d ( 1 3 ) .Many ' i m p r o v e d s t o v e s ' h a v e b ee n t e s t e d a n d f o u n d t o h a v e ap er f or ma nc e a c t u a l l y wo rs e t h a n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s t o v e s t h e y w er ed e s ig n ed t o r e p l a c e . I n Oauga doug ou, a c o mp r eh en s i v e t e s t i n gp r o g r a m m e i n d i c a t e d t h a t a l l t h e m a s s i v e t y p e s t o v e s h a v e a ne f f i c i e n c y n o t a p p r e c i a b l y g r e a t e r a n d i n s ome c a s es a c t u a l l ywo rs e t h a n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l t h r ee - s t o ne X f i r e ( 1 4 ) .G u i d e l i ne s f o r s u c c e s s f u l s t o v e d e s i g n h a v e eme rg ed f r o m t h e man yf a i l u r e s a n d i t i s n ow c l e a r t h a t e v e n t h e g oo d d e s ig n s c a n no t bes i mp l y t r a n s p l a n t e d f r o m o ne l o c a t i o n t o a n o t h e r w i t h a n ygua rant ee o f success . M ass i v e Lo rena t y pe s t oves have manyf e a t ur e s d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e t r a d i t i o n a l t h r e e- s t o n es c oo k i ngf i r e s t h a t t h ey we re o f t e n i nt e nd ed t o r e p la c e . A l t h o u g hn o rma l ly i n e f f i c i e n t , t h e t h r e e - s t o n e f i r e c a n b e r ema rk a bl ye f f i c i e n t i n t h e hands o f a s k i l l e d u s e r a nd w i t h s i mp lemo d i f i c a t i o ns , a w i nd s h i e l d f o r e x amp le ( 1 5 ) . I m p r o v i n g t h ee x i s t i n g t r a d i t i o n a l c o o k i n g s t o v e h as no w p ro v e n t o b e t h e mo s ts u cc e s sf ul a pp ro ac h t o d e s i gn wo rk . T r a d i t i o n a l s i n g l e p o ts t ov e s a r e v e r y w i d e l y u s ed an d ma ny o f t h e m os t s u c c e s s f u li mp ro v ed d es i g ns h av e a l s o be en s i n g l e p o t s t o v e s . I n A s i a ,t r a d i t i o n a l t w o p o t S t o v es a r e common a nd i n I n d o ne s i a , I n d i a a ndS r i L an k a f o r e x a mp le , t w o p o t c h i mn e y l es s i mp r o v e d d e s i gn s h a v e


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been suc ces s f u l l y p romo t ed .Even s t o v e s t h a t a r e s h O.wn t o g i v ea na c c e p t a bl ep e r f o rm a n c e

u nd er l a b o r a t o r y t e s t c o n d i t i o n s c a n p ro v e q u i t e u na c c ep t ab le t ot he women f o r whom t hey have been des igned . T h i s i s us ua l l y duet o c u l t u r a l o r o t h e r p r a c t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s e nc ou nt e re d b y womenwho t r y t o u s e s t o v e s t h a t h a v e b e en d e s ig n ed wi t h o u t c a r e f u lc o ns i de ra t io n o f t h e i r needs . I t i s f o r t h i s re as o n t h a t ,f o l l o w i n g ma r k e t r e s e a r c h a n d t h e d e v e lo pme nt o f p r o t o t y p e s ,programmes shou ld a im t o move qu i c k l y f r om t he l abo ra t o ry t of i e l d t e s t d es i gn s t h a t a r e t h ou g ht t o b e a p p ro p r ia t e .S u rv e y - m on i t o r in g f e e db ac k w i l l t h e n p o i n t o u t d e f e c t s a ndadapta t ions can be made.Fo r t h e s u c c e s s f u l di s s e m i n a t i o n o f o w n e r - b u i l t r a t h e r t h a nc o mme rc i al ly pr omo t ed s t o v e s , i t mu s t b e p os s i b l e t o e a s i l y t r a i nl a r g e n umb er s o f p e o p l e t o p r od uc e t h e s t o v e . M a s s i v e s t o v e shav e b ee n r e p o r t e d a s i n e f f i c i e n t d ue t o t h e i r i n a c c u r a t ec o n s t r u c t i on . T h i s i s a n o t h e r e x amp le o f b ad d e s ig n , r a t h e r t h a na s i t u a t i o n t h a t a d d i t i o n a l t r a i n i n g w i l l r es o l v e; a s s t ov esi nt e nd ed f o r l a r g e s c a l e d i s s e m i na t i o n e f f o r t s t h r o u gh t r a i n i n gprogrammes mu s t b e e a s i l y c o n s t r u c t e d , a n d n o t r e q u i r e e i t h e rs p ec i al t o o l s o r p a r t i c u l a r s k i l l s s q u i r e d t h ro ug h s p e c i a l i s tt r a i n i n g ( 1 6 ) .Good d e s i g ns h a v e be en s u c c e s s f u l l y a d a pt e d t o s u i t t h er eq ui re me nt s o f p a r t i c u l a r ma rk e t s , a n d ad a p t a t i o n i s a v e r yi mp o r t a n t me ch an is m. I t a v o i d s c o s t l y a n d t i m e c on s umi ngresearch and deve lopment work and i t upgrades and improvesdes igns t ha t a re a l r eady acc ep t ab le t o t he women f o r whom t heywe re i n t e n d e d . A g oo d e x a mp le o f t h i s p r o c es s i s t h e wo r k i nSudan, Uganda and Somal ia t o adapt t he suc ces sf u l Kenyan CeramicJ i k o ( K CJ ) a n d w o r k i n N i g e r a n d t h e S ud an t o a d a p t t h e N ot l i es tove f rom The Gambia ( 17 ) .3 .2 . Ma t e r i a l s , p r o d u c t i o n an d q u a l i t y c o n t r o l .3 . 2 . 1 M a t e r i a l sA b a s i c p r o bl e m w i t h i mp r o v e d s t o v e s t h a t a r e de s i g ne d f o r r u r a lf a mi l ie s t o b u i l d t hems elv es i s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f d u ra bl ec o n s t r u c t i o n ma t e r i a l s . M a s s i v e L or e na t y p e s t o v e s a r e u s u a l l ymade f r om mud (sand and c l a y m i x t u res ) wh i c h canno t w i t hs t andc o ns t a nt h e a t i n g an d c o o l i n g w i t h o u t c r u m b li n g r e l a t i v e l y s o ona f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n .Th is i s a n o t h e r f a c t o r wh i c h l e d t o wi de s p re ad d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n

-withthistypeof

o r g a n i s a t i o n ha v e n ow p u b l i s h e d g u i d e l i n e s f o r a mo re d u r a b l es tov e c o n s t r u c t i o n ma t e r i a l , f o r u s e i n t h e b u i l d i n g o f i mp ro v edt h re e- s t on e s t o v es . T h e m a t e r i a l c o n s i s t s o f a c a r e f u l l y mademi x t ur e o f c l a y , m i l l e t c h a f f a n d a n ima l d un g, i n s p e c i f i cp ro po r t io ns , w h i c h i s t h e n l e f t t o s o a k f o r a wee k be f o re us e( 18 ). T h i s m a t e r i a l d oe s a p pe a r t o h a v e a n a pp r e c i a b ly l o n g e rl i f e t h a n t h e s i m p l e s a n d - c l a y mi x t u r e s p r e v i o u s l y us e d i n t h er eg io n. I n c e r t a i n a re as , s t r a w o r o t h e r s t a l k s a r e s u b s t i t u t e df o r t h e m i l l e t c h a f f , a n d , i n T he Ga mb ia , e v e n o l d s t r a wm at t resses were used du r i ng t he d ry season , when such m a t e r i a l s


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- 5

2wer e n o t a v a i l a b l e f r o m a g r i c u l t u r e . L o c a l r e s e a rc h o f t e ni n d i c a t e s w h ic h c l a y s a n d m i x i n g p r o c e du r es p r o d uc e t h e b e s tr e s u l t s .De s pi t e t h e s e e f f o r t s , t h e p r o b le m o f d u r a b l e m a t e r i a l s f o r o wn erb u i l t mud s t o v es w i l l r e ma i n, d u e t o t h e i n h e r e n t l y weak n a t u r eo f u n f i r e d c l ay . H o we v e r , i f t h e s t ov e s ha ve s u f f i c i e n t b e n e f i t st o mak e i t w or t h wh i l e f o r women t o r e b u i l d o r r e p a i r t h e i r o l ds tov es , t h e n d u r a b i l i t y w i l l n o t b e a s e ri o us p ro bl em. I t h asbeen f ound , f o r examp le, t h a t many women a re p r epa red t o pu rchaser ep la c eme nt s f o r t h e i r p o t t e r y s t o v e s wh en t h e y b re a k , e v e n i ft h i s o c cu rs w i t h i n s i x mont hs o f t h e p ur c ha s e, t h e b e n e f i t s i nc as h s a v i ng s b e i n g h i g h e no ugh t o j u s t i f y r e g u l a r r e pl a c eme nt( 19 ). T h e r e i s a s y e t h o we v er , n o c l e a r e v i d en c e f r o m t h eS a he l ia n r e g i o n a n d B u r k i n a Fa s o i n p a r t i c u l a r , t h a t women a r eb u i l d i n g r e pl ac e me nt s f o r t h e i r i mp ro v e d t h r e e - s t o n e s t o v e s on c et h es e h a v e b eg un t o d e t e r i o r a t e ( 2 0 ) .Th er e i s a n ee d f o r r e s e a r c h i f p o t t e r y s t o v e s a r e t o bec ome mo red u ra b le . T h e p r ob l em w i l l v a r y f r o m ar e a t o a r e a de pe n di ng ont he q u a l i t y o f m a t e r i a ls a v a i l a b l e an d f o r t h i s r e as o n l o c a lr es ea rc h i s e s s e n t i a l j 5 S ) . W o r k i n c o n j u nc t i o n w i t h l o c a lp ot t e rs i s p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l .P o t t e r y c l a y i s a n i nd i ge n ou s r e s o u r c e f o r many c o u n t r i e s a n d i nt h i s r e s p e c t h a s a g r e a t a d v an t ag e o v e r m e t a l a s a s t o v ec o ns t r uc t i on ma t e r i a l . I m p o r t e d m et a l s h ee t i s r e l a t i v e l ye x pe ns i v e an d a l mo s t n e v e r u s ed b y a r t i s a n m e t a l w o rk e r s , w h or e l y o n s c r a p me t a l . O i l d ru ms , c a r b o d ie s a nd o t h e r s o ur c e o fs c r ap a r e n o r ma l l y i n h i g h demand. I t h as b ee n c l a i me d t h a t t h eKeny an Ce ra mi c J i k o (K CJ ) u t i l i z e s s c r a p m e t a l t h a t c a n n o t b eus ed i n t h e ma nu fa c tu re o f t r a d i t i o n a l j i k o s ( 2 1 ) . T h e m e t a lc l a dd i ng o f a KCJ c e r t a i n l y l a s t s l o n g e r t h a n a t r a d i t i o n a lKeny an j i k o a s t h e m et a l i s p r o t e c t e d by a c e r a mi c l i n e r .3 .2 .2 P r o d u c t i o n a nd q u a l i t y c o n t r o lTh er e a r e many p r od u c t i o n p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r i mp r ov e d s t ov e s .Ur ban a nd r u r a l a r t i s a n s , s m a l l a nd l a r g e m an u f ac t u r e rs , v i l l a g eg ro up s a n d wome rp g r o up s , c a n a l l b e i n v o l v e d i n c o n s t r u c t i o nwo rk . P r o gr a mm e s n e ed t o e x a mi ne a l l t h e o p t i o n s , a s i t may bet h a t a p a r t i c u l a r p ro du c t i on a nd d i s t r i b u t i o n s t r a t e g y w i l lr e s u l t i n t h e p r o j e c t s uc c eed ing i n i t s a i m o f r e a c h in g c e r t a i nt a r g e t g r ou ps , l o w e r i nc o me f a m i l i e s f o r e x amp le .Th e re ha v e b ee n v e r y many r e p o r t s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o bl e ms . F o rexamp le i n S om a l ia , consumers were un w i l l i n g t o accep tl o c a l l y ma n uf a c t u r ed s t o v e s a s t h e c e r a mi c mo d el s we r e p o o r l yf i r e d a n d c r ac k e d e a s i l y a nd t h e m e t a l s t o v e s a p pe ar e d f l i m s y a n ds epa ra ted e a s i l y a t t h e j o i n t s . T h e S oma li an p r o j e c t h asr e po r t ed t h e ur g e nt nee d f o r q u a l i t y c o n t r o l m o n i t o r i n g i fconsumers a re no t t o become d i sc ou raged w i t h t h e new des igns andr e v e rt t o u s i n g t h e t r a d i t i o n a l mo de ls ( 2 2 ) . T h i s t y p e o fp rob lem i s common when a r t i s ans a r e ad ap t i ng t o a new p roduc t .Q u a li t y c o n t r o l m o n i t o r i ng c a n i n d i c a t e t h e ne ed f o r f u r t h e rt r a i n i n g .I n Keny a, a t e c h n o lo g y was r e c e n t l y i n t r o d u c e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e


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- 6 -p r od u c t i o n o f c e r a mi c l i n e r s f o r t h e K CJ . T h e e qu ip me nt , k n own asa j i g g e r - j o l i e y m ac hi ne , c a n us e l o w e r q u a l i t y m at e r i a l s t h a n wasp re v i ou s l y p o s s i b le w i t h ''h a n d b u i l d i n gt e c h n i q u es ,w i tht he

r es u l t a nt pr od uc t io n o f i n f e r i o r l i n e r s . I n g en er al i t i st ho ug ht t h a t t h e ma r k et f o r K CJ ' s w i l l n o t c o n t i nu e t o e x pand a tt he p re s e n t r a p i d r a t e u n l e s s q u a l i t y s t a n da rd s a r e ma i nt a i ne d(23)Q u a li t y c o n t r o l i s a mo s t i m p o r t a n t ar e a o f p o s s i b l e i n t e r v e n t i o nby g ov e rn me nt s a n d t h e i r a g en c i e s . S t a n d a r d s c a n b e d e f i n e d a n dmo n it o r i ng w i l l i n d i c a t e wh e t h er o r n o t t h e s e s t a nd ar ds a r e b e i n gmet . T he s t a nd ar ds w i l l r e q u i r e s p e c i f i c a t i o n a nd a da p t a t i o n a sd i f f e r e n t s t o v e mo de ls a r e p r od u c ed . P r o j e c t d oc ume nt s s h o u l dalway s s p e c i f y t h a t q u a l i t y c o n t r o l s t a n da r ds a r e d e f i n e d a ndt h a t m o n i t o r i n g i s u n d e r t a k e n .3. 3 Ma r k e t i ng an d d i s t r i b u t i o n .I n Eu ro pe a n d N o r t h Ame r ic a , t h e s o l i d f u e l , o p e n h e a rt h c o o k i n gf i r e d e v el o pe d i n t o a mo re e f f i c i e n t , e n c l o s e d c o mb us t i on c h amb ers tov e. M a s s p r od u c t i on s t a r t e d d u r i n g t h e I n d u s t r i a l R e v o lu t i o np e ri o d o f t h e 1 9t h c e nt u r y . T h i s ma n uf a c t u r i ng i n d u s t r ydeve loped as t he re s u l t o f demand i n a dev e lop ing economy and t h ema rk e t s t i l l e x i s t s t o d a y , a l t h o u g h n ow v e r y muc h r ed uc e d a smodern g as an d e l e c t r i c c o o k e r s h a v e n e a r l y r e p l a c e d s o l i d f u e ls toves.The p r o d u c t i o n o f s t o v e s i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s h asn ot emer ge d a s t h e r e s u l t o f g r o wt h an d d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n i nd ome st ic i n d u s t r y , b u t r a t h e r a s s u b s i d iz e d i n i t i a t i v e s d es i gn edt o me et a s e t o f d ev e lo pme nt o b j e c t i v e s . A s s u c h, t h e s e v e n t u re sf ac e b a s ic p ro bl ems r e l a t e d t o t h e l o n g t e Lm v i a b i l i t y o fd i s t r i b u t i o n a nd ma rk e t in g a nd t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e mas so f p o o r p e o pl e t o p a y t h e r e a l c o s t o f i mp r o v e d s t o v e s wh enp r o j ec t s u bs i dy f i n i s h e s .D i s t r i b u t i o n p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r i mp ro v ed s t ov e s c a n i n c l u d et r a d i t i o n a l mec ha ni sms , n e w c o mme r c i a l s t r a t e g i e s a n d t h e u s e o fgovernment s t ruc t ure s and NGO network s.Fo r p r oj e c t s w i t h r e l a t i v e l y h i g h l e v e l s o f f u n di ng t h a ta re o n l y a v a i l a b l e f o r a f e w y e a rs , i t i s v e r y t emp t i ng f o rp r o j e c t ma na ge rs t o e s t a b l i s h a n d s u p p o r t n e w m ar k e t i n g a n dd i s t r i b u t i o n c han nel s o r t o r e l y o n p r o j e c t v e h i c le s f o rd i s t r i b u t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t o s u p p o r t an d d ev e l op e x i s t i n g c h an ne lsw i t h i n t h e c o u nt r y . I n t h i s wa y i t i s p o s s i b l e t o meet a mb i t io uso b j ec t i v e s i n t e r ms o f n umb er s o f s t o v e s t o b e d i s s e mi n at e d ,p a r t i c u l a r l y s i nc e r e t a i l e r s may n o t e x pr es s i n t e r e s t i nma r k et i ng i mp r ov e d s t o v e s o n t h e t e r m s o f f e r e d t o t he m. R a t h e rt han p r o mo t i n g a l t e r n a t i v e o u t l e t s , pr og ra mme s s h o u l d c a r e f u l l ys tudy t h e s t r u c t u r e an d f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e e x i s t i n g r e t a i l t r a d ei n o rd e r t o e s t a b l i s h a c c ep t ab le r e t a i l p r o f i t m ar gi ns .F o r l o n g t e r m b e n e f i t s , p r o j e c t r e s o u r c e s c a n a l w a y s b e m o r ep r o f i t a b l y us ed f o r p r o d u c t i o n t r a i n i n g r a t h e r t h an t o s u b s i d iz et he ma r k et i n g a nd d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s t o v e s .The s u c c e s s f u l ma r k e t i n g o f a n y p r od u c t r e q u i r e s a f l e x i b l er e l a t i o n s h i p be t we en t h e p ro d u c e r, w h o l e s a l e r a nd r e t a i l e r w i t h


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- 7 -accu ra t e f eedback f rom t he consum er rega rd i ng t he p roduc t andwhet her o r n o t i t i s m ee t in g h e r r e qu ir eme nt s . I f ap ro du c t o r s e r v i c e f a i l s t o me et t h e r eq u ir e me n t s o f t h ec us tomers , t h e n t he e nt e r p r i s e w i l l f a i l . I n t h e e a r l y st ages o fa s t o v e p ro gr amme i t i s t h e i mp l e me n t i n g o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t i sc o n t r a c t i n g pr o d u c t i o n a nd a c t i n g as w ho l e s a l e r a nd r e t a i l e r f o rt he ne w p ro du c t . I n t h e c as e o f o wn er b u i l t s t ov e s i t i s t h ep r o je c t t h a t i s p r omo t i ng t h e b e n e f i t s t o p o t e n t i a l o wn er s a ndencou rag ing t hem t o bu i l d . Fo r bo t h cases , m arke t ed and ownerb u i l t s t o v e s , t h e o b j e c t i v e i s t h e same; i n o r d e r t o s uc c eed, t h ei mp l eme n t in g a ge nt s mu s t e s t a b l i s h s u s t a i n a b l e p r o d u c t i o n f r o mf u l l y s u p po rt e d b e g in i n gs .A p i l o t p r o j e c t i n Bo ts wa na f o r e x amp le , d i d n o t mak e a v e r ye nc o ur ag in g s t a r t w i t h t h e t w o p ro t o t y p e m e t a l p o r t a b l e s t o v esdeve loped by the Botswana Renewable Energy Pro jec t (BRET) (24) .Du ri n g t h e l i f e t i m e o f t h e p r o j e c t , 2 00 0 BRET s t o v e s we r ep ro du c ed , b u t o n l y 4 5 0 h a d b e en s o l d b y t h e e n d o f t h e p r o j e c t .The s t o v es w er e pr od uc e d b y p r i v a t e f i r m s a n d a r t i s a n s . T h eg o v e r n m e n t t h e n h i r e d a s t o v e s a l e s p e r s o n t o d i s p o s e o f t h er e ma i n in g s t o v e s t h r o u g h s c h o o l s a n d v i l l a g e d ev e l op me ntcommi t t ees . T h e r e were no l i nk ages be t ween s t ov e p roduce rs andt h os e i n v o l v e d i n m a r k e t i n g , a n d no ne o f t h e g r o up s i n v o l v e d ha se xp re s se d a n y i n t e r e s t i n c o n t i n u i n g w i t h o u t g o v e rn me nt s u p p o rt .A mo re r e c e n t r e p o r t r e c e i v e d f r o m t h e M i n i s t r y r e s p o n s i b l e i nBo tswana rev ea l s t ha t a l t hough no t much p rog ress has been mades i nc e t h e BRET p r o j e c t , t h e g ov e rn me nt i s n ow t y i n g t o f o l l o w u pand s ome s u r v e y r e s u l t s h a v e b ee n p u b l i s h e d ( 2 5 ) . T h e s e s h o wt h a t t h e o wn er s o f BRET s t o v e s a r e a c t u a l l y v e r y s a t i s f i e d w i t ht he p r i c e o f a s t ove , as wood i s now becoming more expens i ve ands c ar ce a nd t h e y a r e s a v i n g c a s h t h r o u g h u s i n g t h e s t o v e . I two ul d c e r t a i n l y a p pe ar t h a t t h e p ro b l em i n t h i s c a s e i s o ne o fma rk e t i ng a nd d i s t r i b u t i o n r a t h e r t h a n p r o d u c t i o n o r d e s i g n .The p r ob l em o f s u b s i d y i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h a t o f m a r k e t i n gand d i s t r i b u t i o n . A s u b s i d i z e d p rog ra mme i s s u s t a i n a b l e o n l y f o ras l o n g a s t h e s u b s i d y i s m a i n t a i n e d . T h e g o v e rn me nt s o f We stGermany a n d B r i t a i n f o r e x amp le , h a v e m a in t a i n e d s u b s i d i e s t o t h ec o al in d u s t r y f o r s o c i a l r a t h e r t h a n ec onomic b e n e f i t s . T h e ywo ul d r a t h e r s u b i d i z e u ne c on omi c c o a l p r o d u c t i o n t h a n a l l o w t h ei n du s t r y t o g o i n t o c o mp le t e d e c l i n e , w i t h t h e r e s u l t i n g h a r ds h i pt o m in i ng com mun i t i es t h ro ugh m ass i ve unemp loyment . T h e s egov ernment s h av e t h e ec onomic means t o ma i nt a i n t h e s u bs i dy . T h e r d,p ro bl em wi t h s u b s i d i e s t o i mp r ov e d s t o v e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y wh en t h es ubs idy i s i n d i r e c t i e t h r o ug h a d o no r f un de d s t o v e p r o j e c t , i st h a t o f t e n t h e g ov e rn me nt s i n v o l v e d d o n o t h a v e t h e means o fm ai n t a i n i ng t h e s u b s i d i e s , e v e n wh en t h e p o t e n t i a l s o c i a l a n d 1e co no mic b e n e f i t s c o u l d b e e x t r e m e l y h i g h . 1

programme i n S r i La nk a r e p o r t s t h a t s i n c e us e r s d o n o t pa yc as h f o r woo d a n d t h e r e f o r e d e r i v e n o mo n et a r y b e n e f i t f r o m t h eimpro ved s t o v e , t h e y w i l l n o t b e a b l e t o p a y t h e c o mme rc i a l p r i c eo f Rp . 50 . A r e a s o f t h e p r o j e c t w i t h f u n d i n g f r o m t h e go v er nme nto f S r i L an ka s e l l t h e s t o v e a t Rp . 30 , w i t h t r a n s p o r t a nda d mi n i s t r a t i o n c o s t s me t by t h e go v er nme nt . T h e r a t e o f s t o v ei n s t a l l a t i o n s i s l o w, a s o n l y h i g h e r in co me g ro up s w i l l p ay ev ent h i s s u bs i di s e d p r i c e . A re as o f t h e p r o j e c t u n de r t h e I n t e g r a t e d


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3 . 5 T r a i n i n g

8

tI

Rura l Deve lopment P rogramme whic h have a dd i t io na l do nor f und ingi np u t s , s e l l t h e s t o v e f o t Rp . 15 , a nd ha v e i n s t a l l e d mo re s t o v est han t he government prog ramme due t o t h e more a t t ra c t i v e p r i c e( 26 ). A s wo od i s r e l a t i v e l y a bu nd an t , ( a r e c e n t s u rv e y f ou ndt ha t 84% o f 8000 improved s t ove owners c ou ld c o l l e c t wood i nt h e i r g ar de ns o r n e ar b y s c r u b ( 2 7 ) ) , p e o p l e d o d o n o t ha v e a v e r yg rea t i nc en t i v e t o aqu i re im proved s t oves and t he p rogramme needsc o nt in uo us s u b s i dy t o s u s t a i n i t .When h i g h l e v e l s o f d i r e c t a nd i n d i r e c t s u b s id y a re b u i l t i n t o ap rogramme, i t wou ld seem im por t an t t o s pec i f y how t he a im o fsus t a i nab le deve lopmen t i s t o be ach ieved .3 .4 Management and s t a f f .A r e c e n t Wo r l d B an k A u d i t R e p o r t f o u n d t h a t : ' A m aj o rc o n t r i b u t i o n t o s u s t a i n a b i l i t y c ame f r o m t h e d ev e lo pme nt o fg ra s s r oo t s o r ga n i s a t i o n s , w he r eb y p r o j e c t b e n e f i c i a r i e s g r a d u a l l yassumed i n c r e a s i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o r p r o j e c t a c t i v i t i e s d u r i n gi m p l e m e n t a t i o n , a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y f o l l o w i n g c o m p l e t i o n ' ( 2 8 ) .P ro c ur eme nt o f s c r a p m et a l p r o v i d e s a n i n t e r e s t i n g ex a mp le . I no r d e r t o p r o mo t e s t o v e p r o d u c t i o n t h e p r o j e c t may p r oc u r e s c r a pme t al f r o m s u p p l i e r s i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s a n d t h e n mak e t h e s u p p lya v a i l a b l e t o s t o v e p ro du c e rs a t t h e f a v o u r a bl e p r i c e t h a t t h e ya re a b l e t o n e g o t i a t e t h r o ug h b u l k p ur c h as i n g. R a t h e r t h a nj eo p ar d is e f u t u r e p r o d u c t i o n o f s t o v es t h e p r o j e c t c o u ld , f o re x amp le , a t t e m p t t o o r g a n i s e t h e m e t a l wo r k i n g a r t i s a n s i n t o acoope ra t i ve o rgan i sa t i on wh i ch wou ld t hen m ake bu l k pu rchases .Me t a l wo r k i ng a r t i s a n s w o r k i n s t r o n g l y i n de p e nd a nt g r ou ps a n dt h i s wo ul d b e t h e p r i n c i p a l c o n s t r a i n t t o s uc h a n i n i t i a t i v e .Howev er, a s a c o o p e r a t i v e o r g a n i s a t i o n wo u l d b e i n t h e i rc o l l e c t i v e i n t e r e s t , i t wo u ld s eem w o r t h wh i l e t o mak e a n at t e mp t .The d i r e c t b e n e f i c i a r i e s a r e t h o s e wh o b e n e f i t f r o m u s i n g t h es t ov e an d t h o s e wh o b e n e f i t f r o m p r o d u c t i o n a n d ma r k e t i n g .P r o j e c t manag ement a nd s t a f f w i l l n ee d t o a d op t p o s i t i v e me as u re st h at r e s u l t i n i n c re as e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e b e n ef i c i a r i e s i ft he se a ims a r e t o b e a c h ie v e d, g i v e n t h e t en de nc y o f s t a f f t or e t a i n c o n t r o l o f a c t i v i t i e s i n a h i e r a r c h i c a l managements t r u c t u r e .I f s t ov e programmes ar e t o c on t r i bu t e t o lo ng te rm deve lopment oVe_eh,.../st he y mu s t b e s u s t a i n a b l e. T h e p e r i o d f o l l o w i n g t h e p r o j e c twhen t h e g o v er nme nt w i l l b e r e s p o n s i b l e s h o u l d b e g i v e n c a r e f u lc o n s i d e r at i o n b y t h e d o n or o r g a n i s a t i o n . I f t h e go v er nme nt do esno t have management s t a f f c ommi t t ed t o f u r t he r i ng t he work whens u s t a i n a b l e s t o v e p r o d u c t i o n ha s n o t b e e n a c h i ev e d w i t h i n t h el i f e t i m e o f a p r o j e c t , t h e n w h at c o u l d ha v e b e en ac h i e v ed may bel o s t .

The la ck o f t ra in ed st a f f i s a most ser ious problem fac in g manystove programme managers i n dev e lop ing c oun t r ies .S ho rt t e r m ov e r s ea s c o ur s e s i n s t o v e t e c h n o l o g y a r e v e r yb e n e f i c i a l f o r s t a f f who ha ve b a s i c l e v e l s o f t e c h n i c a lk no wle dg e; b u t i n many c a s es p a r t i c i p a n t s a c t u a l l y n e ed t o


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- 10 -c o ns i d er ab le t r a i n i n g . I f t h e pr ogr amme d oe s p r o v i d e t r a i n i n g i tmay t h e n bec ome ap p a re n t t h a t t h e a r t i s a n d o es n o t a c t u a l l y h av eany t i m e f o r s t o v e p r od u c t i on as o t h e r w or k t a k es p r i o r i t y . F o rex ample, r e p a i r s t o a g r i c u l t u r a l i mp l eme n t s i n t h e d r y s ea s on a n df ar mi ng a c t i v i t i e s when i t i s r a i n i n g . B e f o r e i mp le me nt i ng a nyr u r a l me t a l s t o v e p r od u c t i on t r a i n i n g , i t i s n ec es s ar y f o r t h eprogramme t o e v a l u a t e s k i l l l e v e l s , n umb er s o f a r t i s a n sa v a il ab le , c o mp e t i t io n w i t h o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s , p r o f i t f r om t he sea c t i v i t i e s a n d t h e p ro bl em o f me t a l s u p pl y . T h e s e d i f f i c u l t i e sar e i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p r i n c i p a l p r ob le m f a c i n g r u r a l s t o v ema r k et i n g wh i c h i s w he t h e r p eo p l e c a n a f f o r d t h e s t o v e s .T ra i n i n g o f v i l l a g e p o t t e r s f o r t h e p ro d uc t i o n o f p o t t e r y s t ov e sa v oi ds man y o f t h e p r ob l ems f o u n d w i t h m et a l wo r k e r s i n r u r a lar eas . P o t t e r s a r e a l s o u s u a l l y v e r y re s po ns i v e t o t r a i n i n g(30)3 .6 Su rveys and m on i t o r i ng .Donor o rgan i sa t i o ns and exec u t i ng agenc ies demand c l e a rev i dence o f p rog ress f r om t h e im p lemen t i ng agency , measu red f o rex ample i n numbers o f s t o v e s s o l d o r b u i l t . A l t h o u g h m o n i t o r i ngi n t h e s e t eL ms i s v e r y i mp o r t a n t f o r e v a l u a t i o n pu rp os e s, t h i sapp roach shou ld no t ove rshadow t h e r ea l m easure o f success , wh i c hmus t s u r e l y b e w he t h e r o r n o t women w i l l b e s t i l l u s i n g imp r ov e ds t ov es f i v e o r t e n y e ar s a f t e r t h e d o n or f u nd s h av e c eas ed. P l a n sand p r o v i s i o n s f o r c o n t i nu e d s u p p o r t t o a c t i v i t i e s m us t b e madei f muc h g oo d w or k i s n o t t o b e wa s t ed . T h i s i s r e c og n is e d b ymany, i n c l u d i n g t h e U n i t i e d N a t i o n s S a h e l i a n O f f i c e , w h o a r e no we xamin ing t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d e v e l op i ng ' t r a n s i t i o n p has es ' f o rp r o j ec t s t h a t may o t h e rw is e b e a b r u p t l y t e r m in a t e d , w i t hs e r i ou s l y d e t r i m en t a l r e s u l t s .S u r v e y - mo n i t o ri n g wo r k i s a n i m p o r t a n t t o o l f o r t h o s e e ng ag ed i ni mp le me nt a t io n. S u r v e y s o n t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d f u n c t i o n i n g o ff u e l a n d s t o v e m a r k e t s , h o u s e h o l d f u e l u s e p a t t e r n s a n d t h ea v a i l a b i l i t y o f c o n s t r uc t i o n m at e r i a l s a l l p r ov i d e e s s e n t ia lb as ic i n f o r m a t i o n . R e g a r d i n g t h e a n a l y s i s o f d a t a, pay ba ck t i m e '( t he t i m e r e q u i r e d t o p a y ba c k t h e i n v e s t me n t i n t h e s t o v et h ro ug h r ed uc e d f u e l c os ts ), i s a v e r y u s e f u l i n d i c a t o r , b u t h asl i m i t a t i o n s ( r e f e r t o s e c t on 5 ) . F o r s u c c e s s f u l d es i gn s , p ay bac kpe r i ods o f be t ween one and t h ree mont hs a re common. I n con t ra s t ,m ass i ve s t oves cons t ruc t ed by a r t i sans m ay have payback pe r i odsas l o n g a s 1 2 - 30 mo nt h s ( 3 1 ) . W h e r e m o n i t o r i n g h as s h own t h a ts tov e u s er s a r e mo r n t e r e s t e d i n b e n e f i t s o t h e r t h a n f u e ls av ings , t h i s i n f o t h a t i o n a y o f t e n i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e programme i su n l i k e l y t o b e s u s t a i n a b l e w i t h o u t h ea v y a nd c o n t in uo u s s u b s id y .S u rv e y - m on i t o r in g wo r k a nd t h e p r o b l e m o f s u b s i d y i s g i v e nf u r t h e r c o n s i de r at i o n i n s e c t i o n 5 .3. 7 Donors , ex ec u t i ng and im p lemen t i ng agenc ies .Donors and execu t i ng agenc ies exe rc i se unde rs t andab le ca re t oens ure t h a t e f f i c i e n t u s e i s made o f a v a i l a b l e f u n d s .Howev er, t o b e e f f e c t i v e , t h e i m p l e me n t i n g a g en t s o f t e n r e q u i r ea s s i s t an c e i n d e v e l o p i n g mec hanis ms a nd pr o c e du r es t h a t w i l l , f o rexamp le, enab le cash t o he spen t on r u r a l p rom o t i ona l campaigns


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- 11

(69,-

o r pu rc h as e o f l o c a l m a t e r i a l s , w i t h o u t l e n g t h y de la y s i no b t a i n i n g a u t h o r i z a t i o n s .I t i s a l s o mo s t i mp o r t a n t t h a t d e l a y s a r e a v o i d e d be t we e n p ha se so f s u p p or t t o s t o v e pr ogr ammes , a s t h e l a c k o f c o n t i n u i t y w i l lr e s u l t i n s e r i ou s l o s s o f c o n f id en c e f r o m a r t i s a n s a s s i s t i n g w i t hs t ov e p r o d u c t i o n , a n d o t h e r o r g a n i s a t i o n s w ho ha v ebeen l i a i s i n g w i t h t h e p r o j e c t .T h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f i m p r o v e d s t o v e s w o u l d b e g r e a t l y a s s i s t e d b ye f f e c t i v e n a t i o n a l s t r a t e gi e s . R e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r i mp le me nt a t io ni s o f t e n w i t h a p a r t i c u l a r go v er nme nt m i n i s t r y o r d e pa r t me nt ,s uc h a s t h e F o r e s t r y D e pa rt me nt , M i n i s t r y o f E n er g y o r D ep ar t me n to f Communi ty De ve lo pme nt . A s t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e s ev a r i o u s g ov e r nme nt m i n i s t r i e s a n d d e pa r t me n t s a r e u s u a l l y q u i t ei nd ep en de nt f r o m o ne an o t h e r, i t bec omes v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o a d o ptt he i n t e r - d i s c i p l i n a r y a nd i n t e g r a t e d ap pr oa c h t h a t wo ul d r e s u l ti n t h e g r e a t e s t i m p a c t ( 3 2 ) .


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4. Success esA s ig n i f i c an t number o f ' s tove programmes are now succ eed ing i nt h e i r a i m o f d i s s e m i n a t i n g l a r g e n umb er s o f i mp r ov e d s t ov e s b yo v er c omi ng ma ny o f t h e p r ob l ems a n d d i f f i c u l t i e s o u t l i n e d a bo v e.The rep o r t c on t i nues w i t h a na l y s i s o f some o f t hese prog rammes .4.1 Urban programmesUrban f a m i l i e s a r e s p e nd i ng an i n c r e a s i n g p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e i rinc omes on c oo k i ng f u e l . T h e r e i s n ow a v e r y g r e a t i n c e n t i v e f o rf am i l i es who spend up t o 30% o f t h e i r i ncome on wood o r c ha rc oa lt o i n v e s t i n a n i mp r ov e d s t o v e . A s man y u r b a n c on su me rs a r e a l s oa bl e t o a f f o r d t h e r e l a t i v e l y e x pe ns i v e i mp ro v ed s to ve s , t h i smakes l a r g e c i t i e s t h e i d e a l s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r i mp ro v ed s t o v ed i s s e m i n a t i o n ( 3 3 ) .I n u rb an a re as t h e r e a r e u s u a l l y t r a d i t i o n a l s i n g l e p o t s t o v emodels t o b e f o un d i n t h e ma r k et . T h e s e a r e n o r m al l y p o r t a b l e ,l i g h t w e ig h t c e r ami c o r me t a l s t ov e s . S i m p l e s i n g l e p o t s t o v esa re a l s o t h e mos t c o s t e f f e c t i v e d e s ig n s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r ob le mo f p r o d u c i ng a c h ea p a nd e f f i c i e n t i mp r ov e d s t ov e mo de l t h a t w i l ls uc ceed a s a r ep la c e me nt f o r t h e e x i s t i n g t r a d i t i o n a l d e s i gn .I t h a s be en es t i m a t e d t h a t 1 8 0, 0 0 0 s i n g l e p o t i m pr o v e d c h a r c o a ls toves were produced f o r t he market i n Kenya between 1982 and1985. S i n c e 1985 , ov e r 5000 K C j s t ov es have been produced eve rymont h and i t i s now es t im a t ed t ha t be t ween 11-15% o f a l lh ou s eh ol ds i n N a i r o b i a r e u s i n g t h e ne w s t o v e ( 3 4 ) . H o w e v e r , a st h e K CJ i s b et we en t h r e e a n d f i v e t i m e s mo re ex p e ns i v e t h a n t h et r a d i t i o n a l s t o v e, i t i s t h e mi d d le a nd h i g h e r in co me g ro up sr a t h e r t h a n t h e l o w in c o me g ro u p s , w h o we r e t h e t a r g e tpopu la t i on , who have adop t ed t he new des ign (35 ) .The K CJ des ign evo l ved t h roug h a t t em pt s t o im prove t h et r a d i t i o n a l me t a l s t o v e by i n c o r p o r a t i n g a c e ra mi c l i n e r .Des igne rs i n K eny a we re o r i g i n a l l y i n s p i r e d b y a v i s i t t oTh a il a nd d u r i n g wh i c h t h e y s t u d i e d t h e T ha i b uc k e t , a n o t h e rs u c c e s s f ul imp r ov e d c h a r c o a l s t o v e w h i c h f e a t u r e s a m e t a l b u c k e tw i t h a c e ra mi c l i n e r . T h e T h a i b u c k et , t h r o u g h a s e r i e s o fa d ap t a t io n s b as e d o n l a b o r a t o r y w or k a nd ma r k et t r i a l s , f i n a l l yemerged as t he KCJ. S i n c e 1982, t h e Kenya Renewable EnergyP r o j e c t ( E D P } a n d t h e Ke ny a En e r gy a n d E nv i r on me n to r g a n i s a t i o n s (KENGO), h av e t r a i n e d o v e r 2 00 a r t i s a n s i n t h ep ro du c t io n o f t h e KCJ s t ov e . T r a i n i n g i s a v e r y i mp o rt a n tcomponent o f t h e K enyan p rogramme. E x i s t i n g improved s t ov ee n t e i p r i s e s g i v e t r a i n i n g t h r o u g h a p p re n t i c e s h i ps . F o l l o w i n gt r a i n i n g , t h e s k i l l e d t r a i n e e s o r a p p re n t ic e s j o i n t h e b us i ne s st he y h av e b ee n w or k i n g w i t h o r s t a r t t h e i r o wn . Co u r s e s a r e n owo f f e r ed ev e ry y e a r t o a s s i s t a r t i s a n s w i t h b u i l d i n g t e c hn iq ue ,market ing and enterpr i se management (36) .The ma r k e t i n g s t r a t e g y f o r t h e KCJ t o o k i n t o ac c o un t t h a t , f o r i tt o s uc c eed, t h e a r t i s a n s i n v o l v e d w o ul d r e q u i r e a h i g h e r p r o f i tma rg in t ha n t h ey r e c e iv e d f o r p r od u c in g t h e t r a d i t i o n a l j i k o .I n f a c t t h e p r o f i t ma r g i n f r o m a K Cj i s o f t e n mo re t h a n t wo t i me st h at o f a t r a d i t i o n a l s t ov e . I t ha s be en p o in t e d o u t t h a t" wh i l s t t h e t i m e r eq u ir e me nt , s k i l l s a nd t o o l s f o r m ak in g a nimprov ed j i k o a r e a bo ut t h e same a s f o r a t r a d i t i o n a l j i k o , t h eimp re ve d s t o v e e nj o y s t h e f u r t h e r m e r i t s o f mo d er n it y , f u e l


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- 2 -s a v in gs a n d t h e u s e o f s c r a p m e t a l t h a t c a n n o t o t h e r w i s e b e us e di n t h e ma k in g o f a t r a d i t i o n a l s t o v e " ( 2 1 ) . W h e n s t o v es pa y ba ckt h e i r c o s t t h r o u gh f u e l s a v in gs i n a s h o r t p e r i o d , t h e nwo rd -o f - mo ut h a d v e r t i s i n g b y s a t i s f i e d c us t ome rs i s o f t e n mo ree f f e c t i v e t h a n an y p r o mo t i o n al c amp ai gn . T h i s w ou l d ap pe ar t o b et h e c a s e w i t h t h e KCJ wh i c h p ay s ba c k t h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t me n t i nl es s t h a n t w o mo nt h s . P r o m o t i o n i s n o w m a i n l y i n t h e ha nd s o ft he p r i v a t e s e c t o r . I t h as be en r ep o r t e d t h a t s ome p o t t e r s s t a mpt h e i r t r a d e ma rk o n l i n e r s a nd o f f e r a r e pl a c eme n t i n c a s e o fe a r l y c r a c k i n g . S o m e e n t r e p r e n e u r s h a v e e n a b l e d l a r g e b u s i n e s s e sand o t h e r o r g a n i s a t i o n s t o s e l l s t o v e s t o e mp lo y ee s a n d d e du c tt he p r i c e f r o m s a l a r i e s . T h e Keny an a rmy h as a d o pt e d t h i ss t r a t e gy , e n s u r i n g t h a t p e o p l e a l l o v e r Ke ny a w i l l s e e t h e n ews t oves when t h e s o l d i e r s go home (36 ) .The Ke ny an M i n i s t r y o f E ne r gy h as e s t i m a t e d t h a t i n 1 9 8 5 ,n a t i o n a l c h a r c o a l demand wa s r e d uc e d b y t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f o v e r180, 000 t o n ne s o f c u t f u e l wo o d. B y 1 99 5, i f p r e s e n t a d o p t i o nr a t e s c o n t i n u e , t h e d emand c o u l d b e r e du c e d by t h e e q u i v a l e n t o fov er 1. 5 m i l l i o n t o nnes o f c u t f u el wo c d. C l e a r l y t h e i n f o r ma ls e c t or ar t i s a n s i n v o l v e d i n p r o du c t i o n a r e b e n e f i t t i n gs u b s t a n t i a l l y f r o m t h e ne w i n d us t r y . H o we v e r , f o r t h e t a r g e tp o pu l at i o n o f p o o r u rb a n dw el l e r s t o a d op t t h e KCJ , e i t h e r p r o f i tma rg in s w i l l h a v e t o come d own , i n c o me s w i l l h a v e t o i n c r e a s e o rt he go v er nme nt w i l l h av e t o i n t r o d u c e a s y s t e m o f g r a n t s e n a b l i n gp oo re r f a m i l i e s t o a q u i r e t h e s t ov e . O t h e r w i s e , t h e p r e s e n t l yh ig h a d op t i o n r a t e s w i l l n o t c o n t i nu e , a n d re d uc t i o n s i n c u tf ue lwo od a r e n o t l i k e l y t o o c c u r.I n N iamey , 410, 000 Ma i S auk i improved s i n g l e po t m e t a l s t oves havebeen s o l d i n j u s t t wo v ee rs . T h e a i m was t o s e l l 2 0 , 00 0 i n t w oy ea rs , b u t t h a t f i g u r e was a c t u a l l y r e ac h ed i n o n e y e a r.Fo l l ow in g i n i t i a l p r o mo t i on a nd s a l e s t h ro u gh t h e p r o j e c t , t h enew d e s i g n i s n o w w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e m a r k e t , w i t h 93% o fc us t ome rs c l a i m i n g t h a t t h e y w o ul d b uy a r e p l a c e me n t wh en t h e i rs tov e wo re o u t . T h e i mp or t an c e o f e f f e c t i v e e a r l y p r omo t i on i si n d i c a t e d b y e x p er i e nc e s i n Ni ame y , w h e r e i t wa s f o u n d t h a t s a l e sb e g a n t o d e c l i n e , f o l l o w i n g t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f p r o m o t i o n a lcampaigns , du r i n g wh i ch l a r ge numbers o f s t oves were so l d .The Na t i o na l I m proved Cook ing St ove P ro j ec t o f T he Gamb ia ,imp lemented by t he Depar tment o f Communit y Deve lopment i n Ban ju l ,p rov i des a no t he r examp le o f a p rogramme t ha t has succeeded i np o p u la r i s i n g a p or t a b l e s t o v e i n t h e u rb a n a re as , i n t h i s c a s emade e n t i r e l y f r o m s c r a p me t a l . T h e e x p e r i e nc e s o f t h e Ga mb ia nprogramme a r e v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h o s e i n N ia me y, w i t h v e r y f a s ta d op t i o n i n t h e u r b a n ar e as a r o un d B a n j u l . T h e N of l i e s t o v e wasd ev e lo pe d i n 19 83 a n d f o l l o w i n g some i n i t i a l m a r k e t i n g t r i a l swh ic h i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e n ew d e s i g n h ad g r e a t p o t e n t i a l , wa sp rom ot ed t h rough a cam pa ign t ha t used pub l i c dem ons t ra t i ons ,r ad io , p os t e r s and l e a f l e t s . S u r v e y r e s u l t s c o n f ir me d t h a t t h eNo f l i e h a d c a p t u r e d a 15% s h a r e o f t h e s t o v e ma r k e t . B ySeptember 1986, a round 15,000 s toves had been produced by theme t al wo rk e rs t r a i n e d b y t h e p r o j e c t , w h i c h i s a g r e a t a c h ie v eme ntf o r a d e s i g n t h a t h a d o n l y b ee n o n t h e ma r k e t f o r l e s s t h a n t h r e ey ear s. T h e G ambian c as e i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g , a s c h a r c o a lwas banned i n 1 981 t o s t em what was per c e iv ed as t hee n v i r o nme n t a l l y da ma gi ng c u t t i n g o f wo cd f o r c h a r c o a l p r o d u c t i o n .


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/4-- 3 -

The t r a d i t i o n a l c h a r c o a l c o a l p o t i s i n e f f i c i e n t when a da pt e df o r wood b ur n i n g an d t h i s made t h e N o f l i e a p a r t i c u l a r l ya t t r a c t i v e p ur c ha s e a s i t c a n p ay ba c k i t s p r i c e i n woods a v in gs i n o n l y o n e mo nt h (b a s e d o n 1 98 7 p r i c e s ) . T h et r a d i t i o n a l c h a r c e a l s t o v e i s a l s o p a r t i c u l a r l y h az ar do us wh enus ed w i t h wo od d u e t o t h e h i g n d e gr e e o f i n s t a b i l i t y c a us ed b yheav y wood s t i c k s p r o t r u d i n g f r o m t h e s i d e s o f t h e s t o v e ( 1 0 ) .The r e s u l t s o f s u r v e y s a nd t r i a l s may i n d i c a t e t h a t a t w o p o ts t ove des ign wou ld be more app rop r i a t e f o r t he marke t .In common wi t h a la rg e number o f s t ov e programmes, t he RenewableEn er gy Te c h no lo gy p r o j e c t i n L e s o t h o b eg an w i t h a t r i a l p h as ew h i c h t e s t e d s e v e r a l m o d e l s , i n c l u d i n g t h e L o r e n a s t o v e .E v e n t ua l ly t h e p r o j e c t d ev e lo pe d a p o r t a b l e t w o p o t m e t a l s t o v e ,t h e M ab o t l e wh i c h i s n ow r e g ar d e d a s t h e b e s t d e s i g n ( 9 ) .Howev er, t w o p o t d e s i g n s a r e m a i n l y f i n d i n g a ma r k et i n A s i a ,wher e t r a d i t i o n a l s t o v es a l s o i n c o r p o r a t e t wo p o t ho l es . T h eYayasan Dian Desa programme i n In don es ia has dis se minate d 25,000Tungk u S ae p o t t e r y s t o v e s i n t h e p a s t f o u r y e a r s . T h e p r og ra mmei s p r e s e n t l y e x a mi n in g t h e p r o d u c t i o n a n d m ar k e t i n g s y s te m f o rt he t r a d i t i o n a l K e re n p o t t e r y s t o v e w i t h t h e a i m o f i n c r e a s i n gcommerc i a l sa l es o f t he TUngku S ae . S u rv ey s o f Tungku S ae s t ov eu s er s i n I n d o n e s i a i n d i c a t e t h a t women r e g a r d t h e i mp r ov e dd u r a b i l i t y o f t h e ne w d e s i g n, c o mp ar e d w i t h t h e Ke re n s t o v e , a st h e mo s t im p or t a n t f e a t u r e . A s a r e s u l t , t h e pr ogr amme i s n owp l an n in g t o e x p l o i t a dv a nt ag es o t h e r t h a n f u e l s a v in gs i np r o mo t i o n a l c amp ai gn s , a s ma ny p o t e n t i a l b u y e rs a r e n o t f a c e dw i t h a f u el wo od s c a r c i t y . T h e h i g h c o s t o f t h e Tu ngk u Saecompared w i t h t he K e ren has a l s o emerged as a m a jo r co ns t ra i n t t owidesp read adop t i on and t he p rog ramme i s now cons ide r i ng v a r i ousways o f r e d u c i n g t h e p r i c e ( 3 8 ) .A ve ry promis ing approach has been adopted i n Rwanda, wherep o t t e r y s t o v e p r o d u c t i o n i s b e i n g p r omo t ed t h r o u g h s m a l le n t e r pr i s e s as a c omp le me nt a ry a c t i v i t y t o p o t t e r y a nd t i l emak ing ( 3 9 ). T h i s s t r a t e g y i s a l s o now b e in g f o l lo we d i n S r iL a n k a , a s d e t a i l e d i n s e c t i o n 4 . 2 .I f s t o v e s a r e d ev e l op ed w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e r eq u ir e me n t s o f t h ema rk et , a n d ma nu f ac t u r er s a r e i d e n t i f i e d a n d t r a i n e d , t h e nu rb an p ro gra mme s w i l l s u c c e ed . T h i s i s c l e a r f r o m wh at ha s b e e na c hi ev e d i n t h e c o u n t r i e s c o n s i d er e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n . Ho w e v e r ,u n t i l t h e l o w e r i nc o me g r ou p s h a v e t h e f i n a n c i a l means t op ur c ha se s t o v e s , u r b a n pr og ra mme s c a n n o t r e a l i s e t h e i r f u l lp o t e n t i a l .4 . 2 Ru ra l s t ovesVar ious orga n is a t ion s in c lu d i ng Haende leo Ya Wanawake,KENGO and the Be l l e r i v e Foundat ion have been inv o lv ed wi t hprogrammes promot ing improved wood bu rn i ng s tov es, a imed a t t her u r a l p o p u l a t i o n o f Ken ya. T h e s t o v e s h av e n o t s o l d i n g r e a tnumbers , as , ac co rd i n g t o a KENGO rep r es en t a t i v e a t t h e 1986Re g io n al rrlork s hop i n N a i r o b i , " r u r a l p e o p l e a r e f i r m l y a t t a c h e dt o t h e i r t h r e e - s t o n er ' f i r e s , d o n o t p a y f o r t h e i r f u el wo od a nd s odo n o t s e e why t h e y s h o ul d p ay f o r a s t o v e " ( 3 4 ) . T h e K u ni M b i l ii s a n o t h e r wo od s t o v e t h a t wa s d e v e lo p ed i n 1 9 86 , a l s o f o r t h er u r a l ma rk e t. L i k e t h e KCJ t h i s d e s i gn f e a t ur e s a m et a l c l a d


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I f

- 4 -c e ra mi c l i n e r . T h e s t o v e ha s f a i l e d t o mak e t h e b r ea k t h ro ug ht h a t o c c ur ed w i t h t h e K Cj a s t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n s i m p ly c a n no ta f f o r d i t . H o we v e r , a s w oo d s u p p l y bec omes i n c r e a s i n g l yc o mme r c ia li s e d, t h e m a r k e t i n g o f s t o v e s i s b ec o mi ng e a s i e r . G T Z ,who ar e su ppor t i ng t he Maende leo Ya Wanawake org an i s a t ion ,r ec e nt l y r ep o rt e d t h a t d e s pi t e t h e r e l a t i v e l y l o w f i g u r e o f10, 000 s t oves d i ssem ina t ed , t he y a r e now encou raged by t h e morei mp o rt a n t f a c t t h a t d emand a pp ea rs t o b e r i s i n g s h a r p l y ( 1 1 ) .One s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r ob l em o f mud s t o v e d u r a b i l i t y i n v o l v e sb u i l d i n g t h e s t ov e a ro un d a p o t t e r y l i n e r . I n c o r p o r a t i n g al i n e r c an e x te nd t h e l i f e t i m e o f t h e s t o v e c o n s id e ra b ly , a s t h el i n e r i s f i r e r e s i s t a n t a nd t h e mud b u i l t b ody o f t h e s t ov ep ro v id es s u p po rt f o r t h e l i n e r a n d p r ev e n t s i t f r o m b r ea k i nge a s i l y . L i n e r s t o ves a r e e a s i l y b u i l t a n d hav e g r ea t p o t e n t i a l .Ho we ver , s u c c e s s w i t h l i n e r s t o v e s de pe nd s n o t o n l y o n t r a i n i n gp r o g r a m m e s b u t a l s o o n e s t a b l i s h i n g l a r g e s c a l e p r o d u c t i o n o tl i n e r s a n d e n s u r in g t h a t m ar k e t i n g an d d i s t r i b u t i o n c h an ne ls a r ef u n c t i o ni n g. I n S r i L an ka , a l i n e r s t o v e was in t r o du c e d i n 1981and h a d s o l d 2 0 , 0 00 b y 1 9 8 6. T h e s t o v e wa s pr o mo t e d o n l y i nr u r a l a r e a s , t h r o u g h t w o s t o v e p r o g r a m me s , a n d wa s p ur c h as e de i t he r where peop le bought wood o r where women earned money (4 0) .Th er e i s n o w a p l a n t o ma r k et t h e l i n e r s t o v e i n u r b a nareas an d p r od u c t i on f a c i l i t i e s f o r u p t o 1 00 ,0 00 s t ov e s a y e a ra re b ei n g c r e at e d a t v a r i ou s l o c a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g a l a r g ec eramic t i l e f a c t o r y ( 2 3 ) .As a re s p on s e t o p r o b le ms w i t h t h e ma s s i v e s t o v e t y p e a n d t h ed i f f i c u l t y o f ma rk e t i ng s t ov es i n r u r a l a r ea s , t h e = S So r g a n i s a t i o n i n Wes t A f r i c a h av e pr omo t ed a s i mp l e , s i n g l e p o timprov ed s t o v e t h a t i s e s s e n t i a l l y a t h r e e - s t o n e f i r e s u r ro un de dby a mud w a l l . T h e s t o v e c a n c o s t n o t h i n g t o b u i l d i n c a s h t e i ms .As d es c r i b e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n , s o me ad va nc e s ha v e be enmade W i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s c o mp ar ed t o t h e e a r l i e rp rog rammes and no sp ec ia l t oo l s o r wooden mou lds a re req u i re d .The c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e d ur e a l l o w s wome n t o b u i l d t h e s t o v e t os u i t w h at e v e r s i z e d c o o k i n g po t s t h e y mo s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e .The des ign was f i r s t p romo t ed i n Ouagadougou , and t he n t h roughou tt h e p r ov i n c e s o f B u r k i n a F as o w he r e 5 0 , 0 00 s t o v e s w e r ec o ns t r uc t ed i n l e s s t h a n o ne y e ar . T h e s t o v e i s a l s o b e i n gpromoted th rough out t he CTT-SS member c oun t r ie s , wh i c h in c lu deS en eg al , M a l i , T h e G amb ia , N i g e r , M a u r i t a n i a , N i g e r a n d Ch ad . T h eimprov ed t h r e e - s t o n e s/s t o v e t a k e sa b o u to n ed a yt oc o n s tr u c ta nd ,

d ep en di ng o n h ow f a r women h av e t o t r e k f o r wo od c o l l e c t i o n , c a npay b ac k t h e t i m e i n v e s t e d i n i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n i n b et we en t w o a ndf o u r week s . I t was t h e py r a mi d a l t r a i n i n g s t r a t e g y , d es c r i b e d i nt h e p r e v i o us s e c t i o n , w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n s u c h ma s s iv ed i s s e m i n a t i o n o f t h e i mp r ov e d s t o v e . B u r k i n a F a s o h as a g ov e r me ntt h a t i s e x t r eme l y c ommi t t ed t o h a l t i n g d e f o r e s t a t i o n t h r o ug h ac o ns e rv a t io n s t r a t e g y t h a t a l s o i n c l u d es t h e p r o h i b i t i o n o fb u s h f i r es a nd c o mmu ni ty c o n t r o l o f g r a z i n g a n d t r e e c u t t i n g .Howev er, r e c e n t r e p o r t s i n d i c a t e t h a t ma ny s t o v es h av e f a l l e ni n t o d i s u s e as t h e y d e t e r i o r a t e a n d t h e g o v er nme nt i s n owp l a n n i n g a ma j o r f o l l o w u p c a mp ai gn ( 2 0 ) .The gove rnm en t o f Ch ina has a l so s t im u la t ed t he deve lopm en tand d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f i mp r o v e d s t o v e s i n r u r a l a r e a s , w h e r e 80% o ft h e p o p u l a t i o n l i v e . I n 1 986 i mp r o v e d s t o v e s we r e d is s e mi na t e d


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4. 3 I n s t i t u t i o n a l S t ov es

9

- 5 -t o 1 5 m i l l i o n h ou s eh ol ds , b r i n g i n g t h e t o t a l t o mo re t h a n 6 0m i l l i o n _ F i n a n c i a l l y i d e p e n d e n t R ur a l En er gy C or p or a t io n s ha vebeen d ev e lo pe d t o p a r r y o u t r e s e ar c h a nd o rg a n is e i n d u s t r i a lp r od u c t i on , w h i c h i s e nc o ur ag ed i n o r d e r t o a c h i ev e l a r g e s c a l ed i s s e mi n at i o n a nd gu ar a nt e e q u a l i t y a n d d u r a b i l i t y ( 4 1 ) .I n I n d ia , t h e s i t u a t i o n i s s i m i l a r t o Ch in a i n t h a t , o f a t o t a lp o p ul a t i o n o f 7 50 m i l l i o n ( 1 9 8 4 ) , o v e r 75% l i v e i n r u r a l a re a s .I t i s a l s o t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n who bu r n mo st f i r e w o od , 68 .5 % o ft o t a l f u e l ne ed s , c o mp er ed t o 4 6. 5% f o r t h e i r U r ba n c o u n t e r p a r t s .Fr om 1 98 3 t o 1 98 5, a t o t a l o f a r o un d 1 m i l l i o n i m pr o v ed s t ov e swe re i n s t a l l e d a n d a n o t h e r 1 . 1 m i l l i o n b et we en 19 85 a n d 1 98 6. .The p rog ra mme i s c o o r d i na t e d a t n a t i o n a l l e v e l b y t h e M i n i s t r y o fEnergy and su bs id ie s v ary be tween 50% and 75% depend ing onwh et h er t h e s t o v e i s o f t h e f i x e d , s mo k el es s t y p e o r a p o r t a b l emo de l a n d wh e t h e r t h e a p p l i c a n t i s d i s a dv a n t a ge d ( 4 2 ) .The I nd i an p rogrammes s t res s ach ievemen t s o t he r t h an i n t e rm so f woo d s a v i n gs . O v e r 6 00 0 ' s mo k e le s s v i l l a g e s h a v e b e enc rea t ed where each househo ld has e i t he r an im proved chu lha o rbi oga ss p l a n t ( 4 3 ) . H o we v e r , i n t e rms o f t h e t o t a l r u r a lp o p u l at i o n s , t h e a c h i ev e me nt s i n I n d i a h a v e n o t b e en s oi mp r es s i v e wh en c o mp ar ed t o t h o s e i n C h i na . T h i s i s b ec a us eInd ian programmes are based on communi t y deve lopment pr inc ip lesand i n v o l v e s mo k el es s s t o v e s , w h i c h a r e i n h e r e n t l y s l o w e r t od i ssem inat e , compared t o t he com merc i a l s t r a t egy adop t ed i nChina.I n Th e G amb ia , t r a i n i n g h a s a l s o b ee n o f p r i m a r y i m p o rt a n c e i nt he im p lem en t a t i on o f t he success f u l im p roved s t ove p rog ram m e.P r o v i n c i a l s t a f f a r e c o nt i n uo u s ly engaged i n v i l l a g e t r a i n i n gprogrammes f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i mp r o v e d t h r e e - s t o n e ! Ys t ov e , w h i c h i s b e i n g v e r y c l o s e l y m on i t o re d i n o r d e r t o a v o i dmis tak es i n d i s s e mi na t io n s t r a t eg y . R e g u l a r me et in gs * f i e l ds t a f f h a ve pr ov e n t o b e i n v a l u a b le , a s t h e y e n ab l e t h e f i e l dworke rs t o compare expe r i ences and t h e p r o j ec t managemen t t om on i t o r p r o g r e s s a n d s o l v e p r ob l ems ( 1 0 ) .Ru ra l s t ov e prog rammes can make a s i g n i f i c an t im pac t whe re t h egov ern me nt i s i n t h e p o s i t i o n t o s u b s i d i s e a nd s u p p o r t a l a r g en a t i o n a l pr og ra mme as i s t h e c a s e i n I n d i a a nd Ch i na . S m a l l e rc o u n t r ie s t h a t c a n n ot a f f o r d s u b s i d i e s may a l s o b e a b l e t oa c hi ev e s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s i n r u r a l a r e as wh er e t h e pr ogra mmesa r e b as e d o n s i m p l e i mp r o v e d o pe n f i r e s , s u p p o r t e d w i t h ma s s i v et r a i n i n g programmes r e ac h i n g i n t o n e a r l y e v e ry v i l l a g e . B u r k i n aFas o, f o r e x a mp le , h a s made g r e a t p r og r es s w i t h v e r y l i t t l e i nt h e wa y o f m a t e r i a l s , b u t w i t h e x e mp l ar y u s e o f hu ma n r e s o ur c e s .Some c o n c l u s i v e s u r v e y r e s u l t s w i l l n e e d t o b e p u b l i s h e d b e f o r et he l i k e l i h o o d c a n be a ss es s ed o f s i m p le own er b u i l t r u r a l s t o v e sr e p la c i n g t h e t h r e e - s t o n e c oo k in g f i r e .

I n s t i t u t i o n s a r e o f t e n i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f b e in g a b l e t o a f f o r ds t ov es a nd a r e o f t e n l a r g e c ons umer s o f f u e lwo o d. M o s t p r o j e c t sw i t h domes t i c p rogrammes have a l s o g i v en some a t t en t i o n t oi n s t i t u t i o n a l o r c o mmu ni t y s t o v e s .


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- 6 -An i m po r t a n t d e s i gn c o n c e p t,f o r a l ls t o v e s ,b u tp a r t i c u l ar l y

t hos e u s i n g l a r g e po t s i s t h a t o f i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e p o t w i t h i nt h e b od y o f t h e s t o v e , t h e r e b y i mp r o v i n g h e at t r a n s f e re f f i c i e n c y . T h i s p r i n c i p l e h as be en p ro mo te d b y t h e B e l i e r i v eFoundat i on (44 ) , who a re a l s o work i n g i n K enya w i t h a communi t ys t ov e. T h i s mo de l i s p ro du c e d u s i n g a i r d r i e d c l a y mi x ed wi t hs t r aw f o r t h e b od y, a nd f i r e r e s i s t a n t b r i c k s f o r t h e c omb us t io nc hamber, w i t h a c a s t i r o n g r a t e an d s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p o t . T h eB e l l e r i v e s t o v es a r e c o ns t r u c t e d u s i n g m a t e r i a l s a p p r o p r i a t e f o reac h c omp on en t o f t h e s t o v e w i t h a v i e w t o m i n i m i z i n g c o s t . T h es t o v e i s p ro mo t ed t h r o u g h v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i s a t i o n s ( 4 5 ) .Keny a h as o v e r 5 00 0 i n s t i t u t i o n s w i t h i n a d e qu a t e bu dg e t s f o r g a sand k e ro s en e w hi c h a r e o f t e n i n s h o r t s u p p l y a ny wa y . T h ep o t e n t i a l f o r f u e l s a v i n gs i s e no rmo us . An o r g a n i s a t i o n c a t e r i n gf o r 3 00 p e o p l e u s es u p t o 6 0 t o n n e s o f wo od p e r m on t h. T h e r e a r et wo communi t y s t oves on t h e m arke t i n K enya f o r cha rc oa l anda ro un d s e v en d i f f e r e n t w o o dh u r ni n g mo de l s . W i t h s u c h a r an g e o fs tov es on o f f e r , t h e i n s t i t u t i o n n ee ds t o s t u d y i t s r e q ui r eme n t sc a r e f u l l y b e f o r e m ak i n g a c h o i c e . F o r e x a mp le c u s t o me rs mayr e q u ir e h ot wa t e r, o r a s t o v e wh i c h t i p s t h e p o t f o r e as yp o u ri n g , i n w hi c h c as e t h e y may c h oo s e t h e A l f a - L a v a l s t o v e ,ma nu f ac t u re d b y H a r t z a n d B e l l . T o m i d 1 9 86 , o v e r 5 00i n s t i t u t i o n s h a d pu rc h as e d a n i mp r o v e d c ommu ni t y s t o v e i n K en y a.A s y s tem o f h i r e p ur c ha s e f o r o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h a t c a n n ot a f f o r d t obuy i mp r ov e d s t o v e s o u t r i g h t i s p r op o s e d a s a p o s s i b l ep r o m o t i o n a l s t r a t e g y b y m a n u f a c t u r e r s ( 3 4 ) .

I n s t i t u t i o n s i n T an za ni a, F i j i a n d G u ju r at ( I n d i a ) h av e a l la do pt ed d es i g ns i n w hi c h t h e p o t i s s e t i n t o t h e s t o v e .Th is f e a t u r e i s a l s o i n c o r po r a t e d i n t o t h e s u c c e s s f ul p ea tb ur ni ng i n s t i t u t i o n a l s t o v e i n B u ru n di . T h e c o u nt r y h asextens ive reserves o f th is fu e l . I n 1986 there was a two monthw ai t i n g l i s t f o r i n s t i t u t i o n s w ho o r de r ed a n i mp ro v ed pe atb u rn i ng s t ov e t h r ou g h t h e P r o j e c t T ou r be I I , w h i c h h as t e c h n i c a la s s i s t a n c e f r o m E i r e , a n o t h e r c o u n t r y w i t h p e a t r e s e r v e s a n d mu cht e c hn ic a l e x pe r t i s e i n i t s u t i l i z a t i o n ( 4 6 ) .I n T he Gamb ia , t he I m proved Cook ing S t ove P ro j e c t has deve lopedan i n s t i t u t i o n a l d e s ig n wh ic h i s e s s e n t i a l l y a s c a l e d u p v e r s i o no f t h e s u c c es s f u l N o f l i e d ome s t ic s t o v e . T h e s t o v e waso r i g i n a l l y c o mmis s ioned b y a i d a g e nc i es f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n t os c ho ol s , b u t i s n ow f i n d i n g a ma r k e t a mo ng s t o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l sand o r g a n i s a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r u s e w i t h l a r g e c e r e mo n i al p o t s .Some h a v e e v en b ee n s o l d t o v i l l a g e r s , f o l l o w i n g d e mo n s t r a t i on si n t h e s c h o o l s ( 1 0 ) .I n s t i t u t i o n a l s t o v e s a p pe a r t o b e s uc c e e di ng i n a w i d e r a ng e o fd es ig ns t o s u i t v a r i o u s a p p l i c a t i o n s a nd f u e l s . O r g a n i s a t i o n sr e q u i r e l a r g e s t ov e s a nd f u e l s a v i n gs a r e p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y l a r g e .The ma nu f ac t u re a nd s u pp l y o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l s t o v e s c a n a l s o b eq u i t e p r o f i t a b l e as t h e v a l ue o f i n d i v i d u a l c o n t r ac t s w i l l b eh ig h, e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e c l i e n t o r ga n is a t i o n i s s i t u a t e di n many d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s a n d r e q u i r e s s t o v e s i n a l l o f t h e m.


22/33

5 . D i scuss ion -The repo r t hasprogrammes an df u t u r e .

The L o n e r t e r m.rev i ewed t he deve lopmen t o f improved s t ovei s n o w c o nc e rn ed w i t h i s s u e s t h a t may a f f e c t t h e

5.1 . Adapta t ion and improvements .I t w ou l d s eem c l e a r t h a t a d a p t a t i o n a n d imp ro v e me nt o f d e s i g ns i sl i k e l y t o c o n t in u e a s t h e ma rk e t e xt en ds an d d i v e r s i f i e s . F o rex ample i n K eny a, t h e m ar k et l e a d e r f o r K Cj c e ra mi c l i n e r s , J e r r iI n t e r n a t i o n a l , h a v e no w d ev e lo pe d s p e c i a l p o p - i n l i n e r s e n a b l i n gc ons umers t o r e p l a c e a l i n e r i n t h e me t a l c l a d d i n g w i t h o u td i f f i c u l t y ( 23 ) .S uc c e s s f ul s t o v e s i n m os t c o u n t r i e s h av e b ee n ad a pt e d a f t e rf i r s t a p p ea r in g o n t h e ma rk e t , f o l l o w i n g f e e d- b ac k f r o m t h e s t o v eu se rs . O r g a n i s a t i o n s l i k e t h e I n t e r m ed i a t e Te c hn ol og yDevelopment G roup ( I TDG, UK ) , t he B e l l e r i v e Founda t i on(S w i t ze r l and ) a n d t he Woodburn ing S t oves Group (Ho l l an d ) havep o in t e d t h e wa y t h r o u g h t h e i r d ev e lo pme nt o f h i g h l y e f f i c i e n td es i gn s t h a t c o u l d f aun_ t h e b a s i s f o r f u t u r e a d a p t a t i o n s .R eg i o na l c o o p e r a t i o n c a n h e l p many c o u n t r i e s t o b e n e f i t f r o m t h ee x pe ri en c es o f o t h e r s . T h e C ILSS o r g a n i s a t i o n a r e c o o r d i n a t i n gs t ove work i n m os t o f t he sub -S aharan coun t r i es ; K ENGO i n K enyaa re a s s i s t i n g c o u n t r i e s i n e a s t e r n a nd s o u t h e rn A f r i c a ; I C A I T I i nC e n t r a l Ame r ic a a r e w or k i n g w i t h o r g a n i s a t i o n s i n G u at e ma la , E lS a lvado r , Hondu ras , N i ca r agua , Cos t a R i ca and Panama (47 ) . A tt h e r e c e n t ' S t o v e s f o r P e o p le ' c o n f e r e n c e i n G ua t ema la ,p a r t i c i p a n t s we re i nv o l v e d i n c o n t i n e n t a l s t u d y gr ou ps t o f u r t h e rt he se a ims ( 2 0 ) . T h e r e s u l t s o f m a j or s u rv e y wo rk c on du c te d f o rt h i s con f e rence i n d i c a t e t ha t m any women wan t smokeless s t ov esand h av e h i g h r e g a r d f o r o t h e r f e a t u r e s o f I mp r ov e d s t o v e s ,f a s t e r c o o k in g f o r ex a mp le ( 4 8 ) . H o w e v e r , f o r t h e same l e v e l o fe f f i c i ency , sm oke less s t oves a re m ore expens i ve t han non -ch im neyd es ig ns t h a t r e du c e r a t h e r t h a n e l i m i n a t e s mok e. T h i s i s d u e t ot h e e x t r a c o s t o f t h e c h imn ey , a n d a l s o be c au s e Ch imn ey s t o v e sneed a n a d d i t i o n a l d e g re e o f d e s i g n s o p h i s t i c a t i o n t o a c h i ev e t h esame l e v e l o f h e a t t r a n f e r t o t h e c o o k i ng p o t .G iv e n t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l c o n s t r a i n t t o s t o v e p ro gr amme s m ee e t i n gt h e i r f u l l p o t e n t i a l i s t h e a b i l i t y o f l o we r inc ome g rou ps t op ur c ha se e v e n s u b s i d i s e d s t o v e s , t h e n m ar k e t i n g w i l l r e ma i n t h ema j or p r ob l em f a c i n g o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h a t a t t e m p t t o p r omo t e h i g h l ye f f i c i e n t a nd s mok eles s s t ov e s i n t h e c o n t ex t o f s t r u g g l i n gdeve lop ing coun t r y economies .5 . 2 . F u e l s u b s t i t u t i o n .When wood becomes v e ry sc a rce and t ran s po r t d i s t ances i nc reas e ,wo od f ue l p r i c e s c a n a l s o i

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