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Jyväskylä October 2003
OPET CHP/DHCJyväskylä Summer School
ENV3 – Biomass Logistics and Combustion
Report of the seminarpresentations and study tour
Eija Alakangas, OPET Finland, VTT [email protected]
David Agar and Matti Leppä[email protected]
www.opet-chp.net
European Commission (Directorate-General for Energy and Transport)Contract no. NNE5/2002/52: OPET CHP/DH Cluster
The project "OPET CHP/DH Cluster" has obtained financial support from the EuropeanCommission (Directorate-General for Energy and Transport) under the contract no. NNE5/2002/52for Community Activities in the Field of the specific programme for RTD and demonstration on"Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development - Part B: Energy programme"
The responsibility for the content on this publication lies solely with the authors. The content doesnot necessarily represent the opinion of the European Community and the Community is notresponsible for any use that might be made of data appearing herein.
Jyväskylä Summer School ENV3 – Biomass Logistics and CombustionReport of the seminar presentations and study tour
Author(s): Eija Alakangas, David Agar and Matti LeppänenOrganisation: Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)Address: Koivurannantie 1, FIN-40101 Jyvaeskylae, FinlandTel.: +358 14 67 25 50Fax: +358 14 67 25 98E-mail: [email protected]: www.vtt.fi
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Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3
2. Presentations................................................................................................................ 42.1 Properties and standardization of solid biofuels Eija Alakangas,
VTT Processes ................................................................................................... 42.2 Analysis of chemical and physical properties – Finnish experience,
Raili Vesterinen, VTT Processes ....................................................................... 62.3 Modern fluidised bed combustion – introduction Jouni Hämäläinen,
VTT Processes ................................................................................................... 72.4 Problem solutions for fluidised bed combustion, Martti Aho,
VTT Processes/University of Jyväskylä .......................................................... 102.5 Commercial fluidised bed combustion technology for biomass and waste,
Juha Palonen, Foster Wheeler &Jaani Silvennoinen, Kvaerner Power ........... 122.6 Gasification technologies Pekka Simell, VTT Processes ................................ 132.7 Wood fuel production technologies, Antti Asikainen, Finnish Forest
Research Institute............................................................................................. 142.8 Logistics of wood fuel supply Tapio Ranta, VTT Processes........................... 162.9 Bioenergy in Finland - National policies, technology framework and
R&D programmes, Marjatta Aarniala, Tekes .................................................. 18
3. Presentations of preliminary works........................................................................... 193.1 Bioenergy in Finland, Ms. Niina Kautto, Jyväskylä, Finland.......................... 193.2 Bioenergy in Spain, Ms. Lara Valentin, Jyväskylä, Finland ........................... 203.3 Bioenergy in Australia, Ms. Tuija Lehtinen, Jyväskylä, Finland .................... 213.4 Bioenergy in Italy, Mr. Mikael Castelluccio, Pordenone, Italy ....................... 213.5 Bioenergy in Estonia, Mr. Petteri Reponen, Helsinki, Finland ....................... 223.6 Bioenergy in Poland, Mr. Marcin Pisarek, Warsaw, Poland ........................... 22
4. Study tour - New Technologies for Large Scale Production of Forest Fuelsfor CHP/DH............................................................................................................... 23
5. Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 24
Appendices:
Programme of the Summer School and Study tour
List of participants of Summer School and Study tour
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1. IntroductionThis report summarises the presentations during the two-day ENV3 course: Biomass Logisticsand Combustion, which took place at VTT Processes on August 28-29th, 2003 and study tour 5September 2003. The course was part of the University of Jyväskylä's 13th Annual InternationalSummer School in Jyväskylä, Finland, and was organised by OPET Finland, VTT Processes.Course was followed by a Bioenergy 2003 Conference and study tours. OPET Finland, VTTProcesses organised a study tour 5 September on large-scale wood fuel production methods.
The objectives of the course were:
• To introduce bioenergy and provide an overview of its current level of use and legislationin several countries; especially those of the participants.
• To understand the properties and origin of various solid biofuels and their procurement
• To gain insight into combustion technologies, their advantages and difficulties in utilisingdifferent biofuels
• To gain insight into the Finnish experience with regards to logistics of wood fuel supplyand utilising forest industry by-products.
• To look different forest biomass production chains in practice.
Selected participants were asked to give a short presentation of bioenergy in their home country.This included the current use of bioenergy and current legislation pertaining to bioenergy. Otherpresenters were from the bioenergy business sector, the National Technology Agency (Tekes),VTT Processes, The Finnish Forest Research Institute and the University of Jyväskylä.
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2. Presentations
2.1 Properties and standardization of solid biofuelsEija Alakangas, VTT Processes
Reliable plant operation requires knowledge of fuel properties. The most important fuelproperties are:
• Moisture content
• Calorific value
• Ash content and composition
• Density
• Particle size distribution
• Proximate and ultimate analysis
Other important properties are content of impurities and alkalines, dust and fungi spores, ashmelting behaviour, durability of refined biomass fuels and unburned in ash.
The European Committee for Standardization, CEN, is currently preparing about 30 technicalspecifications (“pre-standards”) for solid biofuels. The aim is to promote the trade of biofuels.Finland is leading the preparation of technical specifications for fuel specification and classes,and quality assurance.
The classification of solid biofuels is based on their origin. The biofuels are first divided to thefollowing sub-categories:
1. Woody biomass
2. Herbaceous biomass
3. Fruit biomass
4. Blends and mixtures
These fuels are then divided into sub-groups. The classification has been forwarded to the fourthlevel. The purpose of classification is to allow the possibility to differentiate and specify biofuelmaterial based on origin with as much detail as needed.
Quality classification was prepared only for the most important commercial biofuels like pellets andbriquettes, wood logs, sawdust, straw bales, olive cake and bark. The most significantcharacteristics are normative and shall be given in the product specification. These characteristicsvary for different traded form, while the most significant characteristics are moisture content,
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particle size/dimensions and ash content. Some characteristics, e.g., calorific value and bulk densityare voluntary, informative.
Other industrial wood residues
Saw-dust
Cutter shavings
Grindingpowder
Bark
Timber or pulp wood for forest industry
FOREST WOODDirect wood fuels
INDUSTRY Indirect wood fuels
SOCIETYRecovered wood fuels
CONSUMERS OF WOOD AND PAPER PRODUCTSFOREST INDUSTRY
FOREST WOOD
Whole tree
Delimbed trees
Stumps
Chips
Pulp chips
For paperindustry
Log wood
Pellets Briquettes
Chips
ChipsFIELDS
SHORT ROTATION FOREST(willowenergy crops)
RAW MATERIALTimber Pulp wood
Regenerationstands (logging residues)
Young standsThinnings(whole trees)
WOOD FUELSUnmerchantable wood
CONVERSION PROCESSES (COMBUSTION, GASIFICATION, PRODUCTION OF LIQUID BIOFUELS)
Production of refined wood fuels
Green chips
Brown chips Black liquor
Biobasedsludges
mixedwith bark
Untreated woodBuilding of
new houses
Pulp and paperindustry
Mechanical wood processing industry
Chemically treated wood
Used paper and board Recovered
paper forrecycling
Crushed or chipped used wood
Crushed paper waste
LIQUID INDUSTRIAL
WOOD FUELS CONSTRUCTIONAND DEMOLITION
WOOD used wood
NOT recyclable
paper
Cenbio2.CDR/1/2001/EAA
Wood and paper products
SOLID INDUSTRIAL WOOD RESIDUES AND
BY-PRODUCTSuntreated wood
Chips
sorting
Raw material use
Mechanical handling (chipping, crushing, pelletizing, briquetting)
Chemical treatment in forest industry
Painting etc. Chemical treatment of wood
Fuel for conversion process
End products (wood and paper)
Dewatering
Fuel chips
Classification of Woody biomass.
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2.2 Analysis of chemical and physical properties – Finnish experience,Raili Vesterinen, VTT Processes
A good control of important fuel properties gives a more reliable plant operation. Thus methodsto determine these properties have been valuable for the production. For environmental reasons,it is important to know some fuel properties, e.g. sulphur, chlorine and heavy metal contents.High alkali and chlorine concentrations are a risk for corrosion or slagging of boilers also.
The CEN’s standardization process tries to make standards for determination importantproperties of biomass, such as moisture content and metal contents. In VTT’s laboratory, thereis nowadays clear written instructions how to measure important properties of biofuels. VTTmakes analyses for example for private energy companies.
List of analyses:
• Determination of moisture content
• Determination of ash content
• Determination of calorific value
• Determination of sulphur content
• Determination of chlorine content
• Determination of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
• Determination of metals
Determination of sulphur content.
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2.3 Modern fluidised bed combustion – introductionJouni Hämäläinen, VTT Processes
Pioneer work in fluidised bed combustion began in the 60s; first bubbling fluidised bed (BFB)boilers started operation. Circulating fluidised bed technology (CFB) launched in the 1970s.Nowadays there are hundreds of FB boilers in operation. Fluidised bed combustion is used inindustrial and municipal CHP’s, utility scale CFB’s and waste to energy plants.
The benefits of fluidised bed technology are:
• High fuel flexibility
Variation of moisture content is not so critical.
• Environmental performance
Plants meet strict emission regulations without complex scrubbing systems. That’sdue to favourable combustion conditions. Relatively low combustion temperatureleads to low NOx emissions.
• High combustion efficiency
Boilers have long residence time.
A lot of R&D activities is still needed to fulfil requirements of utility operators. The mainresearch fields are:
• Development of CFB process
Increase know-how and understanding of fuel combustion behaviour and profile, fuelreactivity and material behaviour.
• Multi-fuel operation
Optimise of plant performance in multi-fuel operation. Plant availability, ashbehaviour, deposition, corrosion and emissions are the problems.
• Technical support
Construction of testing environments, field-testing and pilot plants are essential todevelop boilers and systems.
VTT Processes has it’s own CFB test environment in Jyväskylä. It can be used in pilot scaletesting for fuel burning profile and reactivity measurements. Material behaviour (attrition,fragmentation, agglomeration) is one of the most interesting research areas. Validation andimprovement dynamic and comprehensive combustion models are the target of research.
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(1) FUEL⇒ Fuel handling and feeding, improvedfeeding⇒ Fuel quality and on-line monitoring(alkalines, chlorine) “improvements of fuelquality”?
(2) ANALYSIS OF BED MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR⇒ Direct or undirect process measurements for bed materials behaviour studies applying advanced signal analysis methods
(3) PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL⇒ Applying signal analysis methods to increaseunderstanding of process behaviour⇒ Utilized in boiler automation and control
(6) ASH CHARACTERISTICS ANDQUALITY⇒ Boiler fouling monitoring⇒ On-line measurement techniques for fly ash composition and quality⇒ Processing power production residues for useful products
(5) EMISSION PERFORMANCE⇒ On-line measurements for emissions(heavy metals etc.)⇒ Lower emissions by process andcombustion optimization
THE BOILER “KNOWS”:- FUEL CHARACTERISTICS,- HOW THE COMBUSTION TAKES PLACE (KNOWS THE PROCESS)- QUALITY OF COMBUSTION RESIDUES- GUIDE OPERATORS FOR COST EFFECTIVE OPERATIONS
(7) AUXLIARY EQUIPMENTS:operation and reliability⇒ New methods and diagnostic for monitoring (IT)
(4) On-line PROCESS CALCULATION TOOLS⇒ boiler efficiency on-line calculation/operational cost calculation⇒ recommendations for operators to improve plant perfomance⇒ new tools to predict fuel/fuel mixture combustion behaviour
Demand for Energy +2 % pa
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Development of size of the fluidised bed boilers.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1976
Pilot
Plant
0,05
Pih lava
5
Kauttua
20
Leykam
40
Tri-State
2 x 55
Kajaani
85
Vaski-
luoto
125
Nova
Scotia
180
Turow
235
450
MWe
1979 1981 1987 1987 1989
Year
1990 1993 1998
Alholmen240
2001
Natural circulation
Once through boilers
Natural circulation
Once through boilers
Commission from OTCS CFB, Lagisza start up in the end of 2005
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2.4 Problem solutions for fluidised bed combustion,Martti Aho, VTT Processes/University of Jyväskylä
Sources of problems in FB combustion are:
• Shift from safe biomass fuels to risky biomass fuels and increase of boiler efficiencyenhances operational risks (agglomeration, fouling, and corrosion) and may also lead toohigh emissions.
• As result of increasing steam values, risk to corrosion increases.
Sources of problems in different fuels:
• Wood fuels
Forest residues: reactive Cl, high Cl concentration vs. ash content, K, lack ofprotecting elements (S, Al, Si)
Waste wood: ash, toxic elements from paints, nails…
• Agro Biomass
Cl, K, ash
• Waste
Ash, metallic Al, Cl, Na, K, toxic elements
• Plastics
Cl from PVC
Chlorine is the key element in superheated corrosion in FB boilers. Reactive Cl in the fuel formsHCl in the flue gas. Cl is in reactive form in forest and agricultural residues and waste. Highalkali contents can lead to bed agglomeration. Plywood residues are example of this kind offuel.
One way to prevent Cl deposition is to add coal or peat to biomass. In co-combustion Al-silicates and sulphur dioxides of coal or peat causes protecting reactions with alkali chlorines.Too high HCl emissions can be treated with an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or addition ofCa-based reagents to flue gas. Using bed material with minimum concentration of SiO2 is oneway to prevent bed agglomeration. Minimize of portion of risky fuels, minimize bedtemperature and use of additives are other solutions for preventing bed agglomeration.
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After all in the cases where fuel does not contain waste component, normal emission limits ofenergy production prevail. Operational problems may be more serious. Optimisation of fuelmixture may help operational problems.
Free chlorine can be formed in the deposit on the metal surface by:
2 KCl + SO2 + O2 -> K2SO4 + Cl2 (1)
2 KCl + Fe2O3 + 1/2 O2 -> K2Fe2O4 + Cl2 (2)
at > 470 oC Cl2 can be highly reactive both with Fe and Cr forming metal chlorides. FeCl2
may be further oxidized to Fe2O3 starting reaction 2.
Heat transfersurface
Lack of protecting
compounds
Low ash content
RI
SKY COMPOUNDSALKALICHLORIDES
Cl releases corrosion
BARK/FOREST RESIDUE
CASE 1. BARK/FOREST RESIDUE CASE 2. PROTECTING POWER OF PEAT
PROTECTING RECTIONSALKALI
SILICATES,SULPHATES
ALKALICHLORIDES
RISKY COMPOUNS
SULPHUR DIOXIDE, Al-SILICATES
PROTECTIVES
FOREST RESIDUE PEATCo-combustion
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2.5 Commercial fluidised bed combustion technologyfor biomass and waste,
Juha Palonen, Foster Wheeler & Jaani Silvennoinen, Kvaerner Power
Foster Wheeler is the world leader in FB technology. Company has delivered 213 CFB and 137BFB boilers since 1960’s. Company has experiences from several gasification plants forbiomass, REF and RDF, for example Foster Wheeler CFB gasifier in Lahti. The emissions ofNO0, SO2, and CO from combustion of recycled fuel (REF) in CFB are low and can becontrolled in furnace. WID requirements for other emissions need additional flue gas cleaning.Company’s R&D work in gasification is addressed to gas cooling, gas cleaning and filter ashfinal treatment. They promise commercial operation of clean gas concept within few years.
Lahti gasifier and 3D picture of Alholmens Kraft CFB boiler (550 MW) using biomass.
Kvaerner Power has delivered over 100 BFB boilers since 1974 and over 50 CFB boilers since1980. Company has experience of over 20 FB boilers for municipal solid waste. For exampleAlholmens Krafts biofuel fired CFB in Pietarsaari is delivered by Kvaerner Power.
AggloStop™ is Kvaerners method for FB combustion of demanding fuels. It is quartz free bedmaterial developed to prevent bed agglomeration when fuels with high alkali content arecombusted. They say that, AggloStop™ widens the fuel range, minimizes mill’s unplannedshutdowns and minimizes the consumption of fluidised bed material.
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2.6 Gasification technologiesPekka Simell, VTT Processes
Several research and development projects on the gasification of indigenous fuels started in thelate 1970s. This development was accomplished in the mid 1980s by commercialisation of twogasifers. The CFB gasifier was also commercialised in the mid 1980s. In the late 1980s, theinterest in integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power plants increased in Finland.The driving force of this development was the need for higher power-to-heat ratios incogeneration. Improving gas-cleaning methods are important to achieve the goal. VTT hasextensively studied catalytic gas cleaning methods. A main focus of Finnish gasificationdevelopment work since 1995 is biomass utilization by co-firing of biomass-derived product gasin existing pulverized coal fired boilers.
Why gasification of waste fuels is reasonable?
• Product gas from wastes replaces part of coal in the boiler
• Higher power-to-heat ratio
• Effective emission control
• Waste ash is not mixed with the coal ash of the main boiler
In Finland, the most likely application where the gasification technology will significantly enterin the market already before 2005 is the utilization of different industrial and household wastes.On longer run, the IGCC processes based on advanced pressurized gasification systems have ahuge potential in increasing the power to heat ratio of industrial CHP plants and district heating.This gives possibilities for increasing substantially the share of renewable electricity production.
G
GBiomass Steam turbine
Processheat
Dryer
Flue gas
Clean-up
Combustion chamber
Gasifier
Ash
Steam
Air
Gas turbine
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2.7 Wood fuel production technologies,Antti Asikainen, Finnish Forest Research Institute
In early 1990’s Sweden was leading in the forest energy technology development. Finlandfollowed by starting two technology programmes: Bioenergy Programme 1993-1998 and WoodEnergy Technology Programme 1999-2003. Demand for forest fuels grows rapidly; it grewfrom 0.4Mm3 in 1990 to 2.7Mm3 in 2003. It creates markets for new machinery too.
There is about 250 solid m3 round wood, 70 solid m3 stump wood, and 100 solid m3 forestresidues in one-hectare spruce stand. Stump wood and forest residues are good biofuels forenergy production. How to get them economically out of forest?
For forest residues there are three main production methods of logging residue chips: Bundlingof residues at forest, chipping at landing and chipping at stand. Chipping at landing needs truckmounted chipper. They are quite expensive, because markets are so small. Chips can transportfrom landing by normal trucks. There is a problem, if the chipper brakes, because it cut off thewhole chain. Chipping at stand needs in-woods chipper and containers. This method gives youmore flexibility in timing of transportation. Reliability of chipper and moving of containers aremain problems of this method. Bundling of residues is very promising technology. The mainadvantage in this method is that it can be integrated in normal harvesting chain of stem wood,conventional forwarders and timber trucks can be used.
Harvesting of stumps for energy is growing. There is almost same amount of energy in stumpsthan in wood residues. Stump wood is dryer than residues. Harvesting of stumps prevent someforest diseases too. Normal timber trucks with rear and sidewalls can use to transportation ofstumps.
If the use of bioenergy grows as estimated, the need of harvesting and transport machinery willgrow by one third from today total machinery of forest sector.
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Comminution at landing
Comminution at plant
Production methods for large-scale production of forest wood.
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2.8 Logistics of wood fuel supplyTapio Ranta, VTT Processes
The price of wood fuels consists mainly of logistical cost, because the raw material is almostcostless. The cost factors of the wood supply logistics can be listed as follows:
• Scale of operation
• Degree of integration
How to use existing resources and infrastructures such as machines, storage sites andorganizations? Forest fuel production can take advantage of co-production by the sideof commercial round wood or peat production.
• Vehicle and chain characteristics
How we can integrate different work stages? Do we chip the residues in-woods, atlanding site or at end use facility? What is our material handling capacity?
• Geography
Where are the stand sites? What are the average transport distances? What is state ofthe road net?
• Storage policy
What is the optimal storage location and size? What is the optimal type of material(loose, bundle, chip)? Dry or fresh?
There are many logistics planning and design techniques. We can make cost element analysis,computerized “what-if” analysis, LP- optimisation models and GIS-models. Rantas GIS-basedanalysis shows that Jyväskylä is very good place in Finland for use of forest residues. Loggingresidue potential (100km transport distance) in Jyväskylä is for example about five times higherthan in Pietarsaari.
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Example of the availability map. Logging residue availability as a function of distance.
500 - 800300 - 500100 - 300< 100
Logging residue availabilitytransport distance < 100 km
GWh
> 800
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2.9 Bioenergy in Finland - National policies, technology framework andR&D programmes, Marjatta Aarniala, Tekes
Finnish energy strategy goal is to secure energy supply with competitive prices. Nationalclimate strategy 2001 includes action plan for renewable energy sources. Technology R&D isone of the major implementation measures in all policy programmes. Key goal is to obtaineconomically competitive technologies, practices, methods and services with no continuoussupport measures from the State.
In Finnish Action Plan for Renewable Energy Sources is vision of doubling utilization ofrenewable energy sources by 2025, as compared to the situation in 1995. The increase in use ofrenewable energy sources will be obtained almost entirely from bioenergy. Implementation ofnew technologies is the main measure in aiming to economically competitive solutions. AlsoCO2 based taxation; investment aids and information dissemination support the fulfilment of thetarget.
National Technology Agency (Tekes) is funding of energy and climate technologies about60M€/year. About 11M€ of this is funding of renewable energy technologies. Tekes providesexpert services and R&D funding and coordinates programmes. The main goals of Tekes in theenergy and environment area are: to support creation of new business opportunities based on thestrong competencies of the Finnish environmental cluster, to develop a competitive environmentfor R&D investments and to utilize the new challenges and opportunities created byderegulation of energy markets.
Tekes has many technology programmes on bioenergy: Wood Energy Programme, DistributedEnergy System Programme, FINE Particles Programme. Networking of different nationalorgans and enterprises is essential to success.
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Tekes’ programmes on Bioenergy
1990 1995 2000 2005
LIEKKI 1Combustiontechnology
LIEKKI 2Combustion
Modelling of combustion processes
Wood combustion in fireplaces
CLIMTECH
Climate Change Technology - (in preparation)
Energy fromwaste and REF
Artificial dewatering of peat
Agri+Use
Wood Energy
Peat
Wood BIOENERGY
JALOFuel Conversion
Peat production based on solar energy
SIHTI
SIHTI IIEnergy and
environmental technology
Fine -Particulate emissions: technology, environment and health
Distributed energy systems
Wood energy clinic
Recycling techn and waste management
Small-scale wood fuel production and use
3. Presentations of preliminary works
3.1 Bioenergy in Finland, Ms. Niina Kautto, Jyväskylä, Finland
In Finland, industrial energy consumption accounts for over 50 % of total consumption. Spaceheating consumes 19 % and transportation consumes 14 %. Domestic, agriculture and theconstruction sector accounts for the final 15 %. Finland's energy consumption per capita is high dueto cold climate, large transport distances and high standard of living. A high-energy productionefficiency, 33 %, is due to combined heat and power plants.
Renewable energy accounted for near 23 % of total consumption in 2001 and of this, 84 % wasderived from bioenergy due mostly to wood fuels, which are mostly provided from the forestindustry.
On the whole, Finland's energy policy has three main objectives, which are
• To provide competitive pricing for energy production/supplies• To ensure security of energy supply• To honour environmental commitments
With respect to energy, the highest authority in Finland is The Ministry of Trade and Industry.
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Finland's National Climate Strategy has as a primary objective the intent of increasing the use ofrenewable energy sources in Finland with the intent to meet commitments set by the KyotoAgreement. In 1999, the Action Plan for Renewable Energy Sources was completed with the goalof increasing the country's use of RES by 50 percent by the year 2010 based on figures from theyear 1995. Bioenergy will play the major role in this plan.
Finland uses the following policies as a means for to reach its energy objectives
• Research and Development• Energy Taxation• Investment Grants• Promotion and Training
Close ties between industry and research institutions have been successful in allowing technologicaladvances and the export of energy technology. The National Technology Agency (Tekes) is themajor public financer of technology research and development.
Fuels used in heat generation have a tax, which is defined by their carbon content. No tax is addedon biomass when used for heating applications. Peat and natural gas are taxed at a lower rate thanother non-renewables.
With regards to bioenergy, investment grants from 10 % to 25 % are available for heating plansusing domestic fuels. The grant size depends on plant size.
3.2 Bioenergy in Spain, Ms. Lara Valentin, Jyväskylä, Finland
Less than 5 % of Spain's total consumption of electricity is produced from wind generation andsmall-scale hydro developments, which are RE sources. The remainder is generated using nuclearplants 30 %, large-scale hydro plants 16 %, oil and gas plants 19 % and coal fired plants 32 %.
Biomass, which accounts for about 4 % of the total energy consumption, is utilised mainly for theproduction of heat in domestic and industrial sectors. An estimate of the biomass potential is Spainis approximately 20 - 25 Mtoe each year. Forest residues are one resource not yet utilised forbioenergy. A 25 MW straw-fired power plant was recently, 2002, opened and may spark arecognition of the bioenergy potential.
Spain created the Promotion Plan of Renewable Energies in 1999 with the goal of improving energyefficiencies, reducing consumption of electricity and greater environmental protection.
Spain plans to meet Kyoto protocol by replacing its natural gas and coal sources with renewableenergy sources. The plan evaluates the potential for RES in the country and sets goals for 2010.Biomass is the single largest increase for the 2010 goals. This will mean biomass uses with be asdeveloped then as existing solar electric-thermal. Installations which use biomass as the main (90%or more) receive a tax incentive.
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3.3 Bioenergy in Australia, Ms. Tuija Lehtinen, Jyväskylä, Finland
Australia's dispersed population attributes to its high dependency on fossil fuels. Renewable energyaccounts for 6 % of total energy consumption and this mostly originates from the recoveringbiomass from the sugar cane industry (bagasse). This, however, is not yet fully exploited. There is agood potential for growing energy crops due to unused agricultural land.
In 1997, Australia launched Australia's Response to Climate Change, whose target was to increasethe production of electricity from renewable sources by 2 percent by the year 2010. That wouldincrease the country's renewable electricity production from 10.5 percent in 1996/97 to 12.5 percentin 2010. Retail and wholesale buyers of electricity are required to get RE certificates from Reproducers. This guarantees a market for renewable energy sources. Within the policy, there alsoexist incentives for the promotion of RES. These are research and development, taxation bonusesand investment grants.
Funds amounting to 29 million Australian dollars have been committed for research anddevelopment of biogas.
3.4 Bioenergy in Italy, Mr. Mikael Castelluccio, Pordenone, Italy
Italy is characterised by a high dependence on energy imports. About 17 % of its consumed energyis imported from neighbouring countries. A moratorium on nuclear power since 1987 has madeother energy sources even more important. Relative to other European countries, Italy's bioenergydevelopment is at a low level. Only one third of its forests' productivity is currently utilised.Similarly, more than 2 million hectares of agricultural land are currently not in use and provide agood potential for energy crops. About 18 % of Italy's total produced energy is derived fromrenewable sources. Of this, roughly 5 % is attributed to biomass and most of the remainder comesfrom hydro generation.
In terms of energy policies, energy legislation in Italy has been described as "Too many laws, somewell done, others less so, often in contradiction with one another: what is needed is simplification,coherence, flexibility and separation between legislation and the technical regulations."
Currently, there are investment grants for energy production plants. The grants cover from 55 to 65percent of the investment cost and are aimed at plant sizes less than 10 MW and greater than 3 MW.A carbon-based tax was introduced in 1999. The National Programme for Renewable Energy fromBiomass aims at about 400 MW installed capacity by 2012 from biomass. Additionally, it suppliesfunding for biomass demonstration projects.
Italy has a National Programme for Implementation of Agricultural & Forestry Biomass. Withinthis programme there is an annual cultivation of energy crops of 200 000 hectares/year in 2003 aswell as some biodiesel incentives.
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3.5 Bioenergy in Estonia, Mr. Petteri Reponen, Helsinki, Finland
Roughly 11 % of the total energy produced in the Estonia stems from biomass, mostly in the formof wood. The forest industry has yet to take advantage of the biomass potential resulting from itsproduction.
As a post-Soviet state, Estonia's present carbon dioxide emissions are much lower than their 1990levels. This, the fact that its energy sector is state-owned, and the existence of an adequate domesticfossil fuel resource (oil shale) can be seen as the main reasons why bioenergy is currently slow todevelop in Estonia.
3.6 Bioenergy in Poland, Mr. Marcin Pisarek, Warsaw, Poland
Agricultural land accounts for about 60 % of Poland's land area. Forest and wooded land amounts tosome 29 %. In 2000, roughly 95 % of the total consumed energy stems form fossil fuels, whichconsist of hard coal, brown coal, oil and natural gas. Renewable energy sources accounted for about3 % of total consumption in 2001. Biomass is the dominate RE source comprising 98 % of RES.The use of firewood for heating purposes presently is the dominant bioenergy use in Poland. Polandhas about 75 biogas systems in wastewater treatment plants. Additionally, there are about 40 smalland medium sized straw-fired district heating plants, which have been in operation since the early1990s.
In terms of biomass resources, Poland processes a large potential. The calculated bioenergyavailable for 2010 amounts to 655 PJ. The largest portion is due to agricultural residues, 130 PJ, anda significant portion from the forest industry, 45 PJ. Energy crops are expected to play thesignificant role in the long term due to Poland's relatively huge agricultural land area.
In terms of energy policies, biomass has been recognised as Poland's most promising renewableenergy resource. The key document in supporting RES in Poland is The Development Strategy ofThe Renewable Energy Sector in Poland. The strategy defines short, mid-range, and long-termobjectives for renewables. The objectives are to increase the share of renewable to 7.5 % in 2010followed by 14 % RES in 2020.
In Poland, bioenergy is supported through grants, soft loans and tax incentives. Investments inindustrial and district heating applications receive a 30-50 % investment subsidy. The mainfinancial support for subsidies comes from environmental funds.
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4. Study tour - New Technologies for Large ScaleProduction of Forest Fuels for CHP/DH
VTT Processes organised as a part of the training action a study tour on 5 September 2003. Studytour followed the Bioenergy 2003 conference. The main idea was to show in practise different newproduction methods for forest chips from forest to plant. Programme consisted of the following:
• Production of forest chips by chipper truck, Biowatti Oy• Bundling of logging residues, Timberjack Oy• Extraction of stumps for energy, UPM Kymmene• Forest haulage of logging residues and chipping, UPM Kymmene, LMH Hakkurit• Harvesting of small-sized trees by accumulating feller buncher, Timberjack Oy• Rauhalahti biomass CHP plant (plant presentation, visit to wood fuel receiving station
and logistics and quality management of purchase of different biomass fuels), FortumPower and Heat
Study tour was organised in co-operation with Biowatti Oy, UPM Kymmene, LMH Hakkurit Oy,Timberjack Oy, Fortum Heat and Power and Wood Energy Technology Research Programme.More than 90 visitors from more than 20 different countries participated in the tour. Study tourcomplemented the lectures given in the conference by the researchers of the Wood EnergyTechnology Programme. For example bundling technology of logging residues is developed underthis programme and also supported by the 5th framework programme (FORPOWER –project).OPET Finland, VTT has produced material of each method.
Information about the wood energy technologies presented during the study tour:www.tekes.fi/english/programm/woodenergy.
More than 90 participants from more than 20 different countries participated in forest study tour inFinland on 5 September 2003. Photo Timberjack, Mr Arto Timperi.
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5. ConclusionsThe European Committee for Standardization, CEN, is currently preparing about 30 technicalspecifications (“pre-standards”) for solid biofuels. The aim is to promote the trade of biofuels.Finland is leading the preparation of technical specifications for fuel specification and classes, andquality assurance. A good control of important fuel properties gives a more reliable plant operation.Thus methods to determine these properties have been valuable for the production. Forenvironmental reasons, it is important to know some fuel properties, e.g. sulphur, chlorine andheavy metal contents.
Modern fluidised bed combustion technology is important for bioenergy because it allows fuelflexibility, good environmental performance and high efficiency. However, risky biofuels may leadto corrosion, fouling and emission problems.
Gasification of solid recovered fuels (SRF) allows co-combustion in exiting pulverised coal-firedboilers, which allows utilisation of industrial and sorted household wastes. Future targets are theincrease of efficiencies in CHP plants.
For the effective utilisation of forest residues conventional timber trucks and farming equipmentallow more cost-effective solutions for harvesting. However, reliability of equipment plays animportant role in determining overall cost. As the demand for forest residue biofuels increases,specialised harvesting equipment will be less expensive to produce.
The logistics of wood fuel supplies depend on scale of operation, geographical distribution, vehiclesand equipment and the degree of integrated technologies in the supply chain. Optimisation modelscan be effective in deciding locations of plants.
The Finnish energy strategy goal (according to Tekes) is to secure energy supply with competitiveprices. The National Climate Strategy 2001 includes an action plan for renewable energy sources.Technology R&D is one of the major implementation measures in all policy programmes. Key goalis to obtain economically competitive technologies, practices, methods and services with nocontinuous support measures from the State. Due to Finland's small population, the export oftechnologies is also desirable to Tekes.
Finland, Australia, Spain, Italy, Estonia and Poland all have good potential for utilising existingbiomass fuels. Most of these countries recognise that bioenergy, regardless of its source, will play aprominent role in reducing future greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the portion ofindigenous renewable energy sources. However, incentives for utilising biofuels are mostly cost-effectiveness and to compete with other energy sources, an effective supply chain must be in place.
Due to Finland's large forest industry, by products of the industry have been recognised asimportant biofuels and contribute to heat and energy production. The structure of the industry hasallowed relatively good integration of biomass harvesting technologies. Finland's energy policiespromote R&D, energy taxation, investment grants and the teaching of new energy methods.
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Spain has good potential in terms of biomass. The olive growing industry already provides goodsupply possibilities but in the forest industry, wood by products are not yet exploited.
In Australia, the full potential of residues from the sugar can industry are beginning to berecognised and large amounts of agricultural land could be important for future energy crops.
Italy's bioenergy development is currently low. Utilising its forest industry residues could help inreducing its high dependency on energy imports. In addition unused agricultural land provides goodfuture possibilities.
Unused biofuels currently provide much potential in Poland. The country's relatively huge portionof agricultural land and rural workforce will no doubt be utilised in near future in order to reducedependency on fossil domestically available fossil fuels and oil imports.
All of the countries considered have detailed development plans to increase renewable energysources and biomass is the most important single component.
The 13th Jyväskylä Summer School, University of JyväskyläENV3: Biomass Logistics and Combustion
28 – 29 August 2003VTT Processes
Koivurannantie 1, Jyväskylä, Finland
P R O G R A M M E28 August 2003, Thursday
9.00 Introduction to the training programme,Ms Eija Alakangas, VTT ProcessesPresentation of participants
9.30 Properties and standardisation of solidbiofuelsMs Eija Alakangas, VTT Processes
11.00 Lunch at VTT cafeteria (own cost)
12.00 Modern fluidised bed combustion -introductionDr Jouni Hämäläinen, VTT Processes
13.00 Problem solutions for fluidised bedcombustionDr Martti Aho, VTT Processes/University ofJyväskylä
14.00 Visit to VTT's combustion research facilities
15.00 Coffee break in conference room
15.15 Commercial fluidised bed combustiontechnology for biomass and wasteMr Juha Palonen, Foster Wheeler;Mr Jaani Silvennoinen, Kvaerner Power Oy
16.45 Bioenergy in FinlandGeneral – Ms Niina KauttoComments from other Finnish participantsMs Erja Heino & Ms Kati Veijonen, Ms TiinaTontti, Ms Erja Jokinen, Ms AnnimariLehtomäki/ Ms Outi Ronkainen, Ms SannaHuikuri
17.45 End of programme
29 August 2003, Friday
9.00 Analysis of chemical and physical properties- Finnish experienceMs Raili Vesterinen, VTT Processes
10.00 Visit to VTT´s analysis laboratory
11.00 Wood fuel production technologiesDr Antti Asikainen, Finnish Forest ResearchInstitute
12.00 Lunch at VTT cafeteria (own cost)
12.45 Logistics of wood fuel supplyDr Tapio Ranta, VTT Processes
13.45 Bioenergy in FinlandMs Marjatta Aarniala, Tekes
14.30 Coffee break in conference room
14.45 Gasification technologiesDr Pekka Simell, VTT Processes
15.45 Bioenergy in SpainMs Lara ValentínComments: Mr Eduardo Ferrer
16.05 Bioenergy in AustraliaMs Tuija LehtinenComments: Mr Tuomo Laurinen
16.25 Bioenergy in ItalyMr Mikael CastelluccioComments: Mr Adriano Borraccia andMs Silvia Ricci
16.45 Bioenergy in EstoniaMr Petteri ReponenComments: Mr Stephen Keen
17.05 Bioenergy in PolandMr Marcin PisarekComments: Ms Marzena Hunder,Mr Grzegorz Kunikowski, Mr TomaszLachowicz, Ms Marzena Rutkowska-Filipczak
17.45 End of programme
The 13th Jyväskylä Summer School, University of JyväskyläENV3: Biomass Logistics and Combustion
28 � 29 August 2003
Co-ordinators
Eija Alakangas, Organiser of the trainingprogrammeVTT ProcessesP.O. Box 160340101 Jyväskylä, FinlandTel. +358 14 672 550Fax +358 14 672 598e-mail: [email protected]
Ari Lampinen, co-ordinatorUniversity of JyväskyläDepartment of Biological and EnvironmentalScienceP.O Box 3540014 University of Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Niina Holviala, AssistantVTT ProcessesP.O. Box 160340101 Jyväskylä, FinlandTel. +358 14 672 683Fax +358 14 672 598e-mail: [email protected]
Jyrki Brandt, summer secretary of the 13thSummer SchoolJyväskylä Summer SchoolFaculty of Mathematics and ScienceP.O. Box 35 (MaD)40014 University of Jyväskylä, FinlandPhone: +358 14 260 2206Fax: +358 14 260 2201e-mail: [email protected]
Speakers
Marjatta AarnialaTekes - National Technology Agency ofFinlandP.O. Box 6900101 Helsinki, FinlandTel. +358 10 521 5736Fax +358 10 521 5905e-mail: [email protected]
Martti AhoVTT ProcessesP.O. Box 160340101 Jyväskylä, FinlandTel. +358 14 672 545Fax +358 14 672 749e-mail: [email protected]
Eija AlakangasVTT ProcessesP.O. Box 160340101 Jyväskylä, FinlandTel. +358 14 672 550Fax +358 14 672 598e-mail: [email protected]
Antti AsikainenFinnish Forest Research Institute/Joensuu Research CentreP.O. Box 6880101 Joensuu, FinlandTel. +358 10 211 3250Fax +358 10 211 3113e-mail: [email protected]
Jouni HämäläinenVTT ProcessesP.O. Box 160340101 Jyväskylä, FinlandTel. +358 14 672 529Fax +358 14 672 597e-mail: [email protected]
Juha PalonenFoster Wheeler Energia OyP.O. Box 20178201 Varkaus, FinlandTel. +358 10 393 11Fax +358 10 393 7689e-mail: [email protected]
Tapio RantaVTT ProcessesP.O. Box 160340101 Jyväskylä, FinlandTel. +358 14 672 722Fax +358 14 672 749e-mail: [email protected]
Jaani SilvennoinenKvaerner Power OyP.O. Box 10933101 Tampere, FinlandTel. +358 20 1412 290Fax +358 20 1412 234e-mail: [email protected]
Pekka SimellVTT ProcessesP.O. Box 160102044 VTT, FinlandTel. +358 9 456 5461Fax +358 9 460 493e-mail: [email protected]
Raili VesterinenVTT ProcessesP.O. Box 160340101 Jyväskylä, FinlandTel. +358 14 672 574Fax +358 14 672 598e-mail: [email protected]
Participants
David AgarRoninmäentie 1 J 2640500 Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Adriano BorracciaVai Renato Fucini 2400137 Roma, Italye-mail: [email protected]
Mikael CastelluccioVia Cellini 1833170 Pordenone, Italye-mail: [email protected]
Eduardo Ferrer BenedíYkköspesänkatu 1 B 4640520 Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Franz FiglRust 803451 Michelhausen, Austriae-mail: [email protected]
Päivi FriariJuholantie 15856310 Syyspohja, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Erja HeinoHalujärvenrinne 202780 Espoo, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Arjo HeinsolaMLTK, room Ylistö428P.O. Box 3540014 University of Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Sanna HuikuriKarosenkatu 3 A 1633710 Tampere, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Marzena HunderEC Baltic Renewable Energy CenterRakowiecka 3202-532 Warsaw, Polande-mail: [email protected]
Erja JokinenTakalankuja 3-5 A 1540740 Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Niina KauttoEmännäntie 25 A 540740 Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Stephen Keen2 Tithe Barn DriveBray Maidenhead,Bergshire SL6 2 DG, UKe-mail: [email protected]
Grzegorz KunikowskiEC Baltic Renewable Energy CenterRakowiecka 3202-532 Warsaw, Polande-mail: [email protected]
Tomasz LachowiczEC BREC/IBMERUl. Reduta Zbik 580-761 Gdansk, Polande-mail: [email protected]
Tuomo LaurinenPaavalinvuorentie 140950 Muurame, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Tuija LehtinenAuvilanku 2 as. 1840740 Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Annimari LehtomäkiViitaniementie 19 D 3740720 Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Matti LeppänenKäyräkatu 7 B 2040600 Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Jussi MaunukselaMLTK, room Ylistö428P.O. Box 3540014 University of Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Marcin PisarekEC BRECRakowiecka 3202-532 Warsaw, Polande-mail: [email protected]
Petteri ReponenTuhkimontie 2 A 300820 Helsinki, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Silvia RicciVia Tiburto 5500019 Tivoli (Rm), Italye-mail: [email protected]
Outi RonkainenNiittykatu 1241160 Tikkakoski, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Marzena Rutkowska-FilipczakEC BRECRakowiecka 3202-532 Warsaw, Polande-mail: [email protected]
Tiina TonttiMTT Ecological ProductionKarilantie 2 A50600 Mikkeli, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Lara ValentínTangokuja 4 A 1640520 Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Kati VeijonenVTT ProcessesP.O. Box 160340101 Jyväskylä, Finlande-mail: [email protected]
Study tour 1 – New Technologies for Large Scale Production of Forest Fuels for CHP/DH
Organised by OPET Finland, VTT Processes
5 September 2003, Friday
8:10 Departure from hotel Laajavuori (with luggages), Bus 1 B 8:30 Departure from Paviljonki to Nyrölä
(24 km to the west of Jyväskylä) (Busses 1A and 1B) Guides: Bus 1A
Ms Eija Alakangas, OPET Finland, VTT and Ms Marjatta Aarniala, Tekes
Bus 1B Prof Pentti Hakkila and
Ms Kati Veijonen, VTT 9:00 Production of forest chips by
chipper truck, Nyrölä Mr Sauli Niemi and Mr Timo Pasanen, Biowatti Oy • truck transportation of loose
logging residues • chipping of logging residues and
transportation by chipper-truck Coffee and pie in the forest
10:30 Departure to UPM Kymmene site
Additional information Ms Eija Alakangas, OPET Finland, VTT Tel. +358-14-672 550, Mobile +358 400 542 454 E-mail: [email protected] Please prepare for forest conditions; take rubber boots or similar shoes and be prepared for rain. Please keep the schedule and follow all safety instructions informed by the hosts and guides.
10:45 Production of forest chips from logging residues, thinnings and stumps Mr Seppo Paananen and Matti Markkila, UPM Kymmene Forest, Mr Arto Timperi and Mr Ari Saarenmaa, Timberjack, Mr Tommi Lahti and Mr Pekka Lahti, LMH Hakkurit Oy • Bundling of logging residues,
Timberjack • Harvesting of stumps for energy,
UPM Kymmene • Forest haulage of logging residues
and chipping, LMH Hakkurit Oy
• Harvesting of small-sized trees by accumulating feller buncher Timberjack
Coffee and Carelian pastry in the forest 13.00 Departure for Jyväskylä 13.30 Lunch break at Agora, Mattilanniemi 14.30 Departure from Agora to Rauhalahti
14:45 Visit to Rauhalahti biomass CHP plant,
Jyväskylä Mr Pasi Mikkonen & Mr Kyösti Rannila, Fortum Power and Heat • Plant presentation • Visit to wood fuel receiving station • Logistics and quality management of
fuels 16:10 End of the study tour and transportation to
airport (bus 1 B) and Paviljonki (1 A) 16:50 Arrival at Jyväskylä airport (departure for
flight at 17:40 from Jyväskylä to Helsinki)
Participants of Tour 1Aarniala Marjatta, TEKES National Technology Agency of Finland, Suomi
Alakangas Eija, VTT Processes, Suomi
Ayala Mauricio, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, El Salvador
Bach Aage, Ny Vraa, Denmark
Backlund Christer, UPM Kymmene Forest, Suomi
Biney Sun, Svebio Swedish Bioenergy Association, Sweden
Brassoud Julie, ITEBE, France
Brennan Graham, Sustainable Energy Ireland Renewable Energy Information Office, Ireland
Bruks Allan, Bruks BioTech Ab, Sweden
Bruzgulis Arunas, Kotkan Energia Oy/UAB Suomijos Energija, Lithuania
Canty Alan, Golden Vale Marts, Ireland
Castillo Giovanni, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Costa Rica
Chen Alejandro, National Environmental Authority, Panama
Dahlberg Ronnie, SYDKRAFT AB, Sweden
Dalin Kaj, Kotkan Energia Oy/UAB Suomijos Energija, Lithuania
Deurwaarder Ewout, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Netherlands
Diaz Enma Leticia, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Guatemala
Donnelly Gerry, OFREG Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland
Ducray Pierre, GCF UCFF, France
Eerola Hannu, Foreign Ministry of Finland, Suomi
Eriksson John E., Bruks BioTech Ab, Sweden
Erkkilä Ari, VTT Processes, Suomi
Fabro Ismael, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Belize
Frantsi Ari, Kymenso Oy, Suomi
Fredriksson Tage, Wood Energy Association, Suomi
Galfvensjö Ola, Bruks BioTech Ab, Sweden
Granö Ulf-Peter, Jyväskylä University, Finland
Haataja Pentti, Vapo Oy Energia, Suomi
Hakkila Pentti, VTT Processes, Suomi
Hallberg Jörgen, SYDKRAFT AB, Sweden
Heikkinen Jouni, Fortum Power and Heat Oy, Suomi
Hillebrand Kari, VTT Processes, Suomi
Hirose Yutaka, Nishihara Environment Technology Inc., Japan
Sivu 1(3) 29.08.2003
Hübbe Carsten, Energi E2 A/S, DENMARK
Impola Risto, VTT Processes, Suomi
Isolahti Maria, Pohjois-Pohjanmaa Forest Centre, Suomi
Iversen Viggo, Enova SF, Norway
Jaanu Keijo, Envofire Oy, Suomi
Jahren Inge, The Forest Owners Magazine, The Norwegian Forest Owners, Norway
Järvinen Timo, VTT Processes, Suomi
Jouhiaho Aki, TTS Institute, Finland
Jungmeier Gerfried, Joanneum Research GmbH, Austria
Kavanagh John Joseph, Agrinetworks, Ireland
Kim Sung-Chul, Korean Electric Power Research Institute, South Korea
Kori Hiromichi, EPDC Environmental Engineering Service Corporated, Japan
Koskinen Lauri, Joensuun Energia Oy, Suomi
Kytökorpi Kaarlo, Central Finland Forest Centre, Suomi
Lahtinen Perttu, Electrowatt-Ekono Oy, Suomi
Leer Ebbe, Det Danske Hedeselskab, Denmark
Leinonen Arvo, VTT Processes, Suomi
Lindh Tuulikki, VTT Processes, Suomi
Lleng Jörn, Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Norway
Lounasvuori Jussi, Indufor Oy, Finland
Lyons Maurice, Golden Vale Marts, Ireland
Madsen Niels, Talloil AB, Sweden
Marchal Didier, VALBIOM, Agricultural Research Centre, Belgium
Matute Leonardo, State Secretary of Natural Resources and Environment, Honduras
Motoyoshi Norihito, Yamanashi Prefectural Government, Japan
Nielsen Henrik Kofoed, Agder University College, Norway
Niemi Sauli, Biowatti Oy, Suomi
Nurmi Markku, Ministry of the Environment, Suomi
Nylén Jari, Fortum Power and Heat Oy, Suomi
Nyyssönen Heikki, Vapo Oy, Suomi
Osawa Masaharu, Aichi University, Japan
Ottosen Per, Energi E2 A/S, DENMARK
Petänen Pertti, Kvaerner Power Oy, Suomi
Preto F., CANMET Energy Technology Centre, Canada
Ranta Tapio, VTT Processes, Suomi
Rathbauer Josef, BLT, Bundesanstalt für Landtechnik, Austria
Rautanen Matti, Kvaerner Power Oy, Suomi
Sivu 2(3) 29.08.2003
Risnes Håvar, Enova SF, Norway
Röder Alexander, Cemex Trademarks Worldwide Ltd., Switzerland
Salaverria Maria Eugenia, Finland/Central America Renewable Energy Partnership Office, El Salvador
Sanchez Ismael, Biomass Users Network BUN-CA, El Salvador
Santizo Rodolfo, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Guatemala
Schoonwater Alwin, NV Nuon Renewable Energy Projects, Netherlands
Schultz Gert, Energi E2 A/S, DENMARK
Sondelius Peter, Sydved Energileveranser AB, Sweden
Soralahti Veikko, Foreign Ministry of Finland, Suomi
Stadthagen Marina, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Nicaragua
Tufa Adane, Ethiopian Welfare Society, Ethiopia
Tyrell Gordon, Celtic Flame Ltd., Ireland
Utriainen Tuomo, Electrowatt-Ekono Oy, Suomi
Veijonen Kati, VTT Processes, Suomi
Verhoeff Fred, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Netherlands
Wagener-Lohse Georg, ZAB ZukunftsAgentur Brandenburg GmbH, Germany
Werner Jan, Shell Global Solutions International B. V, the Netherlands
Yamaguchi Yasuyuki, JFE Holdings Co., Ltd., Japan
Yoshioka Takuyuki, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Sivu 3(3) 29.08.2003
