Rapport

ISTANBUL, TURQUIE 6-7 OCTOBRE 2009

Report

78TH SESSIONOF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

OF THE EuFMD COMMISSION

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ISTANBUL, TURKEY 6-7TH OCTOBER 2009

78E SESSION DU COMITÉ EXÉCUTIFDE LA COMMISSION EuFMD

ISTANBUL, TURKEY 6-7TH OCTOBER 2009

Report

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSEUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (EuFMD)

Rome, 2009

78TH SESSIONOF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

OF THE EuFMD COMMISSION

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© FAO 2009

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Table of Contents

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................... 3

MEETING REPORT .................................................................................................................. 5

ITEM 1. AGENDA .................................................................................................................... 5

ITEM 2. FOLLOW-UP TO THE 38TH SESSION .............................................................................. 5

ITEM 3. FMD PREPAREDNESS ................................................................................................. 5

ITEM 4. FMD RISK SITUATION ................................................................................................. 7

ITEM 5.GLOBAL FMD INITIATIVE ............................................................................................. 7

ITEM 6. LONG TERM STRATEGY FOR FMD CONTROL IN WEST EURASIA ................................... 8

ITEM 7. FMD ACTIONS RELATING TO THE SOUTH AND EAST MEDITERRANEAN AREA .............. 9

7.1) FMD actions with the Euro-Mediterranean Animal Health Network(REMESA) .............................................. 9 7.2) FMD situation in Egypt ..................................................................................................................................... 9

ITEM 8. INTERNATIONAL FMD SURVEILLANCE NETWORKING ................................................ 10

ITEM 9. PROGRESS REPORTS ON FMD CONTROL PROJECTS IN THE REGION ........................... 11

9.1) Annual Tripartite (on control of FMD and other exotic diseases in the Southern Balkans) ........................... 11 9.2) FMD control in Turkey ................................................................................................................................... 11 9.3) FMD control in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan (Transcaucasus countries - TCC); progress of the EUFMD/EC supported program of in the buffer zone ............................................................................................ 12 9.4) FMD control in Iran: progress of the EuFMD/EC supported program to improve FMD surveillance and control ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13

ITEM 10. REPORT OF THE STANDING TECHNICAL COMMITTEE .............................................. 14

10.1) Report and Actions ........................................................................................................................................ 14 10.2) Progress on the technical studies commissioned at previous Committee meetings, and new technical studies recommended by the Group .................................................................................................................................... 14 10.3 Commissioning of technical studies recommended by the Research Group – new procedure ........................ 15 10.4) Location of the Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee, 2010 .................................... 15

ITEM 11. FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT ............................................................ 15

ITEM 12. ANY OTHER BUSINESS ............................................................................................ 16

CLOSING REMARKS .............................................................................................................. 16

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List of appendices Appendix 1 List of Participants Appendix 2 Agenda Appendix 3 Follow-up to Recommendations 38th Session Appendix 4 Report on the Real time FMD training courses held in Turkey Appendix 5 Proposal for continuation of training courses, 2010-11 Appendix 6 Report of the WRL on proficiency testing service for FMD labs Appendix 7 Report of the WRL on the regional/global risk situation, and antigen banks Appendix 8 FAO presentation -follow-up to the Paraguay Conference Appendix 9 Recommendations of the OIE/FAO Global FMD Conference Appendix 10 Report of the Mini-Executive Committee meeting, Brussels Appendix 11 Risk overview, West Eurasia/middle-east Appendix 12 Proposal for joint training actions – EuFMD in middle east and north Africa. Appendix 13 Concept Note – improved monitoring and surveillance of FMD in Egypt Appendix 14 Progress Report – African proximity surveillance Appendix 15 Report of the Annual Tripartite Meeting –Southern Balkans Appendix 16 FMD control in Turkey Appendix 17 Progress in FMD control –TransCaucasus Appendix 18 Review of EuFMD/EC support to FMD control in the TCC Appendix 19 Iran – 6 month progress report Appendix 20 Report – Research group meeting, Slovenia September 2009 Appendix 21 Procedure for commissioning of technical studies Appendix 22 Financial statements

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Summary of Recommendations

On the training of veterinarians for recognition and response to suspected FMD

1. The training of veterinarians in FMD recognition and response should be considered a continual activity of the Commission, without a time-limit; the modality for training should be identified following a mid–term review of the program in late 2010, with recommendations to be brought to the 39th General Session of the EuFMD in 2011, with a view to ensuring continuity of the program in 2012 onwards.

On the international risk situation

2. Member States (MS) should note the WRL recommendations on priority FMDV antigens to be kept for emergency situations, and reconsider their holdings in relation to the high risk of A Iran 05 and type O PanAsia II in the region;

3. Members States should be aware of the epidemics of type A Iran 05 in Turkey, Iran, with recent epidemic spread as far as Israel and Libya, and the relative poor match of A Iraq22 vaccine for this epidemic strain, and should review their precautionary measures during the upcoming winter transmission risk period;

4. The procedure proposed by the Research Group (RG) for identification of priority antigens was endorsed and should be available ahead of the next Session;

5. The risk assessment component of the new prioritization procedure should be made available to MS so they may adapt the procedure to address their own risk situation;

6. The technical studies recommended by the Research Group, relating to decision making tools and biological materials required by the Reference Laboratories for improved decision making, were supported in principle, and detailed concept notes should be developed for review and potential funding;

7. Consideration should be given to the possible mechanism for emergency procurement through the Trust Fund of FMD antigens held in banks of non-European countries, for use in EuFMD MS, for the situation in which national and EU Vaccine Banks are unable to supply sufficient antigens;

8. Actions to improve submission of FMDV from the areas of concern in the African proximity should be continued.

Relating to the Global Initiative

9. FAO and OIE are encouraged to put into place the Working Group to follow-up on the recommendations of the Paraguay conference, as recommended by the Gf-TADS Global Steering Committee, and are requested to consider to include the EuFMD Commission and a representative for the West Eurasia Roadmap in this group as Regional Representatives.

Relating to the Long Term Strategy for FMD Control in West Eurasia

10. The proposal presented by the Secretariat was endorsed, related to rebalancing the efforts and financial resources of the EuFMD/EC program, and the financial resources required, towards high risk countries in West Eurasia, with focus on the neighbouring areas of Turkey. The regional support should, in the current funding period, provide some support for regional laboratory networking and epidemiology support to improve early warning of emergent viruses and to improve design of monitoring and surveillance studies;

11. The objectives of the Commission support should remain to reduce the risk of incursion of emergent viruses into member countries, particularly those at immediate risk, and promote progress of these countries along the Regional Roadmap;

12. The Government of Italy was strongly encouraged to continue support in the period 2010-12, in parallel to the EuFMD/EC program, for the five countries to the east of Iran that have been supported under the Italian Cooperation with FAO;

13. A representative for the West EurAsia Roadmap initiative should be invited as Observer to attend future Sessions of the Executive Committee;

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14. The support provided by the Commission to laboratory and epidemiology networking in this region should provide a bridge to enable European institutions and experts to gain from active involvement in studies in the West Eurasia region.

On the priority vaccine antigens for use in West EurAsia 15. Type O Manisa and Asia-1 Shamir, and type A Iran-05 strain, remain the recommended types and

strains for inclusion in vaccination programmes in West Eurasia to cover the upcoming 6 month risk period. Countries should undertake risk assessments before omitting one or more of these strains from the routine programme. Countries which utilise routine vaccination should ensure access to vaccines in emergency situation against less frequent FMDV strains, in the medium priority category of the WRL.

On the continuation of monitoring for FMD threats from the African proximity

16. The Secretariat should prepare a project document setting out the objectives, proposed management system for awarding, monitoring and valuating the small grants program. The inclusion of European partners for each proposal was supported, to improve quality, relevance and experience of each party in FMDV monitoring; the WRL should remain the main recipient for samples for vaccine matching.

On the continuation of support to FMD control in the Transcaucasus countries

17. A new project support document should be developed, and negotiated with the countries and the EC, that takes into consideration the conclusions of the review of the 2007-9 program;

18. Given the risk associated with lack of vaccination in Georgia, access to an emergency reserve of FMD vaccine is urgently needed; the Secretariat should agree with the EC on the arrangements.

On the studies recommended by the Standing Technical Committee

19. Concept notes for potential funding should be developed for the four new actions recommended by the Technical Committee, and commissioned following the application of the procedure adopted at this session for review of the relevance, technical approach, value and management of the proposed work.

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Meeting report

The Executive Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD) held its Seventy-Eight Session in Istanbul, Turkey, on the 6th and 7th of October 2009, hosted by the Government of Turkey. Members of the Executive Committee present were: Dr Ulrich Herzog (UH, Austria, Chairman), Dr Nigel Gibbens (NG, United Kingdom, Vice-Chairman), Dr Bengt Larsson (BL, Sweden, representing Dr Denneberg) Dr Georgi Georgiev (GG, Bulgaria, representing the CVO), Dr Spiros Doudounakis (SD, Greece), Dr Antonio Fonseca (AP, Portugal, representing Dr Pinheiro), and Dr Nihat Pakdil, (NP, Turkey). Apologies were received from Dr Marinkovic, (CVO Serbia). Other participants were Dr Aldo Dekker (AD, The Netherlands, Chairman of the Research Group), and Dr Jef Hammond, (JH, Head of the OIE Reference Laboratory on FMD/FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD). In addition, Dr Askaroglu, (HA, CVO Turkey), and Dr Naci Bulut (NB), attended as technical advisors to Dr Pakdil, and Dr Hondrokouki as advisor to Dr Doudounakis (CVO, Greece). Dr Jean-Luc Angot, (JLA CVO France), attended as Observer, following Invitation from the Chairman and in line with decisions of the 38th Session. Observers from the international organizations were Dr Alf-Eckbert Fuëssel, (AEF Head of Sector, DG-SANCO, Brussels), Dr Nikola Belev, (NB Regional representative of the OIE for Europe), and Dr Lea Knopf, (LK, Scientific and Technical Department of the OIE, Paris), Dr Juan Lubroth, (JL FAO, Chief of the Animal Health Service). The Secretariat for the 78th Session comprised Dr Keith Sumption (KS, Eufmd secretary), Dr Adel Ben Youssef (ABY, officer seconded to EuFMD by France) and Ms Nadia Rumich. The list of participants is given in Appendix 1. The Session considered the current risk situation and recent events in FMD epidemiology in the region, reviewed both the progress of actions that are due to be concluded in 2009, and the re-position of program direction following the adoption of the Strategic Plan for 2009-12 at the 38th General Session of the EuFMD.

ITEM 1. Agenda

The agenda (Appendix 2) was adopted without change; the order of items was amended, however, so that the Committee could focus on Items 4-6 as priorities.

ITEM 2. Follow-up to the 38th Session

The follow-up to the recommendations of the 38th General Session were summarized (Appendix 3). The implementation of most recommendations is at an early stage; for some items, such as the socio-economic evaluation of FMD control programs by the Research Group, it was now considered this was beyond the scope of the current technical committee and could be given lower priority or omitted.

ITEM 3. FMD preparedness

3.1) Real time FMD Training program: The item was introduced by Dr Sumption. Following the 38th Session, a program of “RealTime training courses” had been organized in Eastern Turkey (Appendix 4), with the active support of the GDPC, Turkey, and funded by the EC. All participants had observed FMD lesions in the field and taken part in sampling and

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decision making, in line with the requirements of the EU Directive on FMD. Four courses were planned for 2009, giving an opportunity to 32 trainees from across Europe; feedback had been excellent on the first courses, and the courses planned for 2010 already were mostly taken following strong interest from Member States. Dr Sumption presented a proposal for consideration (Appendix 5), for extension of the training program until 2011, enabling the program to cover 39 countries (up to 3 trainees each, as agreed by the 38th Session). The option to include an additional set of neighbourhood countries (North Africa to Eastern Europe) was also presented. Discussion The proposal for continuation was strongly supported by Committee members. Relating to the inclusion of neighbourhood countries, and potential cost savings, the CVO Turkey indicated that involvement of TAIEX could add difficulties without significant gains, and Dr Fuessel considered that this program was high priority for the EC and that funding through the TF was appropriate without requesting other EC budgetary support. TAIEX support for neighbourhood countries was considered by others an option. The Chairman considered that since most North African countries have also not had recent experience of FMD, they should also be given an opportunity for training in this period; a mid-term review at the end of 2010 would help to decide on use of places in 2011. Dr Angot supported the approach and asked that the training possibilities for South and East Mediterranean countries are explored with REMESA and with the FAO/OIE Regional Animal Health Centres (RAHC) in Tunis and Beirut. Conclusion 1. The proposed Training Program for 2010-11 was supported, with focus on 39 EuFMD/EU/Western

Balkan countries; one trainee per country could also be included in 2010 from North African countries which had not experienced FMD in the past 5 years.

Recommendation 1. The training of veterinarians in FMD recognition and response should be considered a continual

activity of the Commission, without a time-limit; the modality for training should be identified following a mid–term review of the program in late 2010, with recommendations to be brought to the 39th General Session in 2011, with a view to ensuring continuity of the program in 2012 onwards.

3.2) Laboratory preparedness: Dr Hammond presented the report of the WRL on the level of participation of European countries in the EC and EuFMD supported FMD lab proficiency test Service (PTS) offered in 2009; this Item being a follow up to the adoption of a minimum requirements paper at the 38th Session, following concerns that FMD laboratory services were not up to required functional standards in some non-EU countries, and such countries did not have participation in ring trials. In his report (Appendix 6), he indicated 28 labs had participated in the PTS in 2008; problems included that lack of detection of FMDV when the ag-ELISA was used, and 7/28 labs missed or had false positive rtPCR results. In 2009, four panels were sent out, including SVD serology, with invitation to 66 countries. Participation from EU was excellent, but Albania, Bosnia and Kosovo again failed to respond to invitation. Regarding the PTS, he indicated that the biosecurity requirements placed an unsustainable burden on the WRL that was not met through the current PTS funding. In response, Dr Fuessel stated that the PTS service remains essential and the current arrangements, avoiding overlap EC and EuFMD funding, should continue; the administration issues should be addressed with parties involved. He recommended that the system of providing feedback to labs that fail the PTS be improved, and that EuFMD addresses this, with WRL, including possibility of a follow-up PTS for labs that fail.

Conclusion 1. The annual PTS provides an essential service to MS and continuation is strongly supported; follow-up

rounds of PTS are recommended for labs that fail one or more test systems and the issue of administrative support to the PTS be solved between the main parties.

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ITEM 4. FMD risk situation

Dr Hammond, representing the World Reference Laboratory (WRL), reported on the change in FMD risk situation since the 38th Session (Appendix 7). He drew attention to the quarterly and annual report to FAO, as well as other online reports and documents related to sample submission (www.wrlfmd.org). Of note was the extraordinary level of sample submission from West Eurasia/Middle-East, following the regional epidemic of type A Iran 05 (BAR-08 lineage), which had spread as far as Libya in 2009. The major risk events recorded in 2009 were: - A Iran 05 (BAR-08) lineage –epidemic in West Eurasia/Middle-East, affecting even Israel and Libya; - continuous outbreaks of type O in most parts of the Middle-East/West Eurasia; - spread of an Indian type O to the United Arab Emirates; - continued circulation of an African type A in Egypt in 2009; - spread of Asia-1 to Bahrain, of similarity to an Indian strain; - re-emergence of O Cathay type in Taiwan, after long silent period; - continued type A and Asia-1 outbreaks in China (these types apparently introduced in 2005 and 2008 respectively); - continued problems with SAT2 in Southern Africa. The WRL recommendations for antigen stocks to be held with high priority were :

O Manisa

O BFS or Campos

A-Iran-05

A24 Cruzeiro

A22 Iraq

Asia 1 Shamir

SAT 2 Saudi Arabia (or equivalent). He drew attention to the importance of A Iran 05, given that poor match to A 22 Iraq vaccine was recorded for a very high proportion of recent A Iran 05 isolates in 2009 from the Middle-East. Regarding the procedure for preparing the recommendations for priority antigens, the Research Group had considered the issue and proposed a new system for preparing the 6 monthly recommendations: the WRL with EuFMD secretariat would prepare the draft report, based on three criteria (FMDV threat, lab data on vaccine matching, and vaccine manufacturer input on strains); it would be sent to vaccine producers and SANCO for comment, before presentation to the Executive Committee Decision support also requires improving the information on antigenic change/vaccine matching; the RG had made several recommendations for work required in this area, which were vital for changing towards a more quantitative approach. Recommendations: see Summary of Recommendations.

ITEM 5.Global FMD Initiative

Dr Lubroth, Chief Veterinary Officer, FAO, reported (Appendix 8) on the OIE/FAO International Conference on FMD Control held in Paraguay in June 2009. The Conference had been very well attended and managed, and provided a backing for the approach advocated by FAO of regional long term initiatives (“Roadmaps”), backed by international support to countries to achieve improved governance in the animal health field and specifically to implement actions in line with the Progressive Control Pathway (PCP). The efforts, such as

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the West Eurasian Roadmap, and the development of vision and roadmaps for FMD control in Africa, were seen as positive contributions to the global effort. The recommendations of the Conference are provided in Appendix 9. Following the Conference, the Global Steering Committee of Gf-TADS had met in July in Rome; Dr Van Goethem, President Gf-TADS Europe had proposed a global subcommittee on FMD control be established under the Global Steering Committee and it was agreed a working group be established to follow-up the recommendations of the Paraguay Conference; FAO and OIE would shortly propose a date. This group should be able to review the progress in the various Roadmaps, existing and under development, and report on the overall level of progress. This working group should also agree on Governance arrangements for new initiatives, in line with Gf-TADS and with the need for regional champions and regional leadership of the countries in each Roadmap; he illustrated options for the West Eurasia meeting, and proposed interim solutions for the West Eurasia Roadmap meeting (to be held following the 78th Session). Recommendation FAO and OIE are encouraged to put into place the Working Group to follow-up on the recommendations of the Paraguay conference, as recommended by the GfTADS Global Steering Committee, and are requested to include the EuFMD Commission and a representative for the West Eurasia Roadmap in this group.

ITEM 6. Long Term Strategy for FMD Control in West Eurasia

The Chairman introduced this Item. At the Mini-Executive Committee meeting in Brussels in September (Appendix 10), it was recommended to have an overview on the risk associated with West Eurasia countries before discussion of changes to emphasis of EuFMD support programmes. The risk overview and proposed changes to the EuFMD program were presented by Dr Sumption (Appendix 11). West Eurasia is here described as the 14 countries with endemic FMD that stretch from Pakistan in the East to Turkey in the West. He considered that the most significant risk for European countries came from the situation in Iran/Pakistan, and Egypt. Iraq and possibly Syria present entry routes of exotic infections in Turkey, although the main regional source is seen as Iran. The Transcaucasus (TCC) countries have not been shown to be the source of infection for Turkey, but present a risk to each other and to the Russian Federation. In summary, he proposed that for the next 3 years, the emphasis of EuFMD support should be

- towards the main risk situations, and thereby proposed greater attention and effort to work with Iran, to the common border region of Iran/Turkey/Iraq/Transcaucasus, with less effort on maintaining the buffer zone in the TCC and more on the western border with Turkey;

- towards the wider regional effort in West Eurasia (threat monitoring, including lab networking), as it could provide improved early warning of new FMDV threats in the region, especially from Pakistan;

- also ensuring attention to Egypt, to ensure continuity of monitoring the risk and to maintain progress. He provided a budget estimate of 4 million US$ for a two year program (5.5 m for 3 years to 2012), of which around 1 million of the 3 year program would be on regional laboratory and epidemiology support. In relation to the overall agreement with the EC of 11.7 million US$, the maximum cost of planned actions (training, technical Studies, FMDV surveillance and FAO service charge) is 8.4 m, allowing around 3 million as an emergency reserve.

Discussion The issue of country commitments to control movement was discussed; KS reported that this was a huge issue, but with evidence of change; several countries including Iran and the TCC were exploring I&R systems, and requesting guidance from FAO. Risk based vaccination programme could still help if for instance, animals that are likely going to be moved (legally or illegally) are vaccinated beforehand. Dr Askargolu agreed that price motivation is often too high, so that penalties on illegal movement do not help.

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Dr Gibbens agreed with the proposed change in emphasis, from support to vaccination campaigns towards technical support to countries to improve monitoring and management. Dr Fuessel agreed with the proposed change towards addressing high risk areas, but considered that a need remained to get the information on the FMD situation in the Trans-Caucasus region. The programme on the African zone will be very important because this region immediately south of the Sahara has high importance for introduction into Egypt/Libya, and the former borders Israel, a MS. The regions a bit further from the borders of the EuFMD could be covered by GF-TADS; and the Commission should not forget the countries in the Balkan where also technical support is probably needed. Conclusions 1. The Committee endorsed the proposed re-orientation of support in West Eurasia, with increased

effort to support control in Iran, and an increased support to laboratory networking and co-ordination of monitoring efforts across the wider region;

2. The situation in Egypt must remain under continual monitoring, and support of the Commission is justified to assist FMDV monitoring and control efforts.

ITEM 7. FMD actions relating to the South and East Mediterranean area

7.1) FMD actions with the Euro-Mediterranean Animal Health Network(REMESA)

The REMESA network currently involves 6 North African countries and 4 European countries (Portugal, Spain, France and Italy) with funding from the European partners, implemented through FAO via the Tunis Regional Animal Health Centre (RAHC). The 38th Session recommended that EuFMD work together with REMESA, as far as possible as an integral part of the REMESA mechanism. Following request also from the Beirut RAHC to develop joint training activities, a proposal was developed by the Secretariat, and presented by Dr Ben Youssef (Appendix 12). The main proposed training actions had the aim of increasing capacity to recognise and confirm FMD serotypes, to plan national surveillance activities in line with the needs of the Progressive Control Pathway (mainly PCP Stage 1 or 2), and laboratory training to support the previous two activities. The proposal is to share costs with the OIE, as a joint activity, with EuFMD/EC support given to cover the provision of expert European trainers, and for participation of EuFMD priority countries. Discussion: Dr Angot supported the proposal, stressing the importance of the Mediterranean region, and that the AFFSA Maisons Alfort would be available to support training, including epidemio-surveillance design. The Chairman questioned the costs of the proposed programme, and requested a revised proposal be developed for consideration at or before the next Session; he proposed the inclusion of trainees from countries which had not experienced FMD for > 5years in the Real-Time training programme for European countries.

7.2) FMD situation in Egypt

This was introduced by Keith Sumption. FAO has supported a one year emergency TCP project in Egypt which finished in September 2009 which addressed the questions of vaccine quality, the lack of reporting of outbreaks, the lack of standard laboratory procedures for monitoring vaccination campaigns and diagnosis of outbreaks. It had uncovered the wide exposure of animals to FMD in Egypt, and the continuous circulation of type A (East African type) and O PanAsiaII. A Short Message Service (SMS) based reporting system had been set-up which resulted in the reporting to OIE, and to isolation of isolates from Egypt; promising progress had been made in lab standardization, and the central lab was under refurbishment as a Class III facility, suggesting local willingness to upgrade capacity. Very major issues remain, and Egypt should be considered a very important country for continued FMD risk (as well as risk of other exotic diseases).

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A concept note was presented (Appendix 13) for continued support from EuFMD, in the form of a twinning project with a European Laboratory, enabling continued upgrading of lab capacity, linkage with European NRLs, and for further evaluation of the SMS reporting system. Discussion Wide support was indicated, from the WRL, on the importance of Egypt in the region; it was confirmed that Egyptian parties are very keen to continue the collaboration. Conclusion The concept note should be further developed to a project proposal and submitted to the EC for potential funding through the Trust Fund. under the EuFMD/EC.

ITEM 8. International FMD surveillance networking

African proximity FMD surveillance Dr BenYoussef (EuFMD) presented a review of the support provided in period 2006-9 to improve sample submission/threat detection in the African proximity. The review had been discussed by a working group at the Research Group Session in Slovenia, and their recommendations presented to the Executive Committee (Appendix 14). The support had been provided through Letters of Agreement (LoA), the usual FAO contractual arrangement with non-profit organisations, to conduct sampling in the field, initial local typing, and submission of samples to the WRL for molecular typing and vaccine matching. Support had been provided to laboratories in Sudan, Kenya, Nigeria, and Ethiopia to collect and submit samples. The average cost of this support, in terms of new FMDV isolates reported by the WRL, was between 780-1250 US$ per new FMDV sequence reported. This figure includes all field work and transport costs; a relatively low cost given that transport alone can cost between 2 and 5,000$ per shipment. An agreement with a laboratory in Ivory Coast to organize collection/shipment from Niger and Mali had not been able to be implemented because of lack of uptake of the funds provided through FAO. The WRL and the Research Group recommendations were to continue the small grants program, to address the gaps in West Africa, and to improve quality of the proposed studies by having a European NRL partner and epidemiology partner for each proposal. If possible, the opportunity should be taken to promote monitoring actions by the countries in line with PCP Stage 1, enabling incidence in risk populations to be measured, giving an overall better assessment of risk from these countries. In discussion, the importance of continuation was supported by the EC and by France. Where possible, greater efficiency (reduced cost per sample) should be sought, possibly using new approaches including targeting collection to markets, and swab collection. Conclusion The necessity of continued monitoring for FMDV threat detection in the African proximity was endorsed. Recommendations The Secretariat should prepare a project document setting out the objectives, proposed management system for awarding, monitoring and valuating the small grants program. The inclusion of European partners for each proposal was supported, to improve quality, relevance and experience of each party in FMDV monitoring; the WRL should remain the main recipient for samples for vaccine matching.

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ITEM 9. Progress reports on FMD control projects in the region

9.1) Annual Tripartite (on control of FMD and other exotic diseases in the Southern Balkans)

The Meeting was held on 5th October, in Istanbul, and was attended by Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey, with FAO, EuFMD, OIE and EC, and WRL representatives; the Session was briefed on the main points of discussion and conclusions by Dr Georgiev (Bulgaria)(Appendix 15). The representatives of Greece and Bulgaria were pleased with the progress reported by Turkey, and the plans to submit a dossier for FMD freedom with vaccination, for Thrace region. Regarding other diseases, a commitment to report any exotic disease (FMD, SGP, PPR, BT, CSF...) was made, should these occur in mainland or island areas which neighbour the territory of one of the other states. A new report (of BT on Lesbos) was provided by Greece. The meeting also agreed that in 2010 the Meeting should be a wider meeting, of Balkan region vet services, preferably arranged by FAO under Gf-TADS for Europe.

9.2) FMD control in Turkey

Dr Askaroglu, CVO Turkey, provided a progress report (Appendix 16) on the Turkish FMD control program, including the implementation of actions supported by the EC under EuropeAid TR 06 03 02. He presented data indicating an overall much reduced incidence of FMD in 2008-9. Turkey remains endemic for types A and O, but Asia-1 has not been recorded since 2002. No outbreaks of FMD have been reported from Thrace region in 2008 or 2009, an improvement over the previous two years (6 outbreaks in 2007), and in line with the target of achieving 24 months without reporting (or circulation) of FMD in order to apply for official recognition of zonal FMD free status with vaccination at OIE; with the intention is to submit the dossier by December 2009 with the hope of recognition in May 2010. One hundred and thirty six outbreaks were reported in 2009, of which 102 were confirmed and serotyped (42 type A, 60 type O). Two type A sublineages are circulating in Turkey, AIran05 ARD07 and ERZ07, although in one case in South-Eastern Anatolia close to Iraq border, an isolate of the BAR08 lineage was detected. Turkey has therefore largely escaped the regional epidemic of A Iran 05 BAR08 that affected many near-east countries and reached to Libya in Spring 2009. A decision had been made in 2008 to switch to A TUR 06 in the 2009 vaccination campaigns. The lack of cross-protection with A Iraq22 vaccine in 2008 may be the reason for the higher incidence of type A in 2008, compared to 2009. A new type O genotype was also detected from august 2008; termed O PanAsia II: TER-08, with 4% sequence change compared to the previous PanAsia II. The origin of the new variants was not clear, but presumed to be entries from the East (Iran, Syria, Iraq). Control of FMD in Thrace region is largely through the twice yearly FMD vaccination programme in large ruminants, and once yearly in small ruminants; trivalent (A, O, Asia-1) vaccine from Merial is applied in both large (LR) and small (SR) stock. Vaccination coverage was 94% (LR) and 102% (SR) in spring 2008, and 96% (LR) in autumn 2008, rising to 96% and 92% respectively in spring 2009. Effectiveness of vaccination was monitored by sero-survey; 68%, 95% and 96% of 600 sera from Marmara region were positive for types O, A and Asia-1 (at 1/100 dilution, LPBE test). Import of live animals from Anatolia into Thrace region is not allowed, except during Kurban-bayram festival; at the latter time a separate animal market is established in Istanbul, for animals from other parts of Thrace region (to control the possible return of unsold animals) and from Anatolia. The 2009 sero-survey in Thrace region (9,278 animals, 152 villages) returned only 10 positive samples; follow-up investigations (with >300 samples collected) indicated these were false positive findings, and it was concluded that there is no evidence of FMDV circulation in Thrace region in the recent past. Control of FMD in the rest of Turkey (Anatolia); with support of the EC project, FMD vaccination percentage has risen to its highest level (21.4m doses delivered in 2008); in 2009 this will include national small ruminant vaccination (in autumn), which has not happened before; in 2008 SR populations in some areas of north and south coasts were excluded from the program. The spring coverage in LR was 89% (8.7m of 9.8m).

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The national sero-survey, conducted with same design as 2008, indicated a higher sero-prevalence (10% compared to 8.27% in 2008). The reasons for the slight rise were not explained, and differ from the reduced reported cases each year since 2006. The possibility exists that under higher vaccination coverage, fewer FMD are reported, but circulation occurs in young animals which are preferentially sampled in surveys. Sero-surveys are generally considered a more accurate guide to FMD incidence than passive reporting, and therefore these results indicate that FMD circulation remained widespread in east and central Anatolia in 2008-9. Discussion: The Committee noted with appreciation the progress to submit a dossier for FMD freedom with vaccination in Thrace region to OIE, but noted that the disease in the past in this region was usually the result of epidemics in Anatolia. The improved vaccination coverage in Anatolia, including national campaign in sheep and goats for the first time, should decrease the risk to Thrace, and Europe. Concern was expressed on lack of use of booster vaccination in calves, and on the lack of incentives for small farmers to actively cooperate in FMD control after an outbreak. This problem needs to be addressed as it is a sine qua non for future success. Recommendations These are combined with those of the International Risk Item 4.

9.3) FMD control in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan (Transcaucasus countries - TCC); progress of the EUFMD/EC supported program of in the buffer zone

9.3.1) Report on the actions under EuFMD/EC agreement The agreement with the EC for the current Phase (2.7m US$ of support via the EC TF) ended in July 2009, following the 4th vaccination campaign; a report on this campaign, the risk situation, and final actions was provided by Dr Carsten Potzsch (EuFMD Consultant) (Appendix 17). The spring buffer zone (BZ) vaccination and the national campaigns outside the BZ are completed. In Georgia the spring vaccination campaign was carried out only in Adjara A/R, using EC/FAO vaccine. Table 1: Percent vaccination coverage (reported) for spring vaccination 2009, until July; average and range (in brackets) on rayon level

Vaccination campaign Azerbaijan

Armenia * (on marz level)

Georgia

Buffer zone, cattle 99 % (88-100 %) 133 % (87 – 149 %) 36 % (0-59 %)

Buffer zone, small ruminants

19 % (0 – 26 %) 98 % (51 – 130 %) 4 % (0 – 91 %)

National, cattle 99 % (77 – 100 %) 138 % (109 – 150 %) 0 %

National, small ruminants

18 % (0 – 43 %) 97 % (0 – 152 %) 0 %

* for Armenia revaccinations are included in the table above and in Annex I. New data were available from Nagorny Karabakh and the average vaccination coverage achieved in the spring campaign is 79 % for cattle (range: 48 – 84 %) and 47 % for small ruminants (range: 0 – 103 %). The most recent sero-surveys in Armenia and Georgia indicated in the former a satisfactory coverage (an average 73%, 78% and 84% with SP antibodies to type O, Asia-1 and A respectively, in the results of IZSLER, Brescia), but in Georgia vaccination had only occurred only in Adjaria A.R, and only this part of the buffer zone recorded high % SP-seropositives (>60% all districts). Analysis of the NSP results (and review by the Research Group) gave no evidence that impure vaccine was the cause. In time, the high % NSP found in surveys reflected the epidemic situation in Iran and Turkey, and the high % positive could be attributed to trade and informal movements, followed by some circulation without reporting of clinical signs.

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9.3.2) Report of the review of the EuFMD/EC support to FMD control in the TCC, 2007-9 The end of project review had been conducted by Johannes Fiedler (JF) and Jorgen Westergaard (JW), independent consultants, in July-August 2009. They visited Georgia for a review meeting with the national consultants in July 2009; JF had previous assisted with the FMD field simulation exercise in April for the three countries, a first for the region and presented the findings and their report is provided in Appendix 18. Their conclusions were that the project had enabled significant progress in several key areas of FMD control, in Armenia and Azerbaijan, although the situation in Georgia remained of high concern. The three countries had not reported FMD outbreaks in this period, although sero-surveillance results indicated exposure to FMD in both border and internal areas. The project had established capacity for sero-surveillance (PCP Stage 1: NSP serology) in each country. A first field-based simulation exercise had occurred in April but response capacity, particularly in Georgia, remained of concern. Government commitment was variable, high in ARM and AZB but low in GEO; the former were prepared to continue the current high national input (national vaccination) but this was not the case in GEO, where EuFMD had been asked to support both in vaccine and in implementing vaccination. Their main recommendation was that the programme for strengthening of FMD prevention and emergency response capacity in the TCC should continue, with a new 3 year program but with revised objectives, operational management and a clear commitment of the countries concerned. The support should also promote progression in the regional roadmap, towards achieving Stage 3, in which each detection of infection is followed by response to contain infection and prove absence of further circulation. Discussion Questions were raised concerning the position of Georgia. The restructuring of the Veterinary Service to only 126 staff, and the inexperience of staff to manage a changing environment for service delivery, the instability in the country and dislocation of service between Ministries, together affect decision making and ability to implement policies. JF stressed the need for training and longer term development of staff. The CVO Turkey suggested harmonizing timing of vaccination although others were of the opinion that vaccination prior to movements was critical (e.g. to/from summer pastures), and that the buffer zone as originally intended has not separated the populations, and therefore for the future the direction should be to assist them to put into place better monitoring/surveillance and emergency response capacity (vaccine reserves). The Chairman considered that continued support to countries that had actively supported FMD control was correct, and that for GEO, they may yet change their position, provided we do not change ours. The way forward, it was agreed, was to offer supply of vaccine to a certain amount, and make agreement with interested parties on the best use of this support, ahead of each campaign. AEF considered that the key risk point was to “block infection” in the region of Armenia/Naxichevan, so that eve if GEO does not attempt to control FMD, together with the campaigns in Turkey, significant risk reduction should be achieved. JF raised the point that in AZB, pig populations are kept close to abattoirs that handle imported cattle, and this may be a risk point to be addressed. Conclusion There is a low but continued FMD risk to Turkey and Europe relating to the TCC countries, justifying the extension of current support. Recommendations 1. A new project support document should be developed, and negotiated with the countries and the EC,

taking into consideration the conclusions of the review of the 2007-9 program; 2. Given the risk associated with lack of vaccination in Georgia, access to an emergency reserve of FMD

vaccine is urgently needed; the Secretariat should agree with the EC on the arrangements.

9.4) FMD control in Iran: progress of the EuFMD/EC supported program to improve FMD surveillance and control

The Phase II support is due for completion in December 09. The 6 monthly progress report was provided by the national project Co-ordinator (Dr Khalaj) (Appendix 19). The Secretary visited Iran in September to review the slow progress on some actions, including the difficulties to achieve a twinning program

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(following British Government restrictions after the Iran elections). The Iran Veterinary Organization (IVO) continued to attach high importance to FMD control and to the EuFMD/EC support. The work program for 2009, and the main areas of their interest for a Phase III were discussed. Of major concern is the lack of early typing of FMDV strains; several months pass between submission and typing, for several reasons. Lab services do not meet demand, incorrect samples are submitted and return around of results is too slow. The solutions were seen as establishing subnational labs to undertake the services needed. The IVO fully supported the idea; further, they wished to propose that West Azerbaijan province, neighbouring Turkey, be assisted towards achieving FMD free status. This would be in the interest of Iran as well as Turkey/Europe, and fits with the program in the TCC and the proposal from Iraq. Together this represents a major opportunity to strengthen FMD control, creating a high control zone between the countries. It was also clear that the IVO epidemiology unit, although relatively well equipped, requires investment in training. The IVO would also desire a potential twinning with a high level FAO epidemiology reference centre. In discussion, JLA re-iterated the support of France for the Phase II and proposed twinning of the laboratory with AFFSA FMD reference laboratory should difficulties with the WRL remain in Phase III. Conclusion The Committee noted with concern the problems to implement Phase II, given the importance of the risk for Turkey and the wider region, and endorsed the proposal that a review of Phase II and of proposed actions for Phase III be conducted, by early 2010 before submission of a Phase III project to the EC.

ITEM 10. Report of the Standing Technical Committee

10.1) Report and Actions

The progress report (Appendix 20) was presented by Dr A. Dekker, Chairman of the Standing Technical Committee. He provided an account of the Closed Session held in Kranska Gora, Slovenia, in late September 2009, at which he had been re-elected Chairman, and Kris de Clercq, Vice-President and the leaders of two working groups agreed (David Paton, for FMDV antigen banks, and Emiliana Brocchi, Validation of Diagnostic tests). The Session was structured to address the four of the six priorities set by the 38th Session; the other two (validation of spread models, and socio-economic evaluation of control programs) were shelved from the Agenda. Regarding the four priorities: 1. Continuation of the Full Genome Sequencing project to understand the origins and threat of FMDV in

West Eurasia: progress since April had been excellent, and the group recommended continuation; 2. Decision making on new antigens for the vaccine banks: a working group was established, and a new

procedure for the 6 monthly reports was agreed (see Item 4): for antigenic analysis, several tasks/studies were identified as priorities, principally generation of suitable antisera to enable the antigenic comparisons on type A and SAT2;

3. Guidelines for monitoring/surveillance to meet objectives of the PCP Stages: a guidance paper was reviewed, which also clarified the required laboratory services needed for each stage;

4. Validation/guidance on penside and other diagnostic tests: a working group was established, and recommendations developed.

10.2) Progress on the technical studies commissioned at previous Committee meetings, and new technical studies recommended by the Group

Three ongoing projects were reviewed:

Full Genome Sequencing of FMDV from West Eurasia (Pirbright/SAP Institute)

Optimizing rescue of FMDV from viral RNA samples (Lindholm, Denmark)

Diagnostic assays for detection of the Asian buffalo FMDV carrier state Each project was positively reviewed; the group considered the benefit /cost of these studies was very high, and the work should be completed (buffalo studies) and extended (rescue of FMDV from swabs). Three

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years of FGS studies were considered necessary to properly address the needs of the control programs in Iran/Turkey/Pakistan in 2009-11. New Technical studies recommended The Closed Session recommended 4 new technical actions/studies. Each would have a concept note developed by February 2010, to be submitted to the approvals procedure as identified by the Committee in 10.3, below.

Production of antisera against all antigens in the EuVB, and required for cartography;

Systematic antigenic analysis of type A and SAT2, and P1 sequencing;

Production of a standard antigen panel;

production of a proficiency panel.

10.3 Commissioning of technical studies recommended by the Research Group – new procedure

The Secretary introduced a paper (Appendix 21) developed between the Secretariat and DG-SANCO, that set out the proposed procedure for commissioning of future technical studies that have the objective of addressing technical constraints identified by the Executive, General Session or during control operations, that affect surveillance/control options. The procedure requires a three step procedure: 1) that concept notes for proposed studies are first cleared by the Secretariat and Chairman of the Group, 2) if cleared, are revised and full proposal with costings submitted in the form of a proposed letter of agreement; 3) are reviewed by a 5 person subcommittee comprising the Secretary, representative of SANCO, Chairman of the Group, representative of the Executive Committee, and one other member of the Research Group (normally the Vice Chairman). The comments of the group would be addressed when the final agreement is made with the contractee. SANCO had indicated that potentially up to 500k€ could be available to address technical priorities in the current agreement. The Chairman fully supported the proposed procedure; Dr Gibbens agreed to act as representative of the Committee on the subcommittee. Conclusion The proposed procedure was endorsed.

10.4) Location of the Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee, 2010

The Chairman provided an illustration of the facilities available at the Veterinary Faculty in Vienna for hosting the 2010 Open Session, and indicated the availability of sponsorship and local management to assist; the week of 29/09 – 01/10 was proposed. The proposal was accepted with enthusiasm, after brief discussion of alternatives, including Santiago de Compostela in Spain. The Chairman was thanked for his support and the possibility to hold back-to-back Open Sessions and the 80th Executive Committee meeting were discussed. The option should assist to increase the presence of regulatory services at the Open Session, which was been recommended on many occasions given the policy issues that result from FMD scientific progress.

ITEM 11. Financial and administrative report

The Secretary presented the report of the financial position (September 09) of the Trust Funds managed by the Secretariat MTF/INT/003/EEC, after receiving a report from the financing of the Commission in 2010 and 2011. (Appendix 22). The Committee noted the cost savings to the administrative budget that have been achieved following the recommendations of the 76th Session, and noted with gratitude the new financial agreement with the EC

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that was signed on 25/09/09. The new agreement is for a contribution of up to 8 million € in the period 2009-12.

ITEM 12. Any other business

13.1) Location of the 79th Executive Committee Locations were briefly discussed; the delegate of Sweden indicated that they would be willing to consider hosting the Session in Sweden (Stockholm or close to another international airport). 13.2) West Eurasia FMD Roadmap – representation at future Executive Committee meetings It was agreed that a representative of the countries should be invited to participate in the future Executive Committee meetings. The countries should elect their representative, using the opportunity of the Annual Roadmap meetings. 13.3) Western Balkan countries The Chairman led a short discussion on this Item. Since actions to develop the concept of the Veterinary Public Health Forum for the Balkan countries had not been progressed after the Vienna Executive Committee meeting in December 08, but the needs remains, he asked the opinion on how to proceed? There was general agreement that the Chairman should try to find a solution, working with GfTADS European Steering Committee or in another way, given the apparent lack of co-ordination and engagement of some of the territories. One option remains to organize co-ordination meetings that take the place of the Annual Tripartite for the Southern Balkans, but with all Balkan countries invited. It was agreed he would report back to the next Executive, or before, after discussion with EC and OIE.

Closing Remarks

The Chairman, on behalf of all members and observers, proposed a vote of thanks to Dr Pakdil for the excellent support and hospitality. He considered the “FMD week in Istanbul” had been an excellent idea, bringing together the major players in FMD control in Europe and West Eurasia, enabling the crossover of information and positions. He thanked the Secretariat for their efforts to manage 3 major meetings in one week, and all participants for their inputs.

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Appendix 1

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

78th Session of the Executive Committee of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Istanbul – Turkey- 6-7 October 2009 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Austria Ulrich Herzog Chief Veterinary Officer Austria, Mag. Ministry of Health, Family and Youth 1031 Vienna, Radetzkystr. 2 Tel: +43 1 71100 4824 Fax: +43 1 7104151 Mobile: +43664 611 29 96 e-mail: ulrich.herzog@bmgfj.gv.at; CVO-Austria@bmgfj.gv.at Bulgaria Jordan Voynov General Director NVMS 15 P Slaveikov Blvd Sofia Tel:+359988657201 e-mail: cvo@nvms.government.bg Greece Spiros Doudounakis Head of Unit of Animal Diseases Ministry of Rural Development and Food 2, Acharnon Str. 10176 Athens Tel: +30 210-8836420 Fax: +30 210 2125719 e-mail: vetserv@ath.forthnet.gr Portugal Antonio Manuel Pino Fonseca Director General of Veterinary Services Largo Academia Nacional de Belas Artes, nº 2 1249-105 Lisboa Tel: +351 21 323 9655 Fax: +351 21 346 3518 Mobile: +351 966 901 943 e-mail: dirgeral@dgv.min-agricultura.pt

Turkey Nihat PAKDIL Director General, MARA General Directorate of Protection and Control Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Esat cad. 3, Bakanliklar 06100 Ankara Tel: +90-312-4257789 Fax: +90-312-4186318 e-mail: vet_service@kkgm.gov.tr Sweden Dr BENGT Larsson Deputy CVO Swedish Board of Agriculture 55182 Jonkoping Tel:+4636156017 e-mail: bengt.larsson@sjv.se United Kingdom Nigel Gibbens, Head, International Animal Health Division Room 403C Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 1A Page Street London SW1P 4PQ Tel: +44 20 79046169 Fax: +44 20 79046364 e-mail: nigel.gibbens@defra.gsi.gov.uk RESEARCH GROUP The Netherlands Aldo Dekker Senior Scientist, Laboratory Vesicular Diseases Central Institute for Animal Disease Control PO Box 2004, Lelystad 8203 AA Tel: +31 320 238603 Mobile: +31 651 311371 e-mail: aldo.dekker@wur.nl

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OBSERVERS EC - European Commission Alf-Eckbert Füssel Head of Sector DG SANCO/O1 Animal Health, Trade and Zootechnics rue Froissart, 101, 3/67 B-1040 Brussels Tel: +32 2 2950870 / Fax: +32 2 2953144 e-mail: Alf-Eckbert.Fuessel@ec.europa.eu Etienne Bonbon DG SANCO/O1 Animal Health, Trade and Zootechnics Rue Froissart, 101, 3/67 B-1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel : 003222985845 e-mail : etienne.bonbon@ec.europa.eu OIE Nikola Belev President of the OIE R.C Europe Bvl Christo Botev 55 Sofia, Bulgaria Tel: 00359 2 98511311 e-mail: rr.eastern@oie.int Lea Knopf OIC of official disease status recognition Scientific and Technical Dept, OIE Rue Prony 12, 75017 Paris, France Tel: 0033 1 44151855 e-mail: l.knopf@oie.int Caroline Planté Sub-regional Representative, OIE Rue Breydel 40 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: 003222358613 e-mail:c.planté@oir.int

World Reference Laboratory (WRL) Jeffrey Hammond Pirbright Laboratory Institute for Animal Health Ash Road Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF Tel: +44 1483 231012 Fax: +44 1483 232621 e-mail: jeffrey.hammond@bbsrc.ac.uk Bulgaria Georgi Kirilov Georgiev Head of Exotic and Emerging Diseases National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria Tel/Fax: +359-2-8341004 e-mail: georgivet@yahoo.com Ilian Boykovski Exotic and Emerging Diseases Laboratory of the National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medicine Institute 15 A Pencho Slaveikov Blvd Tel: +359 2 9159842 e-mail: ilian.boykovski@nvms.government.bg France Jean-Luc Angot CVO Directeur général adjoint Direction Générale de l’Alimentation Ministère de l'agriculture et de la pêche 251 rue de Vaugirard 75732 Paris Cedex 15 Tel: +33 (0) 149558177 e-mail: jean-luc.angot@agriculture.gouv.fr Germany Johannes Fiedler FMD expert e-mail: j.fiedler@gmx.net

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Greece Helen Hondrokouki Director of FMD Institute of Athens Neapolfos 25, Ag. Paroskevi, Athens 15310 Tel:+302106007016 email: fmdi@otenet.gr Italy Emilana Brocchi Ist.Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, IZSLER Via Bianchi 7 Brescia, Italy Tel:00393356839681 e-mail: emiliana.brocchi@izsler.it Turkey Haluk Askaroglu Head of Animal Health Services Department General Directorate of Protection and Control MARA Bakanlikar Ankara Tel:+903124182436 e-mail: haluka@kkgm.gov.tr Adil Adiguzel General Directorate of Protection and Control Ministry of Agriculture e-mail: adila@kkgm.gov.tr Fuat Ozyörük Foot-and Mouth Disease institute Ankara Tel:+903122873600 e-mail: fuato@sap.gov.tr Ozden Kabailli Etlik Veterinary Central Control and Research Institute EVCRI Ankara Tel:+312 3260090/136 e-mail: ozdenkabailli@gmail.com

Visal Kayacik Section Director,GDPC Esat Cad 3, Bakanlikar Ankara Tel: +903124186317 e-mail: visalk@kkgm,gov.tr Okay Betullah GDPC/Dep.Gen.Dir Akay cad 3, Kizilay Ankara Tel: +903124171585 e-mail: bettullaho@kkgm.gov.tr Gulhan Aynagoz FMD institute Ankara Tel: +903122873600 e-mail: gulhana@sap.gov.tr FAO Juan Lubroth Chief, Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division FAO HQs Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 06570 54184 e-mail: juan.lubroth@fao.org EUFMD Keith Sumption Secretary, EUFMD Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division FAO HQs Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 065705 5528 Fax: +39 065705 5749 e-mail: keith.sumption@fao.org

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Adel Ben Youssef EuFMD Secretariat Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division FAO HQs Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 065705 e-mail: Adel.BenYoussef@fao.org Carsten Potzsch EuFMD consultant FMD Surveillance and Control in the Transcaucasus e-mail: carsten.potzsch@fao.org Nadia Rumich EUFMD Secretariat Animal Health Service Animal Production and Health Division FAO HQs Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 001053 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 065705 2637 e-mail : nadia.rumich@fao.org

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Appendix 2

Agenda 78th Session of the Executive Committee of the EuFMD Commission

ExC78 - Istanbul, Turkey 6-7th October 2009

1 Opening and Adoption of the Agenda

2 Follow-up to the Recommendations of the 38th General Session (Summary)

3 FMD preparedness a) Real time FMD Training program:

i. Progress Report - June 2009 training courses, waiting lists ii. Involvement of Neighbourhood countries, and proposal 2010-11.

b) Laboratory preparedness i. Report of the WRL on the level of participation in the proficiency test service-2009 ((EC/EuFMD

supported)(Follow-up to 38th Session, and ExC77 and ExC76).

4 International FMD risk situation and priorities for vaccine / antigen diagnosis (WRL) a) FMD risk situation;

b)Priority antigens for the national / European banks and priority vaccine strains for West Eurasia; (Turkey / Iran / Caucasus) and North Africa.

5 Global FMD Initiative a) FAO/OIE International Conference: Discussion on the follow-up to Paraguay, June 2009.

6 Long Term Strategy for FMD Control in “West Eurasia” (Eastern Europe / West Asia) a) Report on the discussion held in Brussels, 2nd September b)Future organization/Governance of the West EurAsia FMD Roadmap program;

c)EuFMD/EC role and inputs into promoting FMD control in the West Eurasia region: i. Support to the West Eurasia laboratory network ii. Promotion of surveillance activities iii. Continuation of Country specific programs– TransCaucasus, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Iraq.

7 Euro-Mediterranean Animal Health Network a) Follow-up to the 38th Session i. Concept Note on Training courses on FMD for middle-east; ii. FMD Situation in Egypt and Lebanon.

8 International FMD Surveillance networking a) West Eurasia lab network (if not covered under Item 6); b)African proximity FMD surveillance: i. EuFMD Technical Committee recommendations on improved surveillance in sahelian zone of Africa

ii. Promoting Regional Laboratory networks.

9 Progress Reports on FMD Control Projects in the region a) Annual Tripartite Meeting held 5th October 2009; recommendations relating to FMD; b) Turkey: implementation of the Turkey / EuropeAid Project (N.Pakdil / Turkey c) Transcaucasus countries (TCC) i. Current situation; ii. Fielder/Westergaard Review of the EuFMD/EC support to TCC, 2007-9; iii. Objectives and Options for future support, 2010-12;

d) Iran: situation and progress report (MTF/INT/003/EC); e) Syria

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10 Standing Technical Committee Report of the Closed Session a) Report and actions recommended; b) Concept Notes – progress (follow-up to 38th Session);

c) New concept Notes -for approval; d) Membership of the group.

11 Financial and Administrative Report

12 Any Other Business.

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Appendix 3

Follow-up to the Recommendation of the 38th General Session of the EuFMD Commission

# Recommendation Progress

On the global FMD situation

The continuation of efforts made by the Commission to better identify FMDV threats to Europe by supporting sample submission from high risk regions in the proximity of Europe, specifically to improve submission from countries in the Middle-east, West EurAsia and African proximity including the Sahel zone and West-Africa;

First Phase (2007-9) reviewed by Research group, recommendations include finding research group partners for each African/other lab partner. Overall proposal for Phase II under development. Applications for support from Sudan and Nigeria received.

That FAO continue to support the OIE/FAO network of FMD reference laboratories for the purpose of improving vaccine matching, and that the FAO Regular Programme continue to fund the network meetings and network work programme;

Ongoing support.

That the Research Group should develop a plan, together with the FAO/OIE lab network, to produce the body of information required to improve the identification of vaccine suitability for the diverse range of topotypes of A and SAT viruses, over the next 2-4 years.

Action plan developed at Research Group session, Sept 2009. Studies (generating antisera, systematic studies) require additional funding.

On FMD control in the European neighbourhood

That the EuFMD Commission together with FAO, in consultation with OIE and EC, and with the countries involved, actively support the organization of regional meetings of countries in the West EurAsia epidemiologic region that will promote risk based surveillance and FMD control in the neighbourhood of member countries at the Eurasian interface;

1st

West Eurasia FMD progress meeting – planned Istanbul, 8-9

th October.

That as a component of a Global FMD risk reduction under GF-TADs, FAO, together with the Commission and in liaison with OIE should promote the long term plan ("Roadmap") for FMD control in the West Eurasia region developed at the Shiraz meeting in November 2008, for the region where Europe and Asia meet, and where appropriate, promote and support surveillance and control measures in accordance with the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD;

Ongoing. Governance of the Roadmap initiative needs to be clarified to keep direction and monitor progress.

That the EuFMD together with FAO and OIE supports the establishment of a functional network of FMD laboratories in the West EurAsia region, including those in Pakistan, Iran, Turkey with the FAO/OIE reference laboratories at Pirbright and Vladimir, to promote improved early detection of virus threats, harmonized and better access to virus typing services, and risk communication between the parties;

Informal network currently exists; network leader, vision and action plan for network needed. Most partners will meet in Istanbul (1

st week October).

That the Full Length Genome Sequencing will be continued to improve the understanding of the threat of FMD in the West-Eurasia region and to validate the Full Length Genome Sequence approach to identify the scale of under-reported infection;

Phase II concept note needed to continue after Dec 2009. This project should also help network labs (rec #6)

That the EuFMD keeps contact with other regional FMD initiatives for FMD control worldwide, to monitor progress to be able to assess the risk of FMD introduction;

Ongoing.

That the countries affected by FMD re-evaluate their control measures, particularly the effectiveness of the control of animal movement and marketing from affected areas and regions, and that increased attention is given to the organizational weaknesses that allow FMD to persist and circulate.

Follow-up needed. Animal ID&R increasingly requested to enable movement controls.

That the Commission should specifically promote and monitor risk reduction measures which will assist to reduce the FMD risks of transborder movements of animals and products across the eastern boundaries of Europe, including improved efficiency of vaccination programmes, early warning and response capacity in the border regions, and measures to reduce or mitigate illegal animal movements.

Addressed through the Progressive Control Pathway (PCP) initiative to promote risk based approach.

On inter-regional co-operation in FMD control

done ongoing follow-up

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That under the framework of GF-TADs, and following the principles of the Progressive Control Pathway (PCP) for FMD, the Secretariat work closely with the OIE/FAO Regional Animal Health Centres(RAHCs), to improve the communication of risk information relevant to vaccine selection and other preventive actions, and specifically to assist the efforts of the RAHCs in the middle-east (Beirut) and north Africa (Tunis).

Ongoing.

That in order to improve the assessment of risk posed by new strains of FMD virus, the Commission should also promote and, where required, support, the gathering of FMD epidemiological information, with priority to areas where suitable vaccines are unknown or unavailable, working through the RAHCs, and with established Global Early Warning System (GLEWS) operated by FAO/OIE/WHO.

To be addressed in West Eurasia through the Roadmap initiative; increased epi-monitoring could be achieved through PCP approach as part of Phase II support to African labs.

On FMD control in Turkey

That Turkey fully implements the national FMD vaccination plan in the next two years, combined with the implemented animal movement control measures and the national surveillance plan.

Considered Ongoing

That Turkey provides information on the progress of vaccination campaigns and sero-surveillance findings, at an appropriate administrative scale to the EuFMD regional database on FMD vaccination campaigns, in line with other countries in the region where vaccination has been supported by EuFMD/EC.

Follow-up needed

On FMD control in the Trans Caucasus

To continue, on the basis of memoranda of understanding with each country, the current level of project activities in the Trans Caucasus until the next General Session of the Commission in 2011, as a reduction in input would in the current situation be expected to result in a deterioration of the control situation.

Progress 2007-9 reviewed recommended changes for 2009-11. Next Phase objectives to be discussed in 78

th Exec;

new proposal must then be finalized/submitted to EC.

That the main components of the next Phase of the Trans Caucasus FMD project, should have the objective of supporting countries to progress towards stage 3 (approaching FMD freedom) of the Eurasia roadmap. The importance of these programs should be recognised by the countries in the form of agreements to promote FMD control in each country.

To be done.

That information on vaccination, surveillance and risk relating to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey should be shared.

Contact points established, vaccination status surveyed for 2009 Roadmap meeting.

On the EUFMD activities in support of FMD prevention; I.R of Iran, the South Caucasus countries, Syria and Iraq

That the EuFMD Commission should continue to support the Iranian authorities in their efforts to consolidate the surveillance activities and to improve the early detection and early warning system for FMD.

Keith Sumption visited Iran in early September; components of common interest for Phase III identified. Project proposal to be developed, if 78

th

Exec agree.

That after review of the situation and the progress made for Phase II of the EuFMD/EC project implemented in I.R of Iran, a follow-on set of activities be identified that will support the progression of Iran in the PCP, will strengthen disease security in border regions, and will address the risk of disease transmission across the western borders of Iran. The review and proposed activities should be identified for the 78

th Executive Committee.

To be done.

That the Commission together with FAO and other regional projects should continue monitor the risk of FMD in the eastern neighbours of Turkey, and specifically should promote FMD surveillance activities, and should identify the actions required to promote progression in 2009-2010 of surveillance actions in Syria and in Iraq, in line with the PCP.

Ongoing. Proposal for support from Iraq. Phase I Syria project needs to be reviewed.

On Bio-risk Standards for FMD laboratories

That the "minimum standards for laboratories working with foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro and in vivo”, including the Annex “minimal standards of biorisk management for laboratories undertaking diagnostic investigations of low-risk samples during an outbreak of FMD" be adopted as the Standard to be applied by EuFMD member countries.

Done.

On Minimum Diagnostic Capacity in EuFMD Member States

That the document "Minimum diagnostic capacity in EuFMD Member States" be adopted as the Standard to be applied by EuFMD member countries, without prejudice to the requirements of Directive 2003/85.

Done. 78th

Exec to review if non-EU states have adopted annual proficiency testing as required.

On the Strategic Plan for the period 2009-2013

That the meeting adopt the "The EuFMD Strategic plan for the period 2009-2013", with the minor modifications proposed by Member States during the Session.

Done

78thExcom-Oct2009

25

On the EuFMD role in development and technical support for a long term FMD control programme in “West EurAsia” in liaison with FAO and OIE

Adoption of the recommendations from the presentation on the Progressive Control Pathway, specifically: to support the vision for the West Eurasian region to become free of clinical FMD by 2020; to commit itself, beginning with the EuFMD Strategic Plan 2009-13, to a long term role in promoting and supporting the implementation of the Regional Roadmap and PCP approach in West EurAsia, with the aim of improving FMD control through progressive application of risk based control measures; to promote and where required support routine FMD surveillance to monitor progress at national and regional level in FMD control across the West EurAsia region, working with the RAHCs of FAO/OIE; to organize, in co-ordination with other international agencies and donors, an annual meeting to review progress along the West EurAsia Roadmap.

Ongoing. Ist (Annual) Roadmap meeting –Istanbul, October 2009. Potential projects in TransCaucasus, Iran, Syria are coherent with the Roadmap. Current phase of EC support to Turkey is coherent with Roadmap.

On the role of the Commission in relation to FMD control in the Euro-Mediterranean region

That the EuFMD Commission take up an active, supporting role as a technical body aligned or where appropriate integrated with the REMSA system, and in the framework of the European neighbourhood policy, in support of improved regional surveillance and reporting, co-ordinated sub-regional approaches control of FMD, and increased capacity to prevent and control FMD, working with the RAHCs of FAO/OIE.

Ongoing, currently limited level of communication

That the Commission together with FAO/OIE RAHCs continues to promote sub-regional meetings to improve the prevention, and response to FMD, providing a bridge between EU and non-EU countries in the Euro-Mediterranean region;

To be done for 2010.

That the Commission, working with the RAHCs of FAO/OIE, promotes and where appropriate technically supports the introduction of the PCP approach into other regions posing an FMD threat to Europe, such as Northern, West/Central and East Africa, with the emphasis upon routine surveillance to provide information for international risk assessment as well as for national and regional strategy building.

That technical networking on FMD is encouraged through invitation of FMD scientific experts from each of the Mediterranean countries to participate in the regular Sessions of the EuFMD Research Group.

Done. Invited to research group meeting (Slovenia) – concept note for training developed.

On the use of decentralized diagnostic test systems for FMD in the European region

That National veterinary authorities review their Contingency Plans and operational manuals and consider if the currently available decentralised tests offer advantages for decision making in the case of secondary outbreaks;

??????????

That, if governments decide to retain the option of using decentralised tests, they consider the supply chain options in advance;

??????????

That further research and product development efforts are encouraged towards type specific tests.

Agreed at Res Group as priority. Action required by private/public investments.

On the FMD Training Initiative

That a field training program on FMD, together with “training bank program” for online resource development, be implemented over the next 3 years and for at least 3 trainees per Member State. The valuable contribution of Turkey to this program should be recognized by all Member States;

2009 program of courses implemented. Proposal for 2010-11 developed.

That training in the use of the tests as part of outbreak investigation should be included in the field-based training programmes organized by the EuFMD Commission;

Done, will be part of the future program

On the Report of the Chairman of the Research Group

The following priorities for the Research Group were accepted: To continue the studies that use FMD full genome sequencing to better understand the epidemiological situation in Turkey/Iran;

Ongoing. Phase II proposal needed to continue in 2010.

To develop improved procedures for decision making on selection of new antigens for (European and national) vaccine banks;

Ongoing. Action Plan to be developed and costed by Res Group.

To develop guidelines for sero-surveillance in support of the objectives of Stages 1,2,3 of the progressive control pathway (PCP);

Done.

To support the validation of FMD spread models developed in various To be addressed under DISCONVAC project.

26

member countries that are relevant to their contingency plans;

The socio-economic evaluation of FMD control programmes; To be done.

Validation data of diagnostic kits should be evaluated by the RG and the report should be made available on the EuFMD website;

Ongoing. Action Plan to be developed and costed by Res Group.

That the decision on the venue for the next Open Session of the Research Group be made by the Executive Committee following consultation with FAO and OIE on holding a joint scientific conference in 2010;

Venues for Open Session – to discuss at Exec. Potential scientific conference in 2011.

On FMD antigen and vaccine banks

That holders of national antigen banks review their holdings in relation to the risk associated with current type A strains circulating in the middle-east; particularly A Iran 05 and A Egy 06;

???????????

That an antigen bank managers forum (including national bank managers of EuFMD member countries) should be established, to establish mechanisms to exchange information and to resolve issues constraining the choice of vaccine strains to include in the banks, the emergency access to antigen stocks held by other banks, and to identify means that would expedite the identification and development of new seed strains/antigens;

To be done. Limited sharing (coded banks) by Secretariat in response to one MS request.

SAT-2 strains are underrepresented in the vaccine banks, the risk for this should be evaluated by the antigen bank managers’ forum.

To be done.

On Financial matters including budget for the Commission in 2010-11

That the proposed budget for the MTF/INT/011/MUL for 2010-11, be adopted as proposed;

Done.

On Membership of the Commission, the Election of the Executive Committee and the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee

That the Executive Committee should explore the possibilities to increase the membership of the EuFMD Commission, in particular to invite neighbouring European countries that are actively participating in EuFMD programs;

To be done.

That the Executive Committee and the Secretariat should explore with FAO the possibilities to increase the number of members in the Committee to take into account the recent increase number of member countries.

Can be discussed at 78th

Executive.

78thExcom-Oct2009

27

Appendix 4 EUFMD ETC1: 1-4th June 2009

Eastern Anatolia Region, Erzurum, Turkey Clinical and Epidemiology Report of Investigations

Executive Summary Based on the information given by the Turkish veterinary service, a Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) suspicion was confirmed according to a clinical investigation done by a local official veterinarian in Kevenlik on 29th of May, 2009. It was reported that altogether 6 affected cattle were found out of 843 (It is uncertain how many of those were examined). A clinical examination was carried out by the EUFMD Training group on the 2nd of June, 2009. On arrival to the village, which is considered as one epidemiological unit (IP), there were 10 suspected cattle gathered in one group. Another cow and a ewe were kept separated in other places. Altogether 10 cattle out of 11 clinically examined exhibited clinical signs corresponding to FMD symptoms. The age of the oldest lesions observed within the subpopulation of clinically affected animals were at least 14 days. Based on these examinations, the period of entry of FMD virus into the IP is estimated to have been between the 30th of April and the 11th of May 2009 considering an incubation period of 3-14d. Samples of blood, loose epithelium from vesicular lesions, and saliva samples collected from the larynx with a probang were taken for laboratory diagnosis of antibodies and virus positive antigen/genome using NSP-ELISA, NFL and PCR. The SVANODIP® FMDV-Ag test was used on four samples from three different animals and two of these where positive. This test is a simple direct LFD-test for the detection of all seven serotypes of the FMDV antigen in swab and tissue samples. A follow-up visit by the EUFMD Training group was undertaken on June 4th to reassess the clinical situation, to continue the epidemiological investigation, and to evaluate the development of the FMD outbreak in the village. One cow was re-observed and 10 sheep were observed for the first time to check for clinical signs. Blood samples were taken from four sheep (all NSP positive, and high SP titres against type O), including one sheep with signs of loosening of the cloves on all four feet. The latest FMD outbreaks in 2009 prior to this were seen in the province of Erzurum in Abdalcik Village (64 km away from the IP) on March 24th, (still open), in Umudum Village (23 km away from the IP) on February 2nd (closed on May 12th), and in Oltu Village (73 km away from the IP) on January 10th. There have not been any officially confirmed outbreaks of FMD in Kevenlik for the last years based on an inquiry in the Turkvet database. There was however two confirmed FMD outbreaks in the Pasinler district in the autumn of 2008 (in TASGIL (14 km away) on the 5th of November and in BÜYÜKTÜY (7 km away) on the 17th of October). The epidemiological investigation revealed that the most probable disease introduction occurred associated with 180 cattle acquired in the months prior to the outbreak. On the 2nd or 3rd of May 30 animals where bought and one or more of these allegedly showed symptoms on the 20th (17/18 days after introduction). The origin of these was the markets of Erzurum and Pasinler, and a trader (middleman) that came to the village. The villagers are not allowed to take the animals out of their housing until the 15th of May according to the regional veterinary director. A milk truck collects the daily production of the village and neighbouring villages and this activity has continued up to the present, even though quarantine restrictions have been laid down. It is a bit uncertain what the quarantine restrictions consists of, but there is restrictions on animal movements for a fortnight after the last clinical signs have been observed. It has not been confirmed that there is any kind of restriction on other infectious objects such as vehicles, people, animal products and by-products, etc. During the risk period before FMD was suspected, 2-3 animals were sold and no specific destination has been identified. On the 3rd of June the EUFMD-training team evaluated the risk factors of the Erzurum animal market, including individual identification, control of animal movement and bio security. A short awareness session with focus on FMD recognition and prevention of transmission where held on the balcony of the local “teahouse” for some of the traders and village leaders that where present. This was followed up by a short round of discussions and questioning about possible cases. Several of the participants obviously recognised the symptoms from the pictures we showed, indicating that the disease is quite common in the region. Introduction

28

The suspicion of Foot and Mouth disease in the village of Kevenlik was reported on Thursday, the 28th of May 2009. The official veterinarian, Bahaddian Livaneli, evaluated clinically the herd and collected samples for laboratory confirmation on the following day, Friday the 29th of May. The EUFMD-training team was split into two groups to carry out the clinical examination and the epidemiological investigation and made 2 visits to the outbreak: on June 2nd and on June 4th. The location Kevenlik is a small village in a rural area surrounded by seven other villages, as illustrated on fig 1. This is a village with mixed production. The farmhouses are in the village intermingled with the villagers housing facilities. The fattening animals are moved to pastures up in the mountains and the milk herd grazes around the village on local pastures. Population at risk According to the initial data given by the Turkish veterinary authority, the Kevenlik ruminant livestock comprises 843 cattle and 1325 small ruminants. There are no pigs. A group of 530 cattle were grazing at pastures at the highlands, 10km away from the village. A group of 320 cattle, including the entire dairy herd, were kept in the village and were grazing on the surrounding pastures. FMD history It was reported that six cattle were affected, aged between one and three years, and there were a further 20 suspected cases in the village. There was no previous history of FMD in Kevenlik and neighbouring villages (fig. 1), although this is debatable as local producers reported that they could recall having seen FMD suspected animals in the previous 1 - 3 years. The veterinarian reported that the clinical signs displayed by the cases were pyrexia, lameness, salivation, oral vesicular lesions, weight loss, and nasal discharge. The suspected cases were reported to have oral lesions. The clinical cases belong to the same owner, while the suspected cases are owned by three other owners. Vaccination was performed in this group of animals, and it was reported by the local veterinarian that all the cattle and small ruminants were vaccinated on March 10th, with a batch of trivalent vaccine that expired on March 18th. The cattle that are presently suspected of FMD were amongst those vaccinated. Fig. 1 Circle with 1 km radius around Kevenlik

78thExcom-Oct2009

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Fig 2: Grazing area in the mountains above Kevenlik

Clinical examination and Sampling Based on the information given by the villagers the first clinical signs were observed on the cattle grazing in the mountains. 11 of these were taken down from the mountain pasture to the village after presenting clinical signs so that they could be inspected by the veterinarian. Therefore, most of the herd is still kept on the mountain pasture. Only some of the sick cattle, identified by the producers, were taken from the pastures and was kept in quarantine in the village. The rest of the herd has not been examined by a veterinarian and it was not possible to get a good estimate of the number of sick animals in this group. The results of the clinical examination are gathered in table 1. Table 1: Results of the clinical investigations Animal ID Lameness Excessive

Salivation Vesicular lesions

Age of lesions Samples taken

TR 2514/58327 Y Y Y 7d Epithelium

TR 2515/14745 Y Y++ Y 7-8d Epithelium

TR 2514/78945 N Y+ Y 10-14d N

TR 2516/05832 Y Y++ Y 10d N

TR 2516/05825 Y Y+ Y >14d N

30

TR 2516/05874 N Y Y 6-7d Probang

TR 2516/05850 Y Y Y 12d N

TR 2516/05822 Y Y Y 8d+ and 3d on foot

Nasal and foot epithelium

TR 2516/05849 Y N Y 10d N

TR 2515/84181 Y N Y 10-14d N

Lameness was observed in 8 of 10 animals, Details on the clinical signs are recorded as pictures (see Annex 1) The age of lesions were considered in accordance with the table below to estimate the most likely time for disease introduction (Eoin Ryan, 2009).

Virus excretion: range and highest excretion periods relative to appearance of first lesions

Day of first lesions

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15

Cattle

Sheep

The age of the oldest lesions observed within the subpopulation of clinically affected animals was approximately 14 days. Based on these examinations, the period of incursion of FMD virus into the herd can therefore be estimated to have been between the 30th of April and the 11th of May, 2009 considering an incubation period of 3-14d. Sampling Blood samples were taken from 9 cattle and tissue samples from some of these. Additionally, probang samples were taken from two animals (data regarding one of these are not available at the moment). Laboratory results Following laboratory results were achieved (Table 2). These results are based on test of the lateral flow devices (LFD), tests with the 3-ABC-ELISA for NSP antibodies and FMD-Ag-ELISA. Table 2: Results of clinical and (VCRI) laboratory results of the samples submitted from Kevenlik

Animal ID LFD NSP antibodies FMD-Ag Clinical symptoms Remarks

TR 2514/58327 -ve +ve -ve +ve

TR 2514/78945 +ve +ve -ve +ve

TR 2516/05832 Nd +ve -ve +ve

TR 2516/05825 Nd +ve -ve +ve

TR 2516/05874 Nd +ve -ve +ve

TR 2516/05850 Nd +ve -ve +ve

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TR 2516/05822 +ve +ve -ve +ve 2 samples LFD +ve (epithelium) LVD –ve (clove)

TR 2516/05849 Nd +ve -ve +ve

TR 2515/84181 Nd +ve -ve +ve

TR 2515/14745 +ve

The rest of the results of animal TR2515/14745 is missing

Table 3 Final Summary of Lab results from the National (SAP) Reference laboratory Village Air-tag no SPECIES SAMPL

E LPBE-O LPBE-A LPBE-

Asia NSP ELISA

Ag Detection ELISA

PCR Probang

Kevenlik 251458327 cattle Epithelium

ND ND ND ND NEG NEG

Kevenlik 251584181 cattle serum >4096 362 512 POZ

Kevenlik 251478945 cattle Serum+Epithelium

>4096 1400 1024 POZ Poz by 3rd Inoc. (O).

POZ (O)

Kevenlik 251605832 cattle serum >4096 362 712 POZ

Kevenlik 251605822 cattle Serum+Ephelium

>4096 712 362 POZ Poz by 3rd Inoc. (O).

POZ (O)

Kevenlik 251605874 cattle Serum+Probang

712 362 256 POZ POZ by PCR

Kevenlik 251605850 cattle serum 1400 192 712 POZ

Kevenlik 251504745 cattle serum >4096 712 256 POZ

Kevenlik 251605825 cattle serum 1400 362 192 POZ

Kevenlik 25311911 cattle serum 712 2048 712 POZ

Kevenlik 7600437382 sheep serum >256 96 256 POZ

Kevenlik 7600437423 sheep serum >256 >256 192 POZ

Kevenlik 7600737430 sheep serum >256 >256 192 POZ

Kevenlik 1300220472 sheep Serum+Probang+

>256 96 96 POZ NEG

32

Descriptive Epidemiology of 2009/ June at IP 1 (Kevenlik) FMD at cattle holding in Kevenlik village was investigated and disease was confirmed on clinical grounds on 29th of May, this became IP 1. Samples of epithelium were taken from mouth, nose and foot. Blood samples were taken and sent to FMD Institute.

Table 4: Details of the clinically affected animals

Ear tag No. Sex Date of birth Date of movement to Kevenlik

Birth town

TR 2514/58327 Female 01.04.2006 Not recorded in Turkvet Bahcelievler

TR 2515/14745 Male 01.03.2008 Kevenlik

TR 2514/78945 Male 15.01.2008 Kevenlik

TR 2516/05832 Male 14.06.2008 Kevenlik

TR 2516/05825 Male 14.06.2008 Kevenlik

TR 2516/05874 Male 15.06.2008 Kevenlik

TR 2516/05850 Male 15.06.2008 Kevenlik

TR 2516/05822 Male 01.06.2008 Kevenlik

TR 2516/05849 n.d.? n.d. yet

TR 2515/84181 Male 01.09.2008 25.02.2009 Pasabey

No information was obtained about 1 cattle, of the remaining 9 cattle only 1 female was examined and only 2 animals were born outside of the IP1. The ages ranged between 9 and 38 months and 5 of these were 12 months old. Only one of the 2 animals that originated from other villages was registered in the information system Turkvet with a movement into Kevenlik in February, 2009. Characterization of the clinically examined sheep Approximately 10 of the sheep that were recently acquired were clinically examined on the re-visit to Kevenlik on June 4th. The examination included inspection of the feet and mouth of each animal, only one was suspected of having signs of an earlier occurrence of FMD. The sign that triggered the suspicion was the delaminating of the cloves on all four feet. This could be a sign of an earlier infection. All the animals that were examined were sampled for blood. The laboratory findings are in Table 3: all sheep were NSP positive indicating they had been infected with FMDV. From the SP serology, each sampled sheep had high titres (>256) against type O, suggesting that the NSP positive relate to past type O infection. The single probang sample did not yield a positive result, so this could not be confirmed. The findings are consistent with the theory that these sheep may have introduced infection into Kevenlik. However, they could also have been infected from the cattle. The marked rings on the hooves of one animal suggest past rather than recent infection. Possible issues to be followed up?

Complete clinical examination of all the animals to assess the intra-herd spread.

Additional value: No value for this outbreak this far out in the disease outbreak.

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Are there any clinically affected animals in neighbouring villages, especially those with the possibility of common grazing, close proximity, or close contact between the villagers?

Additional value: Discover possible spread, to map the possible routes of incursions of the FMDV into Kevenlik, and to emphasize focus on risk parameters for the villagers.

What is common baseline of abortions and other reproductive parameters? (Questions on the management system of the villages?) Are there any changes of the level observed?

Additional value: Could give an idea about sub clinical disease in the sheep herd.

Tracing of origin and FMD status of all small ruminants to assess the exposure hazard they constitute for the rest of the animal population in the Kevenlik area.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF RISK FACTORS

Herd management During winter cattle are housed inside the premises of the village and in spring and summer for a period of 3.5 months (May to September) they are moved to mountain pastures 10 km away. The pastures, paths and watering holes are private to the village of Kevenlik. Sheep and goats do not share the same pastures. Wild boars are frequently observed in contact with the cattle herd on the pastures. No animals are borrowed from other villages for reproduction purposes.

Tagging and Registration is official and compulsory in a short period after birth with the application of a double ear tag and the issuing of an individual passport. In small ruminants the system is under development. A proportion of the cattle observed on the village and in the Market of Erzurum did not present the officially due ear tags.

Animal movement is only officially authorized for animals vaccinated at least 2 week prior to the move and it is compulsory with a health certificate. The animals must be transported in disinfected vehicles. The animal market of Erzurum was visited by the team and 4 animals that were presenting oro-nasal secretions were clinically inspected and concluded not to present lesions suggestive of FMD.

Vehicles and People Although there are no resident dealers some transit of people occur, including middleman. Visits to the IP1 can be a bio security problem. Milk collection by milk trucks is scheduled in the local villages on a daily basis. The milk truck as a vector poses a risk of entry and exit of FMD infection. The local veterinarian visits regularly the 50 villages in the area to perform vaccination and other animal health duties so iatrogenic transmission is a factor to be emphasized.

Acquisitions There is a seasonal acquisition of cattle in the spring for fattening on the pastures and for sale in the autumn and also religious feasts that result in high numbers of animal movement and transitions. Between March and May 2009, 180 cattle, mostly within 1-2 years of age, were brought to the village and joined the herd that went to the highlands on 23 April. 30 cattle were bought on the 2/3 of May of which 1 started to present FMD suspicious signs on May 20th. After a decade without sheep, 1350 animal were bought during the winter/spring of 2009. The bovine acquisitions were made in the markets of Erzurum and Pasinler (which is not an official market). The sheep acquisitions were made mostly in Igdir, but also from non identified origins, including a middleman.

Sales 2-3 cows were sold within the last month to a middleman, for an unknown destination. Milk and slurry are also transacted for several destinations.

FMD vaccination Vaccination against FMD is performed twice a year on cattle that are more than 2 months of age (March and October), small ruminants are vaccinated once a year. The younger animals are usually the group with greater risk of contracting the disease because the boost on primo-vaccination is not included on the official programme.

Pastures

34

As there are no shared pastures either with cattle form neighbouring villages or with sheep the risk is considered minimal. The contact with wild boar could present a risk that is difficult to evaluate.

RANKING OF RISK FACTORS FOR INTRODUCTION OF DISEASE • Animals

– Markets – Middleman

• Milk Truck • Humans

– Villagers – Dealers – Middleman – Veterinarian

• Wild boar? IMPORTANT FACTORS FOR STOPPING THE SPREAD OF DISEASE

Movement control on all animal, products, people and equipment that can function as a vector for the virus.

Ensure 100% coverage of vaccination and only accept movement and trade of vaccinated animals.

Ensure good documentation of all animal movements from markets, middlemen, and private trade. This requires a 100% fulfilment of tagging requirements.

EUFMD ETC2: 8th – 11th June 2009 Eastern Anatolia Region, Erzurum, Turkey

Clinical and Epidemiology Report of Investigations at Çatakkőy Village Summary

Based on the information given by the Turkish veterinary service, the suspicion of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak was notified by a livestock owner in the village of Çatakkőy in the district of Oltu on the 3rd of June. A visit and investigation carried out by a local official veterinarian on the 4th of June, 2009 confirmed the suspicion. It was reported that six cattle were affected from the village population of approximately 1000 (80 cattle from 4 holdings were examined by the official veterinarian). A village visit was carried out by the EUFMD Training group on the 9th of June, 2009 (13.00- 7.00 hrs).

This village was considered as one epidemiological unit, because the animals are kept in very close proximity in barns in winter. The village livestock are also grazed in communal areas during the summer months. The villagers assert, however, that the village’s livestock do not come into contact with those from other villages on the mountain pasture.

At the time of the visit by the EUFMD training group on 9th of June, only one of the six clinically affected cattle was available for examination and sampling. The other five affected cattle had been returned to the group on the mountain pasture. The clinically affected animal was examined and sampled and 32 calves with no reported signs were also examined. The age of the only lesion observed was likely to be at least 10 days old. Based on the assumption that this was the oldest lesion associated with the outbreak, the period of incursion of FMD virus into the herd was estimated to have been between the 16th of May and the 30th of May 2009 considering an incubation period of 1-14 days.

The livestock owners in Çatakkőy regularly visit the live animal market in Oltu and occasionally buy animals which are then returned to the mountain village.

One possible source of infection was the import of three animals into the village from the market in Oltu around the 10th of May. These were, according to the village livestock owners, the only animals that were imported into the village in recent times. All three of these animals became clinically infected and were amongst the six animals examined by the official veterinarian on the 4th of June. Based on the 10-day old lesion observed in the one animal examined, the first clinical signs probably occurred on or around the 1st of June. It is possible that this animal picked up the virus in the Oltu market on the 10th May and, following a two-week incubation period, showed clinical signs of FMD on or about the 24th of

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May. If this occurred then the lesion seen on the 9th of June may have been 16 days of age. This could not be ruled out as it is difficult to accurately age lesions beyond 7-8 days of age. Another possible, though less likely source of infection was the animals already in the village infecting the three newly purchased animals, or the village environment being contaminated with virus that had survived due to the low temperatures. In this theory, the animals in the Çatakkőy village already carried the virus and infected the three naïve animals, thus setting up clinical disease in the village. This could be the reason why the symptoms could be observed more than 14 days after the entry of animals.

The spread of infection from Çatakkőy to other villages is not considered to be highly likely since no animals were said to have left the village in the last six months. The risk is not negligible however, because five out of the six clinically affected animals had been sent back to graze the highlands with the group, one or two days before the EUFMD group visit on the 9th of June. Furthermore, there is also a risk that the farmers themselves might act as fomites for the spread of the virus during visits to local villages and the market in Oltu.

Introduction Erzurum is the largest province in Eastern Anatolia and is located on a high plateau. The majority of the province is elevated. Depression plains are located between the mountains and plateaus. The province has a population of about one million people. The largest city Erzurum has a population of about 400,000. For administrative purposes the province is divided into 18 districts each of which are subdivided into villages. Each district has its Director of Agriculture while each village has its Headman (Muhtar) with important authority in administration at village level. Erzurum has the highest ratio of meadows and pastures in Turkey, ideal for stockbreeding. There are about 500,000 cattle in the province. The structure of agriculture is based on communal grazing by all livestock in individual villages. All the animals owned by different farmers share grazing land. Çatakkőy is a mountain village in the district of Oltu, and Oltu is one of the 18 provinces in Erzurum. The economy of Çatakkőy revolves around farming and all of the villagers are involved in it. There are 62 farms in the village which has a population of approximately 200. Food and supplies are purchased in the town of Oltu which is at lower altitude and approximately 30 kilometres from Çatakkőy. Oltu also has a market where cattle, sheep and goats are traded. Each farmer in Çatakkőy has a small herd (30-40) of breeding cows and young stock. The calves born in the village are suckled up to six-months of age, after which up to half of the animals are sold. The remainder are reared to approximately 1-1½ years and are then sold for fattening on fattening units in farming districts west of Erzurum. The conditions for farming in Çatakkőy and surrounding villages are tough. Because of the high altitude, winters are long and quite severe. There are only a few months in summer when the conditions are suitable for grazing cattle. A system called ‘Yayla’ is practiced during the summer months. This is where a group of the village farmers take the cattle to the mountain pastures for grazing, sometimes for weeks on end. The farmers pitch tents and move along with the animals, thus providing care and protection, and ensuring that the cattle have the best grass available. After the summer grazing period is over the animals are housed in the villages and are fed hay which is typically bought in from farms in lower lying areas. Cattle and sheep are vaccinated against FMD in Turkey. Cattle are vaccinated twice a year and sheep and goats are vaccinated once per year. In the province of Erzurum a bivalent vaccine was used in 2008 and 2009, to cover FMD serotypes O and A. The cattle in Çatakkőy village are reported to have received the most recent vaccination in early May. Despite the vaccination protocol FMD is considered to be endemic in the country, and the province of Erzurum has one of the highest incidences of the disease in Turkey. Outbreak history The suspicion of an FMD outbreak was reported on the 3rd of June 2009. The official veterinarian visited the village and took samples on the 4th of June. The EUFMD Training group carried out an epidemiological and clinical investigation on the 9th of June. According to data given by the Turkish veterinary authority, the Çatakkőy animal population consists of the following: 800-1000 cattle, 300-400 sheep and an unspecified number of goats. There have not been any officially confirmed outbreaks of FMD in Çatakkőy village for the last two years but outbreaks have occurred in the Oltu district within the last year. It was reported that in this outbreak, six cattle were affected, aged between 1½ and 2 years. This was based

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on an examination by the official veterinarian of 80 cattle from four herds. All six cattle were from one herd owned by Ishmael Sengol. Bivalent vaccine (containing serotypes O & A) was administered to animals in this village this year between 1st of May and 5th of May. All of the cattle but none of the small ruminants are reported to have been vaccinated. The previous vaccination was applied for all cattle six months before that. Three cattle were imported into the village of Çatakkőy from the market in Oltu around the 10th of May 2009. These were, according to the village livestock owners, the only animals that were imported into the village in recent times. All three of these animals became clinically infected and were amongst the six clinical cases identified by the official veterinarian on the 4th of June. The vaccination history of these three cattle is unclear. They were not vaccinated after entry into the village. The veterinarian’s report stated that the clinical signs observed by the owner and displayed by the cases were ruptures on the hoof, lameness and salivation. Despite instructions regarding isolation of the six clinical cases, five of the six were returned to the mountain grazing to join the group already there (10 kilometers away from the village). This happened one or two days before the EUFMD Training group visit on the 9th of June. Clinical examination In the village, only one sick animal was available for examination. Approximately 25 farmers had young one to four–month old calves in barns. The team examined 32 young calves in eight of these barns. They had not shown any clinical signs according to the owners. On examination, no clinical evidence of FMD was seen in these animals, although two calves had tongue lesions. One of these was clearly traumatic (tooth injury to tongue), while the other calf’s tongue lesions were circular and superficial, resembling Bovine Papular Stomatitis (BPS) but an FMD lesion could not be excluded. All of the calves were bright and alert, although small for their age compared to more intensive production systems. 9 of these calves were blood sampled. The one clinically affected animal available was examined last. It was isolated in a barn on its own. The animal was recumbent and unable to rise. The hooves were bandaged and had a blue-coloured dressing, so foot examination was difficult. The animal was eating.

Table 1: Details of clinically affected animal

Animal ID Sex Date of birth Date of movement to Çatakkőy Birthplace

TR 251641602 Female 23.07.2008 Not recorded in Turkvet Erzurum

There was a very severe deep ulcerative lesion on the dental pad. Although this lesion was estimated at approximately ten days old, it could not be accurately aged because it had been treated with silver nitrate. A blood sample was taken and a sample of pharyngeal fluid was taken using a sheep probang because of the small size of the animal. Table 2: Description of the cattle with suspect FMD lesions seen in Çatakkőy village

Animal ID Lame? Lesions? Vesicles? Age of lesions Probang? Epithelium?

Untagged Calf No BPS? No N/A No No

Untagged Calf No Traumatic No N/A No No

TR 251641602 Yes Yes No ~10 days Yes No

Sampling, testing and results 10 serum samples (9 from calves and 1 from the clinically affected animal) and 1 pharyngeal fluid (probang) sample (from the clinically affected animal) was taken. The samples were forwarded to the veterinary laboratory in Ankara for testing. The list of tests carried out and the results of these tests are listed in table 3. Table 3: Test results of animals samples in Çatakkőy

Animal ID Sample LPBE-O LPBE-A LPBE-Asia NSP ELISA Ag Detection ELISA

PCR

Calf 1 Serum 45 96 Neg Neg

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Calf 2 Serum 96 96 96 Neg

Calf 3 Serum 45 96 45 Neg

Calf 4 Serum Neg 96 45 Neg

Calf 5 Serum 96 96 96 Pos

Calf 6 Serum 45 45 45 Neg

Calf 7 Serum 45 192 192 Neg

Calf 8 Serum 96 192 128

Calf 9 Serum 192 362 192 Neg

TR 251641602 Serum 1400 192 192 Neg

TR 251641602 Probang Neg

Disinfection The bus carrying the training team parked in the village itself. The road was not tarred and there was a heavy shower of hail during the visit, making the mud road quite messy. Boots, a disposable tyvek suit and a double pair of latex gloves were worn by each member of the team during the visit. Disinfection prior to entering the bus and leaving the village was not easy and, while carried out as thoroughly as possible, could not be considered to be ideal. The risk may have been reduced somewhat by parking the bus outside the village, since we considered the village to be a single epidemiological unit and therefore, the infected premises. Discussion As the oldest lesion examined was approximately 10 days old, the clinical signs must have appeared on or prior to the 30th of May 2009. The incubation period for FMD virus of 1-14 days suggests that the affected animal was exposed between the 16th and 29th of May. Table 4 illustrates the sequence of events associated with the outbreak. Table 4: Timeline of events associated with the Çatakkőy FMD outbreak

The EUFMD training group was unable to examine and age the lesions of the animals which had been moved from the village so we could not exclude the possibility that some of these had older lesions. Our conclusions therefore, are based on the single animal available to examine. One possible source of infection was the import of three infected animals into the village from the market in Oltu around the 10th of May. These were, according to the village livestock owners, the only animals that were imported into the village in recent times. Unfortunately there is no record on the Turkvet database of

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the movement of these three animals so it was not possible to trace the movements from the source farm. All three became clinically infected and were amongst the six animals examined by the official veterinarian on the 4th of June. Based on the ~10-day old lesion observed in the one animal examined, the first clinical signs probably occurred on or around the 30th of May. It is possible that this animal picked up the virus in the Oltu market on the 10th May, and following a two-week incubation period, showed clinical signs of FMD on or about the 24th of May. If this occurred then the lesion seen on the 9th of June may have been 16 days of age. This could not be ruled out as it is difficult to accurately age lesions beyond 7-8 days of age. Another possible but less likely source of infection is the animals already in the village infecting the three newly purchased naïve animals. In this theory, the animals in the Çatakkőy village already carried the virus and infected the three naïve animals, thus setting up clinical disease in the village. This could be the reason why the symptoms could be observed more than 14 days after the entry of animals. Unanswered questions

How many animals are actually clinically infected in this outbreak?

Is FMD present in the sheep and goat population of the village?

What is the clinical status of the milking herd and other cattle on the pasture?

How many animals are actually present on the village, the surrounding hills and the pastures?

Further action if this was an ongoing outbreak investigation

Determine the actual number of susceptible animals in the village.

Carry out a clinical examination of the entire large and small ruminant population of the village.

Implement appropriate movement controls and restriction zones.

Seek further information on which villages are visited frequently by farmers from Çatakkőy.

Seek further information on whether vehicles and machinery from Çatakkőy are used in other villages.

Clinically examine and sample animals in neighbouring villages in order to clarify if spread had occurred in either direction.

Trace the source of the three bought-in animals and examine and sample animals from this herd or herds for evidence of FMD.

Trace the destination of any animals sold from the village over the previous three months and examine and sample these animals for evidence of FMD.

Isolate the five affected animals again.

Advise on the disinfection procedures that should be followed to prevent spread of FMD. Clinical Report of Investigations at Yurtbasi Summary

All three outbreaks mentioned here occurred near the town of Elazig.

The first outbreak started at the 25th of May in Yazikonak. There are 2,200 cattle in this village according to the TURKVET database. Samples were taken on the 26th of May. The EUFMD training team visited a farm in this village on 10th June 2009. We were told that most of the animals had recovered and did not show any clinical symptoms. Two animals were examined at this location but no samples were taken.

The second outbreak started on the 2nd of June in Yünlüce. There are 700 cattle in this village according to the TURKVET database. The location of the first outbreak is near the second outbreak. The training team did not visit this village.

The 3rd outbreak was in Yurtbasi, Bahcelievler. The first symptoms were noticed on the 2nd of June but the outbreak was not notified to the veterinary authorities until the 10th of June. There are 2,500 cattle in this village according to the TURKVET database. The official vet arrived on the farm on the 10th June and when FMD was confirmed, the EUFMD team was informed. The team visited the farm of Mehmet Bingöl. The herd owner was not present, but some stock-keepers and Mehmet Bingöl’s sons were present at the time of the inspection. Based on their information the animals

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got sick 10 days previously. All of the animals were bought in between September and November 2008. They were vaccinated in November 2008 and again on the 30th of April 2009.

Table 5: Description of the cattle with suspect FMD lesions seen in Yurtbasi village

Animal ID Lame? Temp Salivating? Vesicles? Age of oldest lesions

12233248 Yes 39.4oC No Yes 8 days

23348750 No - No No -

23349274 No 39.3oC No No -

12230582 No - Yes Yes 1-2 days

23328934 Yes - Yes Yes 3-4 days

23317247 No - Yes Yes 2 days

23345866 No - Yes Yes 3-4 days

Sampling, testing and results 4 epithelium samples, 1 serum and 1 pharyngeal fluid (probang) sample were taken. The samples were forwarded to the veterinary laboratory in Ankara for testing. The list of tests carried out and the results of these tests are listed in table 6. Table 6: Test results of animals sampled in Yurtbasi

Animal ID Sample LPBE-O LPBE-A LFD* NSP ELISA Ag Detection ELISA

PCR

12233248 Serum Pos

12233248 Epithelium Pos (O) Pos (O)

12230582 Epithelium Pos Pos (O) Pos (O)

23317247 Epithelium Pos (O) Pos (O)

23345866 Epithelium Pos Pos (O) Pos (O)

23345866 Probang Neg

* LFD = Lateral Flow Device Disinfection The bus carrying the training team parked approximately 300 meters from the infected premises. The road was not tarred but the day was dry. Boots, a disposable tyvek suit and a double pair of latex gloves were worn by each member of the team during the visit. Disinfection was carried out before leaving the infected premises. The risk of carrying the virus from the premises was considered to be low, and was made more so by the fact that it was the last farm visit of the training course. Discussion The age of the oldest lesion seen was about 8 days old. This places the first clinical signs appearing around 2nd of June, the day that the symptoms were first noticed by the herd owner. We conclude that, based on an incubation period of 1-14 days, the time of incursion of the FMD virus was between the 18th of May and the 1st of June 2009. Because the visit was primarily focused on the recognition and ageing of FMD lesions, a thorough epidemiological investigation was not carried out into the outbreak in Yurtbasi village.

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Appendix 5

FMD Training Initiative: real-time training and online resources for early recognition, action and response of suspect FMD in the field in ruminants (proposal for 2010-2011)

Proposal prepared by: Secretariat

Short description of the background to issue or situation

The 38th General Session, after considering the limited experience in FMD outbreak investigation of European veterinarians in the official veterinary services, recommended that a training program be provided and that a minimum of 3 veterinarians per Member State (MS) be given opportunity to participate in the period 2009-2012. In advance of the 38th Session, SANCO had considered a proposal provided by the Secretariat for training in the field in Turkey, with the cost of 130 K€ for 45 trainees. The concept note was approved by SANCO, with the support of SCOFCAH. Subsequent to the 38th Session, 4 courses have been organized by EuFMD with GDPC, Turkey, two in June (ETC1 and ETC2) and two further courses planned in October (ETC3/4). In total around 40 persons will have been trained in 2009 of which 33 are from EuFMD Member States and the remainder from Turkey. Each participant saw at least one outbreak of FMD, gained experience in lesion aging, outbreak investigation, and use of rapid, penside diagnostic tests; the feedback from participants in these courses has been extremely positive. The Proposal The current proposal is to continue the training program in 2010-11, with the options of:

1. providing training for all EU /EuFMD Member States, and those European countries in Western Balkans which are not members of EU/EuFMD (a total of 39 countries, 117 trainees, budget 497k US$ )

2. In addition to the EU/EuFMD countries above, the inclusion of an additional 14 countries which are in the neighbourhood program. These territories adjoin EuFMD Member States, and are not FMD free, but have limited recent experience of FMD (159 trainees, budget 676kUS$).

General Objective The overall aim of this project is to create a cadre of veterinarians in Europe, with representatives in each EuFMD country, who have experience in the clinical recognition of FMD and who can use the skills and resources to train their national veterinary staff and/or contribute to emergency response capacity in European countries (Community Veterinary Emergency team – CVET). Specific objectives: • To train 3 veterinarians per EuFMD member state and in non-EuFMD states in Europe (EU members or western Balkan countries) in the skills required to undertake clinical and epidemiological inquiries of suspected FMD cases; • To establish a network of veterinarians in Europe and the neighbourhood who can contribute to improving the training materials, share best practises and improve the contingency planning for FMD, and contribute to the wider debate on FMD control policies;

To develop a bank of online resources that will assist the MS, and any interested party, in training of veterinary staff in FMD diagnostic and investigation procedures, and which will assist to validate/review new diagnostic procedures that become available during the training, (such as use of thermal imaging cameras to detect febrile animals, and those with feet lesions).

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Activities Real-time training courses Ten real-time training courses are proposed, each of one week duration and in a location of endemic FMD in eastern Turkey. Together with the courses run in 2009, by 2011 the target of three trainees per country should be achieved (Table 1).

Since not all EU countries are EuFMD members, and some western Balkan countries are not members of either, this proposal presents a second option of including the neighbourhood countries (Option 2). Option 1: train 3 persons from each of the 39 countries in EU/EuFMD/Western Balkans; Option 2: in addition to the 39 countries, extend opportunity to the 14 neighbourhood countries (total: 53 countries).

No. countries

Number trainees

2009

2010

2011

Estimated Budget (2010-11; US$)

1) EuFMD/EU/West Balkans countries 39 117 32 44 41 497,500 2) EuFMD plus neighbours 53 159 32 64 63 676,000

The proposed training in 2010 could be covered in 5 courses per year (Option 1) or 6/8 courses (possibly attempting larger class sizes - Option2). Cost reduction could be achieved by the funding of the courses for neighbourhood countries through TAIEX; this seems likely but not guaranteed. Therefore Option 2 might be achieved with relatively small difference in costs to Option 1. A principle of the proposed action is that the organization is provided by the EuFMD Training team, who will seek additional funds for other sources to run courses beyond the 5 per year indicated in Option 1, increasing participation at almost no additional cost. An advantage of increasing the number of courses is that some trainees could return as assistant trainers, further developing their skills and experience relevant to FMD missions, crisis management and training of field staff. Format for training This proposal is based on lessons learnt from the first two training courses in June 2009, which indicate that an intensive, 4-5 day program of clinical FMD investigation of suspected FMD outbreaks is feasible and efficient means of training in the recognition and sampling of animals for FMD in a disease emergency setting. Participants received intensive class-room training for one day followed by 2-3 days of visiting suspect outbreaks, carrying out a full investigation of suspected cases and collection of epi-information, testing of samples onsite or at a laboratory equipped to undertake ELISA and penside tests for virus and antibody, and analyses to trace the movements of animals and to trace source and spread of infection. Repeated visits to the same site, or to other suspect cases, were undertaken to build a more complete experience of FMD lesion appearance and age in each species. The group size of 10 trainees (of which 2 were from Turkey, a condition of the GDPC for their support), with 3 trainers (two from EU countries, one lab expert from Turkey) was ideal and enabled high mobility of the team, essential to reach the suspect outbreaks which might be up to 300 km from base. The periods of training have been restricted to those recommended as having highest incidence of FMD, in June and October in eastern Turkey.

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Networking and training tools

In Phase 1 (2009), trainers and trainees have assisted developing a Training Manual for each course, and a wealth of visual resources including trainee created short video-diaries of the training, how-to videos (probang sampling, procedure for penside tests) and written reports of the investigations containing valuable data on performance of tests. The proposal has the aim of continuing this process, enabling trainees to refine/improve the resources and add more material to the “training bank”. The “bank” includes online materials on shared sites as well as editable web-pages for trainees to comment upon and edit reports. The development of the online bank requires some professional management to ensure an active and dynamic process while ensuring guidelines that emerge conform to EU/OIE norms. Outputs 1.1) A cadre of trained veterinarians by 2012; all EU/EuFMD MS should have at least three veterinarians who have taken the course (or have equivalent experience, assuming some MS opt out) and contribute to the European pool of trained expertise in FMD investigation, by mid 2012. 1.2) A network of trainees with access to a bank of online FMD outbreak investigation resources; using web-based tools for peer-review and updating on the training course materials, reports, and encouraging debates to keep the experience of trainees alive. In addition, there should be permanently available materials, and expanding data availability on test performance. This will include at least the 10 Training Course reports, in the form of a jointly produced outbreak investigation report with all associated photographs and videos in a catalogued form that can be used by MS for training. Program Timetable [Option 1, training of 3 veterinarians per MS].

2010 2011

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Activity 1.1

Invite new trainees

Real Time Courses (TC) 1 2 2 1 2 2 Online review/discussion on TC Activity 1.2:

Refine training manuals Web-based seminars Develop/maintain online training resources Mid-term review

Management Procedures The call for Trainees will be made through the Chief Veterinary Officers (EuFMD focal points) once a year, and placers allocated in the order of response. If more than 3 nominations are made per country, the priority for training will be given to CVET team members of that country.

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The GDPC, Turkey, will be given opportunity to comment on the list of trainees per course before finalization. In the case of non-availability of trainees to travel, the next eligible respondent will be invited to participate from the list of applicants, until all places filled. Applicants will be expected to contribute to all aspects of the investigation, including post-training finalization of the Report. Post-training, applicants will be invited to participate in the training network, attend the Open Session of the EuFMD Research group and join the online forums on FMD issues that will be organized under the training network. Trainer of trainers approach: peer-to-peer assessment will be used to identify potential trainers for later courses, from those who have most contributed to the first courses. The opportunity for trainees to return as assistant trainers should reinforce experience. Monitoring and Evaluation Each course will have its own evaluation by the trainees; the program will be reviewed at the EuFMD Executive Committee every 6 months; a mid-term evaluation (end of 2010) will be undertaken, using feedback from the trainees and with one or members of the Executive Committee and/or EC (SANCO). Budget estimate: [Option 1, training of 3 veterinarians per MS]. The cost of the training action is shown in Table 2. This is based on costs of training in 2009, with an average cost of 4000 US$ per trainee. In 2009 approximately 25% of the costs related to facilities, transport, diagnostics and local Institute support (through FAO contract -“Letter of agreement” with the GDPC, Turkey), around 20% is cost of expert trainers, about 40% on travel/accommodation of trainees, and 15% on EuFMD administration/support. The proposal for 2010-11 includes a full time professional position to manage the training program and the online communications/training network.

The above costs assume

8-10 trainees per study tour, two international trainers,

that EuFMD pays flight costs and covers accommodation costs, following normal FAO procedures ensuring the least cost travel arrangements; for the trainees for maximum 5 days

the courses are held in eastern Turkey or at a location not more expensive to reach;

that savings could be made for some countries by achieving TAIEX support for one or more course, thereby the estimates should be considered maxima. Regarding the professional officer position, the P2 officer was agreed in the EC/FAO agreement for 2009-12 (budget assigned) , but ideally the terms of reference for this position would be wider to include professional support for other actions agreed with EC to be funded under the EC TF. To be decided/ recommended

Option 1 -budget Detail (2010-11) 2010 2011 Total(2010-11

Professional P2 officer, full-time 60000 62500 122500

Consultants 25 days per year, @400pd 10000 10000 20000

Contracts Contract GDPC for services -lab and field 42000 44000 86000

Travel (inc Turkish vets) 70 persons @average1650 US$ inc travel, allowances 115500 115500 231000

Exp Equipment Diagnostic test kits, biosecurity 5000 5000 10000

Non-expendable equipment Infrared camera, video-camera 6000 2000 8000

General Operating exp. 10000 10000 20000

248500 249000 497500

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The decision on Option 1 or 2 should be made by the Executive Committee, after discussion with DG-SANCO. The earliest possible indication of support is needed from DG-SANCO given the long waiting list for the 2010 courses. Further information - the training approach and online tools for training and networking on FMD immediate response Training bank: EuFMD have established a “FMD Wiki-training“– online site with training resources for outbreak investigation: http://km.fao.org/eufmd/wiki/Main_Page

Other information, examples and resources PPT : E:\ExComBrux\3-Training\The training concept.ppt Video ETC1-2: E:\ExComBrux\3-Training\ETCs.wmv YouTube : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a691c0kpezA Twitter account: http://twitter.com/Eufmd Web Page: http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/commissions/en/eufmd/eufmd..html Flickr : http://www.flickr.com/photos/eufmdsecretariat/

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Appendix 6

Report of the World Reference laboratory on Proficiency Testing Service for FMD Laboratories

Dr.J. Hammond

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Appendix 7

Report of the World Reference laboratory on Regional/Global Risk situation and Antigen banks

Dr.J. Hammond

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Appendix 8

FAO presentation –follow-up to the Paraguay Conference

Dr.J. Lubroth

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Appendix 9

Recommendations of the OIE/FAO Global FMD Conference

OIE/FAO Global Conference on Foot and Mouth Disease “The way towards global control”

FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Over 500 participants, including OIE national Delegates, stakeholders, representatives of FAO and other partner international organizations, key global donors, non-governmental and farmers’ organisations participated in the OIE/FAO Global Conference on Foot and Mouth Disease which took place in Asunción, Paraguay on 24-26 June 2009.

The Conference was organised with the generous contribution of the Servicio Nacional de Calidad y Salud Animal (SENACSA) of Paraguay, the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento of Brazil, the European Commission, Spain and many other sponsors.

Below the final recommendations unanimously adopted by the participants:

Considering that:

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) has for centuries been known as a serious threat to the health and welfare of the domestic and wild animal ruminant and swine population of the world, with negative impacts on the livelihoods of animal keepers;

The current lack of awareness and knowledge of the impacts of FMD at the individual producer level, and especially for the poorest farmers and the false perception that FMD is not a priority disease for poverty reduction;

The production, performance and use of large ruminants for ploughing and traction are seriously diminished when infected with FMD. Production and efficiency is further diminished in terms of quality and quantity of dairy products and weight gain ratios;

Countries infected with FMD are more prone to food insecurity as a result of the impact of FMD at household level and through reduced access to local, national and international markets and of animal draught power for agriculture;

Seventy countries in the world are already officially recognized by the OIE as free from FMD with or without vaccination while more than 100 countries are still either considered as endemically or sporadically infected with the disease;

The need of a strong commitment of all countries at a high political level to harmonise global, regional and national policies for FMD control;

The FMD virus serotypes and strains are distributed into several major virus ecological setting or reservoirs, each containing distinct regional viral strains from which new variants may emerge, which creates a demand for advanced laboratory services and technical advice to select appropriate vaccines;

The persistence of the FMDV in certain wild animals will remain a threat to the domestic ruminant population necessitating the need to monitor the disease in wild and feral animal populations and to control the disease by separating species and subpopulations of animals with different disease status;

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Unprecedented globalization of trade and movement of people and animals opens the door for any virus strain to infect any part of the world;

Regional long term efforts will be needed to address the threats of FMD viruses and animal reservoirs or environmental persistence;

OIE official recognition of country and zonal freedom from FMD is an important element in the drive towards the global control of FMD and the facilitation of trade in animals and animal products;

Many developing and in transition countries are in need of assistance as they lack the necessary resources and effective veterinary services to initiate, implement or sustain a national disease control program for FMD;

Initiating an FMD control program with limited financial resources requires targeted technical support and guidance to optimize the strategy and actions to achieve rapid gains on the investment, that could stimulate further cost effective public and private expenditures;

The control and eventual eradication of FMD in a country, region or worldwide could only be achieved if the international community recognizes that the control of FMD is a global public good that will benefit all populations and future generations;

Realising an ideal of global control of FMD will be a costly and long-term process relying heavily on the sustainable availability of sufficient public and private financial resources from Governments, producers and market chain actors, and the international donor community;

Good veterinary governance is an essential pre-requisite to ensure the efficient implementation of national programs and to encourage the establishment of sustainable public-private partnerships and international support for the control of FMD on a national, regional and global level;

There is an urgent need for research in vaccines that will improve the access of countries to good quality vaccines that are fit for purpose against the prevailing field strains of the FMD virus in each virus reservoir, in each relevant species, and which can be cost effective and used in challenging environmental conditions;

There is a need for more research on the risk of products from different susceptible species imported from non-free countries;

Good examples of successful regionally co-ordinated approaches that have delivered freedom from FMD in part or whole of the areas involved are seen in the European region, in South-East Asia and South America. These long term regional programs can provide important templates for formulating co-ordinated regional and national FMD control strategies in the other affected regions of the world;

There is a need for all countries currently affected by FMD to be able to enter into a regional co-ordinated program against FMD, but national resources are limited, a progressive control pathway towards FMD freedom with or without vaccination should begin with actions feasible in all affected countries and build progressively towards official recognition of FMD freedom of zones and countries;

Countries already free of the disease and able to support global control of FMD can contribute to a win-win situation resulting in a reduced poverty in infected countries and a reduced the risk to their own territory from virus reintroductions;

International standards of the OIE for good veterinary governance, the control methods for FMD, the production and use of vaccines, the trade in and movement of animals and animal products and the diagnosis of the disease are integral in formulating a strategy for the global control of FMD;

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FAO and OIE signed several cooperation agreements including GF-TADs and Regional Animal Health Centres in different regions.

THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE CONFERENCE REITERATE THEIR STRONG SUPPORT FOR A GLOBALLY COORDINATED APPROACH TO CONTROL FMD AND RECOMMEND THAT:

1. The OIE and FAO together with governments, producers and other international, regional and national role players and stakeholders must confirm and communicate the economic and social justification for recognizing officially the global control and eventual eradication of FMD as a global public good for the benefit of all populations and future generations.

2. A strategy for the global control of FMD should be regarded as an international priority and should be developed as a matter of urgency jointly by the OIE and FAO preferably under the GF-TADs platform, in consultation with the relevant international, regional and national stakeholders and donor community.

3. The OIE, FAO and other international and regional organizations concerned with FMD control realize a very high level of political communication to convince the high level policy makers in infected countries to consider FMD control as a priority using the threat of FMD transmission to neighbouring countries and regions as the thrust of their arguments.

4. The FAO supported by the OIE and relevant international organisations conduct analytical work on the significant impacts of FMD on wealth creation, food security and gender issues, that would create a clear incentive for the governments and then the international community to increase investments in this sector and to do so in a more strategic manner.

5. The OIE with the support of FAO pursue and further intensify its efforts to establish the application of good veterinary governance in developing and in transition countries to pave the way for sustainable public-private partnerships and involvement of the international donor community in support of a global strategy for the control of FMD.

6. A strategy for the global control for FMD should incorporate and acknowledge existing and ongoing national and regional mechanisms that have already achieved progress in moving towards the regional control of FMD such as those of the Hemispheric FMD Eradication Plan for bi- or tri-national border zones, the CVP/MERCOSUR, SEAFMD, European Union and the EUFMD

7. The FAO and OIE should continue their efforts to promote long term, coordinated regional initiatives (roadmaps) for the progressive control of FMD covering each of the major virus reservoirs;

8. OIE standards regarding quality of vaccines must be strictly respected by all countries worldwide, and mechanisms for quality assurance observed.

9. Further research on the development of effective and quality vaccines and the availability of vaccines at diminished cost for all prevailing field strains of the FMD virus for all susceptible domestic animals be encouraged and expedited with the emphasis on the availability, cost-effectiveness and safe use under challenging environmental conditions.

10. The OIE with the support of FAO and in collaboration with the international donor community, consider the establishment of vaccine banks for FMD vaccines in strategic locations and in support of regional FMD control programs.

11. The establishment of and access to diagnostic facilities for the quick and efficient diagnosis of FMD be further enhanced through initiatives such as the OIE laboratory twinning program and the FAO laboratories network development program. Diagnostic tests must comply with standards of the OIE Manual of

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Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals and their inscription into the OIE register of all diagnostic tests is recommended.

12. The OIE continue to update existing international standards for FMD and encourage the official recognition of countries and zones listed free from the disease. In the updating of international standards the OIE should encourage further research to allow the safe trade in animal products without unjustified barriers to trade while recognizing the needs of developing and in transition countries which are still progressing along the pathway towards the progressive control or eradication of FMD, while protecting free countries from virus reintroduction and maintaining efficient veterinary services and field surveillance of the disease.

13. FAO should continue to support national capacity building of developing and in transition countries to comply with OIE standards, and should develop the methods, guides, tools, training and technical support to member states for the introduction and implementation of the progressive control pathway at national level;

14. OIE and FAO organise as a next step a pledging conference with free and infected countries, and relevant organisations and donors, to support a global control program starting with relevant regional activities. The conference noted the candidature of the People’s Republic of China to host the next conference.

15. In support of the global programme, the FAO and OIE organize regular global scientific meetings on FMD control, rotating around the affected regions. The conference noted the candidature of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to host the next FMD global scientific meeting (in 2010 or 2011).

16. The OIE develops its capacities for disease status recognition to support adequately the increase of number of countries and zones requesting recognition following the implementation of the new global control program.

17. FAO with the political and normative support of the OIE should strengthen its capacities to technically support national and regional roadmap development for the progressive control of FMD at national and regional level, thereby contributing to the global control of this high-impact disease.

18. The OIE and FAO should support epidemiological networks and strengthen cooperation for national, regional and global surveillance systems for FMD. Transparency and timely disease reporting to WAHIS is a key element to protect FMD free countries and zones and monitoring the progress of FMD control in endemic areas.

19. National governments and regional organizations should actively encourage the support and cooperation of nature and wildlife conservation organizations when formulating national and regional control strategies for FMD control

20. National governments should in the development of disease control programs for FMD, give due consideration for the inclusion of compensation mechanisms for livestock owners in consultation with the private sector and the donor community.

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Appendix 10

Report of the Mini-Executive Committee Meeting

Meeting of the Chairpersons -

Brussels -2 September 2009 Present: Ulrich Herzog (UH), Nigel Gibbens (NG), Leif Denneberg (LD), and Keith Sumption (KS) The Meeting started at 9.35 and closed at 12.45, and was Chaired by Dr Herzog. Agenda Points

1 Update on budget/EC agreement, and discussion on next steps in programming of actions; The EC/FAO Agreement for financial contribution to the actions of the EUFMD Commission has been signed by both parties, with commitment to provide up to 8m€ in the period 2009-2012. Some actions pre-agree for 2009 have been delayed while awaiting the signature. To utilise the Trust Fund in FAO requires pre-agreement with EC, with the exception of minor expenditure and the recruitment of a Administrative Clerk (the latter being a new clause in the 2009 agreement). Therefore to make use of the TF for major purchases and project actions, proposals are needed from the Executive Committee. The new Committee, and new agreement gives an opportunity for changes to emphasis given within the program of actions to be proposed. The staff situation was discussed, and it was agreed that additional technical expertise was desirable to assist development/guidance on surveillance aspects of project actions (Iran, Caucasus, etc) and when needed to member states (given the RG weakness in epidemiologists). Actions:

UH would discuss with BvG/Alf Fussel the recruitment of P4 Epidemiologist/project leader (budgeted in the new agreement), and KS the draft Terms of reference.

agreement is needed with EC on funding the training Initiative; KS should proceed to submit a full proposal , based on the Concept Note provided to the Exec.

the balance between programs (human and € resources) needs to be agreed at the upcoming ExCom.

2 Review/continuation of the support to be given to the TransCaucasus countries (TCC) , and Iran; TCC: A review (by Johannes Fiedler and Jorgen Westergaard, FAO Consultants) had been commissioned of

the Program of support to the TransCaucasus countries (TCC: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan) in the past 4 years, with focus on the period August 2007-July 2009. The Mini-Exec asked for more time to study the review, and noted the particularly problem of Georgia, where the position of the SVS in 2009 was that FMD control/vaccination campaigns were more the responsibility of FAO than a State priority and that FAO should pay/support vaccinators if the buffer zone was to be maintained. This contrasts with high coverage achieved in the other TCC countries, and also an escalated risk f exotic FMD entering and spreading in Georgia, as had occurred with ASF in 2007. The issue of EuFMD role in intervening along borders where the country concerned fails to manage FMD was discussed, and referred to the ExCom.

Actions:

KS to provide an overview of FMD risk from West Eurasia/across the Turkish borders, at the 78th ExCom

The ExCom to agree objectives for actions, and discuss re-balancing of efforts; towards the risk;

Secretariat to invite one of the consultants to the ExComm to answer questions on the TCC report Iran: The MOU with Iran regarding Phase II of the project to support FMD surveillance in Iran will finish in November 2009; delivery in this Phase has been delayed for many reasons, mostly relating to the change of

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the National Project Co-ordinator (the person responsible in the Vet Organization) in Iran and the lack of a technical intermediary since the departure of Francis Geiger at the end of 2007. The current relationship is also being tested since in response to an emergency request from Iran for vaccine to deal with the type A epidemic in March/April of this year, the immediate offer of antigen from the EC bank has been delayed with administrative problems (between EC and Merial) and delivery is now possible in mid-Sept; the IVO are now asking for a multivalent formulation. It was agreed that a review (as for the TCC) is needed, but not how, who, when to do this, there being little time before the ExecCom. An overview of the FMD risk from Iran should precede discussions in the ExCom. Actions: 1)visit of KS to Teheran was approved , to identify Iranian interests/requests for follow-on FMD support; 2) further discussions could e held with Iran (IVO) at the FMD week in Istanbul 3) KS to provide overview of FMD risk from Iran/west Eurasia, at start of Ex Com

3 Real -time training courses: proposed program/cost for 2010 and 2011; Point covered under 1) , above.

4 Research group issues including upcoming meeting Slovenia (Agenda attached) and location/options for 2010;

The current arrangement is for a Closed Session (a meeting for about 20 experts; 14 elected members, plus up invited experts where gaps) every year, with an Open Session (Erice 2008, Paphos 2006, Chania 2004,...) which attracts up to 200 FMD scientists every years. Consideration should now be given to a regular Global FMD scientific meeting (FAO/OIE) in the planning, following Paraguay conference. Retaining the Open Session in proximity of Europe is the favoured position (UH, NG). There was no objection to EuFMD Secretariat assisting with a Global Conference, assuming it had no financial implication.

A model for future meetings could therefore be on a 1,2,3 basis, with joint meeting where the Open Session and Global meeting fall in the same year:

- closed session every year (2009, Slovenia) - open session every 2 years (2010, location not yet fixed, 2012, 2014...) -global conference every 3 years (2011, New Delhi?, and in 2014, joint with Open Session)) Action: - location for the Open Session 2010 needs to be identified/publicized (KS) - discussion with FAO, OIE and Government of India on a Global Scientific Meeting in 2011 A second issue concerns procedures for concept notes for studies to be funded under the EC Trust Fund: - these should be shown to 1) not be funded by other means, such as the CRL contract and member

states/EC projects ongoing or approved, and 2) be likely to rapidly generate information/methods/materials that assist member states and their labs, in priorities set by the Exec/Gen Session of EuFMD

Action: revise the procedure before Concept Notes reach the Exec (KS)

5 Proposed Agenda for the EuFMD Executive (attached); Agenda approved. Given the Item on the Caucasus, Russia should be invited as Observer. Action: France (as agreed 38th) and Russia to be invited as observers.

6 West Eurasia Roadmap meeting (Istanbul); UH confirmed he would participate in the Roadmap meeting.

7 Follow-up to Paraguay conference; Agreed this needs to be discussed at the 78th Exec Comm. Several of the Recommendations put the emphasis on FAO taking lead between FAO/OIE, for example development of the Progressive Control Pathway (PCP) and Global Scientific Conference. The extent to which EuFMD assist FAO to undertake the recommendations needs to be discussed. Action: Agenda Item 78th, with FAO (Juan Lubroth) and OIE participation.

8 Any other business.

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Appendix 11

Risk overview, West Eurasia/Middle-East

Dr K. Sumption

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Appendix 12

Proposal for Joint Training Actions –EuFMD in Middle East and North Africa

Dr Adel Ben Youssef

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Appendix 13

Concept Note – Improved monitoring and surveillance of FMD in Egypt

Drs K.Van Maaenen- Y. Basyouni

Background and Summary:- TCP/3105 is an emergency project of limited duration (initially 12 months), financed by FAO. It was initiated in response to FMD in Egypt in 2007 that has been shown to result from the incursion of type O pan Asia II lineage from the Middle-East. The project has resulted in significant progress in several areas, particularly barriers in the reporting of FMD have been reduced, confidence in laboratory test results have been partly improved by harmonisation/proficiency testing involving the 3 main laboratories, and confidence in efficacy control of the Abassia vaccine has been improved by introducing the OIE standard procedure for testing FMD vaccine potency. However, many outbreaks have been reported during the lifetime of the TCP, and consequently new questions have arisen and many ambitions related to control of FMD in Egypt still have to be fulfilled. Therefore, GOVS desires the fruitful collaboration with European technical partners to be continued, and requires the support of EuFMD/FAO to enable continuation of key activities. The main objectives of the project were: 1. Development of some standard operating procedures within and between national labs; 2. Enhance the training level and expertise of laboratory personell by following a training course in WRL

Pirbright, and throught the continuous guidance of a technical backstopping officer. 3. Implementation of a standard challenge model, initially only for the locally produced vaccine for type

'O'; 4. Enhancement of outbreak investigation procedures; 5. Enhancement of a user friendly reporting system; 6. A better collaboration with Pirbright (WRL) for training and sequencing in order to get reliable and

rapid information about circulating virus strains; 7. Training of field veterinarians in the most relevant aspects of FMD diagnosis, control and prevention in

order to enhance awareness and outbreak investigation. 8. Training of stakeholders in biosecurity and biosafety isses; 9. Development of anational contingency plan concerning FMD prevention and control; 10. Implementation of a NSP serosurveillance study; 11. Building of an outbreak database system by the aid of GIS. The main achievements of the project were: 1. Collaboration between national labs (AHRI2, VSVRI3 and CLEVB4) and GOVS5 has been improved and

contacts have been strengthened; information sharing has been improved with respect to pitfalls and challenges in the fields of vaccine production, vaccine control and laboratory diagnosis.

2. National labs in collaboration with GD Deventer and CVI Lelystad, the Netherlands and WRL Pirbright, UK, are in the process of developing SOPs for the most relevant tests (VNT, virus isolation, antigen detection ELISA, NSP ELISA, conventional and real-time PCR) and laboratory logistics; a small ring trial for VNT was organised between the three national labs in the first phase of the TCP, and was highly instrumental in the discussions about harmonisation by demonstrating discrepancies in results and differences in methodologies.

3. A vaccine potency test for type O was conducted according to the OIE Manual for type ‘O’ with virus titration, challenge and reading of the results all under supervision of the FAO consultant, and protocols have been implemented for registration of all relevant paramenters; a challenge against type ‘A’ will be conducted in future vaccine evaluation processes by CLEVB and GOVS;

4. GOVS has demonstrated significant progress in improving the FMD suspected outbreak investigations with more rapid responses and OIE reporting in aconstant manner;

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5. An SMS reporting system has been developed with the aid of 10 national consultants (2 per governorate) recruited in the context of the TCP (activities were focussed on five pilot governorates). Safe and precise reporting by these consultants has been addressed by an SMS computer program. This program works with the following options and criteria: a. Sends and receives bulk SMSes nationally or internationally. b. Contact list menu that can contain a lot of contacts. c. The validity of messages on the network is about 3 days only. d. The received messages can be redirected to the concerned people e.g. GOVS, AHRI, EUFMD,

twinning consultants. e. In this SMS reporting system the vets can report anonymously, preventing negative intervention

from officials might penalise them for reporting. 6. A large serosurveillance study has been designed and implemented to determine the seroprevalence of

NSP antibodies, and get an indication of the true prevalence on a village and commercial herd level in the five pilot governorates. In the study also different age categories, and different species (e.g. cattle and buffaloes) were sampled.

2. Key bottlenecks/issues addressed Overall issue to be addressed: 1. Strengthening of the passive surveillance system for TADs in ruminant livestock in all governorates of

Egypt by extension campaigns and implementation of SMS reporting system. 2. Strengthening of active surveillance by NSP antibody testing in young cattle and non-vaccinated small

ruminants (vaccination of small ruminants was discontinued per 1-1-2008) in all governorates. 3. Strengthening of outbreak investigation process and capacity building of GOVS preventive medicine

staff. 4. Strengthening of biosecurity in commercial holdings. 5. Enforcing GOVS epidemiology unit role both for central and local units. 6. Capacity building of AHRI diagnostic capabilities 7. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of locally produced vaccine 3. Proposed action Ad 1, 3, 4, 5: More training courses have to be implemented for vets involved in FMD outbreak detection and supervisors of vaccination teams. These courses should have a focus on practical aspects rather then academical issues, and should mainly cover clinical signs, ageing of lesions, sampling procedures, reporting through the SMS system, and critical issues related to vaccination (iatrogenic transmission through incorrect use of needles, cold chain, population immunity, target populations etc.). Procedures and supplies of materials for the national vaccination campaigns have to be revised and supervised by GOVS (national responsibility). The SMS reporting network has to be optimised where necessary, accredited, and extended to be used as a national reporting network by all Egyptian field vets. Lessons learned from the first two biosecurity workshop under TCP/3105 should be extended to all governorates by ToT approaches with a focus on enhancing the level of biosecurity in commercial holdings, thus contributing to FMD control on a national level. Some governorates have not reported FMD outbreaks for a long time combined with a strict policy regarding importation of live animals from other governorates. These governorates could be considered as compartments and potentially could be declared FMD free with or without vaccination, if the data of clinical surveillance combined with results of NSP antibody testing would allow for that.

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Ad 2: The two-stage sample design (detection of infection within villages and estimation of prevalence for epidemiological units (e.g. villages and commercial holdings) has to be extended to all governorates, and should be focused on young animals and non-vaccinated animals (small ruminants) to get good estimates of recent infections, and to correlate results of serosurveillance with results of passive clinical surveillance/reporting of outbreaks.

Ad 6: The national diagnostic institute, AHRI, is in the process if constructing new laboratory facilities for FMD work. The facilities will be finished within a couple of months. Under TCP/3105 the reconstruction phase has compromised implementation of good laboratory practices and aspects of quality control. Several lessons have been learned, and colleagues have been trained in WRL Pirbright. A follow-up project should focus on implementation of a quality system for FMD diagnosis, e.g. SOPs for all relevant tests should be written and implemented. Even more important: sample logistics from field to laboratory result should be improved, sample identification and archiving, validation of tests (e.g. PCR and VNT), archiving of isolates, sequencing of isolates, and introduction of sensitive primary or secondary cell systems for FMD virus isolation are among the many aspects that still require attention and supervision. Regular sample exchange between Egypt and WRL should be made sustainable by developing a Material Transfer Agreement between WRL and AHRI, and by scientific collaboration and sharing data between both institutes regarding results of sequencing, vaccine matching etc.

Ad 7: Under TCP/3105 many outbreaks have been reported, also in recently vaccinated animals. Up till now the available sequence information is rather confusing with respect to vaccine matching, origin of the outbreaks, and vaccine efficacy in the field. Procedures for vaccine efficacy control have been optimised, and should be rigorously implemented and supervised for both type A and O vaccination-challenge experiments. Until now, not much attention has been paid to aspects of vaccine safety, especially in terms of production procedures and in line safety testing, inactivation kinetics etc. Quality assurance training for vaccine producers and identification of Critical Control Points in the local production process could contribute to the quality of the final product and could be conducted by the EUFMD; Standardisation of VNT tests within CLEVB and AHRI would allow comparison of antibody titres after experimental vaccination and vaccination in the field. Reproducible VNT tests would also allow to make correlates between results of challenge and neutralising antibody titres, enabling a better definition of protective titres, and a better interpretation of postvaccinal serological monitoring in the field. 4. Budget estimate: 90 working days on a When Actually employed basis international consultant recruited over the project life, One National project manager for 6 months over twelve months, and 6 field officers for 3 months over 12 months recruited on When Actually employed basis (FAO Consultants), working jointly. One international consultant (90 person days worked, EUR 250 per day): EUR 22,500 Seven National Consultants (24 person months worked, EUR 600 per month) EUR 14,500 Expenses (Travel, consumables etc): EUR 66,500 Total cost: EUR103,500 (approx. US$150.000)

5. What to recommend To be considered in the ExC Recommendation

Funding of the proposal.

Report to be submitted to the EUFMD Research Group (Closed Session).

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6. Further information on the matter Examples: Next important steps; related events; etc a. A clear and accurate FMD risk map for both upper and lower Egypt is expected to be figured out by

extending actitivities from the 5 pilot governorates of the TCP to all governorates. b. Feasible control measures on FMD should be designed, strictly applied, and evaluated. c. Sustaining and upgrading of the SMS FMD reporting network.

Bottlenecks/risks : 1) Implementation of outbreak surveillance and control to the whole of Egypt Extending above mentioned activities to all governorates is a major task, and can only be fulfilled if GOVS would give these activities high priority, and would consequently make enough personnel available. Also barriers for reporting should be reduced as much as possible on a governorate and district level by instructions from the top level. 2) Laboratory improvements Implementation of a quality system for FMD diagnosis will primarily depend on the availability of well trained and motivated personell with the proper authorisations to correct deficits and optimise procedures. Also the availability of a technical backstopping officer will be crucial, since regular supervising and correcting will be necessary. 3) Vaccine production and control An open attitude is required to discuss all aspects of safety and efficacy. Also vaccine matching should be improved by preparing the relevant post vaccination sera. Since the national vaccine is produced in roller bottles, and is hardly purified, any major changes in terms of suspension culture and purified concentrated antigen production would require major investments and training, so does not seem feasible for the near future.

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Appendix 14

Progress Report – African proximity surveillance

Dr A. Ben Youssef

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Appendix 15

FAO/OIE/EC Tripartite meeting on control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease and other exotic diseases in the southern Balkans - Istanbul, Turkey-5th October 2009

Dr G. Georgiev

Introduction A meeting of the FAO/OIE/EC Tripartite on control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease and other exotic diseases in the southern Balkans was convened on the 5th October 2009 at Istanbul, Turkey. The meeting was attended by delegates of south eastern Balkan countries of Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The EC (DG-SANCO) was represented by Dr Fuessel, and the OIE by Professor Nikola Belev, OIE Regional Representative for Europe, and was Chaired by the EUFMD Secretary, Keith Sumption. The Meeting was opened by Dr Nihat Pakdil, Deputy Undersecretary, Ministiry of Agriculture, Republic of Turkey. He thanked the organizations and countries present for the close and intense co-operation with Turkey in disease control, and especially for the funding of the major FMD control project by the EU from early 2008. Opening remarks then followed from Professor Belev, OIE, who emphasized the continued importance of the meeting for liaison and confidence building between veterinary services in the region, and Dr Fuessel, European Commission, who indicated the support of the Commission for the inclusion of additional southern Balkan countries to the meeting. Recommendations of the 2008 FAO/EC/OIE Tripartite Meeting on Control of FMD and other exotic diseases in the Southern Balkans: 1. The future meetings on control of FMD and other exotic diseases in the Southern Balkans should

continue between the national competent authorities of Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey, and the international Tripartite of FAO, OIE and EC, but invitations should be extended to include Albania, FYROM, Kosovo and Serbia in 2009.

Relating mainly to control of FMD: 2. The GDPC is strongly encouraged to enforce the planned control measures relating to the

kurban/bayram festival. In particular, the number of unsold animals at markets should be recorded and the subsequent disposal or movement of these animals to quarantine should be documented and reported to future meetings.

3. The GDPC should report epidemiologically significant new FMDV genotypes, defined as > 2% genotypic difference (in sequence coding for VP1) from previous FMDV recorded in the country.

4. There should be a regular sharing of laboratory findings by teleconference of the FMD laboratory senior staff at least every 3 months, involving the FMD NRLs of Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria, and the WRL/CRL Pirbright and the EuFMD Commission Secretary.

5. Turkey should continue to prioritize the vaccination program in Thrace region, aiming at full coverage and continuous immunity of large and small ruminants against FMD in Thrace region, as part of the action required to progress towards the standards required to gain the OIE status of freedom from FMD with vaccination.

6. A training workshop, with participation of regional experts, should be held after the planned evaluation of the rapid portable PCR apparatus (Smith’s Bioseeq) and the Svanova lateral flow device in Turkey.

On surveillance and disease notification in Thrace region 7. The laboratory tests and analysis following the sero-surveillance in Turkish Thrace region and in

Anatolia conducted in 2008 should be completed in advance of the 2009 spring vaccination campaigns. A workshop to analyze results and identify any changes required for the 2009 surveys is recommended, and make use in the epidemiological expertise of the EUFMD Standing Technical Committee.

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On control of PPR and Sheep and Goat pox The Turkish authorities are recommended to: 8. report ANY occurrence of PPR, SGP and BT, or other disease not normally present in Thrace region, as

an emergency report within 24 hours, to the neighbouring countries (Greece and Bulgaria), as well as through ADNS to the EC and to the OIE.

9. Maintain in 2009 the policy of prevention of PPR through MASS VACCINATION, and eradication of PPR infection if detected in Thrace region, and to establish the necessary control on animal movements so to prevent the further entry of infection.

10. Report the level of small ruminant vaccination in 2008 to the Tripartite Group, to enter the final report (by 30th November 2008).

11. Heighten clinical surveillance for PPR and other animal diseases in Thrace region, particularly in December to January following the bayram/kurban festival, with emphasis on early detection of infection in epidemiological relevant livestock markets.

Mainly relating to surveillance and control of bluetongue 12. MARA is recommended to follow-up the reports of BT sero-conversion in Lesbos, Greece by immediate

surveillance in the neighbouring area of Anatolia, involving serological surveys for evidence of BT exposure. The use of sera collected for FMD surveillance may allow a retrospective analysis of BT sero-conversions from the spring and autumn collections, but would be insufficient by itself to rule out recent and ongoing exposure.

13. MARA is requested to report the results of the recent sero-surveillance conducted in march to may 2008 in Turkey, for the final report of the Tripartite (by 30th November).

14. MARA is encouraged to develop a surveillance plan for BT for 2009, making efficient use of the >30,000 sera to be collected for FMD surveillance, and to follow up the implications of the results of the 2008 surveillance mentioned above.

15. FAO is encouraged to develop a project to assist countries in risk assessment and early warning of exotic disease risks including BT, PPR, LSD, EHD and FMD in the eastern Mediterranean region, with active involvement experts from Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria.

Relating to priority topics for the first GfTADS meeting of a Balkan forum on veterinary public health and transboundary disease control 16. Priority topics for the first meeting should include the assistance to countries to develop CSF control

policies that are adapted to the production systems and which enable access to markets, for example through high health compartments; regional co-operation and support for brucellosis control; and planning of simulation exercises involving several countries which share land borders.

Report of the Tripartite Meeting Item 1. Agenda. The Agenda was adapted without change. Part 1: FMD Item 1: FMD control in Turkey Part I Current situation report Presentations were made by each country on the FMD situation. Dr Aşkaroğlu, Head of Animal health Services Department, GDPC, Turkey, gave a presentation (Appendix 2) on the FMD situation and FMD control programme in Turkey, the vaccination campaigns in 2008-9, including the performance of the spring 2009 vaccination campaigns in Thrace region and in Anatolia. Turkey remains endemic for types A and O, but Asia-1 has not been recorded since 2002. No outbreaks of FMD have been reported from Thrace region in 2008 or 2009, an improvement over the previous two years (6 outbreaks in 2007), and in line with the target of achieving 24 months without reporting (or circulation) of FMD in order to apply for OIE status of freedom from FMD without vaccination; with the intention is to submit the dossier by December 2009 with the hope of recognition in May 2010.

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One hundred and thirty six outbreaks were reported in 2009, of which 102 were confirmed and serotyped (42 type A, 60 type O). Two type A sublineages are circulating in Turkey, AIran05 ARD07 and ERZ07, although in one case in South-eastern Anatolia close to iraq border, an isolate of the BAR08 lineage was detected; Turkey has therefore largely escaped the regional epidemic of A Iran 05 BAR08 that affected amny near-east countries and reached to Libya in Spring 2009. A decision had been made in 2008 to switch to A TUR 06 in the 2009 vaccination campaigns. The lack of cross-protection with A Iraq22 vaccine in 2008 may be the reason for the higher incidence of type A in 2008, compared to 2009. A new type O genotype was also detected from august 2008; termed O PanAsia II: TER-08, with 4% sequence change compared to the previous PanAsia II. The origin of the new variants was not clear, but presumed to be entries from the east (Iran, Syria, Iraq). Control of FMD in Thrace region Control of FMD in Thrace region is largely through the twice yearly FMD vaccination programme in large ruminants, and once yearly in small ruminants; trivalent (A, O, Asia-1) vaccine from Merial is applied in both large (LR) and small (SR) stock. Vaccination coverage was 94% (LR) and 102% (SR) in spring 2008, and 96% (LR) in autumn 2008, rising to 96% and 92% respectively in spring 2009. Effectiveness of vaccination was monitored by sero-survey; 68%, 95% and 96% of 600 sera from Marmara region were positive for types O, A and Asia-1 (at 1/100 dilution, LPBE test). Import of live animals from Anatolia into Thrace region is not allowed, except during Kurban-bayram festival; at the latter time a separate animal market is established in Istanbul, for animals from other parts of Thrace region (to control the possible return of unsold animals) and from Anatolia. The 2009 sero-survey in Thrace region (9,278 animals, 152 villages) returned only 10 positive samples; follow-up investigations (with >300 samples collected) indicated these were false positive findings, and it was concluded that there is no evidence of FMDV circulation in Thrace region in the recent past. Control of FMD in the rest of Turkey (Anatolia) With support of the EC project, FMD vaccination percentage has risen to its highest level (21.4m doses delivered in 2008); in 2009 this will include national small ruminant vaccination (in autumn) , which has not happened before; in 2008 SR populations in some areas of north and south coasts were excluded from the program. The program for LR and SR vaccination is hsown in Figures x and y. The spring coverage in LR was 89% (8.7m of 9.8m). The national sero-survey, conducted with same design as 2008, indicated a higher sero-prevalence (10% compared to 8.27% in 2008). The reasons for the slight rise were not explained, and differ from the reduced reported cases each year since 2006. The possibility exists that under higher vaccination coverage, fewer FMD are reported, but circulation occurs in young animals which are preferentially sampled in surveys. Sero-surveys are generally considered a more accurate guide to FMD incidence than passive reporting, and therefore these results (Figure z) indicate that FMD circulation remained widespread in east and central Anatolia in 2008-9.

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ACTIVE FMD OUTBREAKS (2009)

Control of FMD in Turkey

2008-2009 VACCINATION PROGRAMME FOR LARGE RUMINANTS

Provinces selected for bivalent vaccination

Provinces selected for trivalent vaccination

100

2009 VACCINATION PROGRAMME FOR SMALL RUMINANTS

Provinces selected for bivalent vaccination

Provinces selected for trivalent vaccination

Control of FMD in Turkey

2009 ANATOLIA THRACE(Inc. Çanakkale and İstanbul)

Spring Programme Vaccinated % Programme Vaccinated %

LR 9.831.067 8.762.577 89 432.169 413.756 96

SR 1.100.825 1. 011.700 92

2009 SPRING VACCINATION RESULTS

Control of FMD in Turkey

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FMD PREVALENCE BY REGION (2009)

472/5460; 8,64%

52/3060; 1,70%

177/4860; 3,64%

103/2460; 4,19%

792/8339; 9,50%

1412/6180; 22,85%

230/1920; 11,98%

TOTAL:

3238/32279; 10,03

14,07

0,83

30,58

8,81

0,00

1,67

2,22

3,59

28,706,67

1,39

14,00

9,72

0,001,67

1,67

17,08

14,17

18,89

1,67

10,83

24,17

79,17

5,00

3,75

Düzce2,50

12,22

3,06

17,428,89

20,00

1,33

23,67

25,56

14,17

1,33

1,67

11,67

22,33

1,67

Karabük 4,17

1,11

1,37

0,00

1,11

4,33

6,00

4,03

Kocaeli 5,00

Kilis6,67

32,22

1,25

11,58 11,88

1,111,67

4,17

3,10

0,00

Osmaniye1,67

2,08

0,56

1,11

70,0015,00

5,09

7,50

4,57

0,00

1,67

1,67

5,33

3,33

28,33

35,33

FMD PREVALENCE BY PROVINCE (2009)

3,33

11,67

Yalova1,67

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NUMBER OUTBREAKS 2007-OCT 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

NO

. O

F O

UT

BR

EA

KS

TYPE O 119 70 66 62 47 35 21 11 25 14 6 6 6 3 4 13 3 0 1 0 4 5

TYPE A 18 9 3 4 2 1 3 3 5 5 1 2 7 15 18 15 25 19 19 13 3 0

UNTYPED 34 35 33 31 28 28 22 19 14 18 5 4 8 4 7 6 14 2 4 2 1 0

TOTAL 171 114 102 97 77 64 46 33 44 37 12 12 21 22 29 34 42 21 24 15 8 5

JAN

07

FE

B

MA

R

AP

R

MA

Y

JUN

E

JUL

Y

AU

G

SE

PT

OC

T

NO

V

DE

C

JAN

08

FE

B

MA

R

AP

R

MA

Y

JUN

E

JUL

Y

AU

G

SE

PT

OC

T

Discussion The delegates of Greece and Bulgaria congratulated the GDPC on the results of the control program and strongly commended the GDPC for the program to reach and maintain the status of Thrace region as free of FMD with vaccination. Of concern to participants were:

apparent under-reporting of outbreaks in the southern/eastern border regions, although serology indicates virus circulation and possible incursion of the A Iran 05 BAR08 variant;

The Chairman drew attention to the improved situation, with no outbreaks detected in Thrace region for almost 2 years, and on behalf of the group thanked the GDPC Turkey for their major effort.

Part II: Management of risk associated with kurban/bayram festival: New biosecurity measures had been introduced, following the Tripartite recommendations of 2007. Movement of animals would be prohibited from Provinces with < 85% vaccination coverage; and unsold animals after the kurban markets in Istanbul would not be allowed to return to Thrace but would be slaughtered in place, or if sent to Anatolia given a 3 week quarantine. Additional effort will be made in 2009 on biosecurity measures at the temporary and permanent markets in Istanbul. Discussion On behalf of the group, the Chairman congratulated the GDPC on the follow-up to the previous Tripartite recommendations. The festival period would remain high risk, given that outbreaks have bee occurring to Provinces with high vaccination rates, and therefore even a coverage of >85% was not a guarantee that infected animals would not be traded in November. Item 2 FMD surveillance in Greece and Bulgaria in 2009 – recent and planned These were provided by Dr Georgiev (Appendix 4) and Dr Hondrokouki (Appendix 5). Sero-surveillance in Bulgaria: In Bulgaria the risk of FMD incursion from Turkey was managed through a program with the following risk reduction measures; in 2009, because of the kurban-bayram festival, these would be continued until after the festival period. The main additional measures in the border area were:

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zoning and movement control - of cloven hooved animals from 10 km border zone;

dedicated slaughter houses for this zone;

weekly clinical inspections of all large ruminants in the zone;

monthly serum sampling from sentinel animals in 10 villages along the borders of Turkey (Figure...); the program began on 1st march and at the time of report, 798 samples had been tested with negative results (Bomelli kit, FMD-NSP) .

FMD Sentinels 2009FMD Sentinels 2009

In 2008, 1171 samples were tested under the same design of survey, with negative results. The Bulgarian delegates therefore concluded that there was no evidence for FMDV circulation on the whole territory of Bulgaria. Recommendation for the future: Continue of the surveillance program and assessing the risk of penetration of the disease. Sero-surveillance in Greece: A serum surveillance program takes place in Greece regarding FMD and exotic diseases since the impose of new European legislation (Directive 2003/85/EC). 3434 blood samples from the country have been tested in the lab for 2009.

No evidence for FMDV circulation on the whole territory of Greece. Recommendation for the future: Continue of the surveillance program and assessing the risk of penetration of the disease In Bulgaria, some 1171 samples were tested with negative results (3ABC, Bommeli test) from the sentinel herds testing program (30 animals each) located within 10 km of the Turkish border, from the program starting 1st March; in 2008 the scheme will continue until after the Kurban festival (to end of December). BUL participates in the FAO/EC proficiency testing program, receiving material for FMDV confirmation and serology; the high containment area does not permanently operate but is commissioned for live virus handling when required. In Serbia, official FMD freedom was regained in 2006, after the last case of FMD in 1996. Surveillance for FMD comprises annual clinical inspection of each farm, and an annual national sero-surveillance, utilizing the brucellosis sampling activities, to reconfirm to OIE the absence of FMD, with survey design with 95% confidence of detecting infected epidemiological units if present at 1% or higher prevalence. Virological tests are outsourced to the WRL Pirbright. A high containment facility is under construction, and the current lab provides services to Montenegro and Bosnia-H.

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In Greece, sera from some 3570 cattle, 2804 sheep and goats, and 675 swine have been tested (NS serology – Ceditest) with negative results, collected from 11 prefectures of Greece, mainly located close to eastern borders. The sampling strategy was not described. Three tissue samples were tested for FMDV with negative results. The laboratory is considering to use decentralized tests (penside test kits) in borderline areas in future. Chairman’s comments: the EuFMD have developed a decision paper on decentralized testing which will be sent to all NRLs in EuFMD countries for their guidance. Action: secretariat

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Item 3 Training Requirements: The Chairman requested each delegation to indicate its training priorities on FMD for the upcoming year. Bulgaria: clinical investigation and FMD recognition, for the new generation of veterinarians who have not seen FMD. Serbia: as for Bulgaria, need continuous training Greece: laboratory training on rt RT-PCR application to FMDV confirmation. in PCR Turkey: epidemiology training -continuation of the EuFMD supported program. The Chairman proposed that the interest shown by Greece and Bulgaria to apply penside decentralized tests, could be a subject of a workshop following the trail of the Bioseeq and Svanodip lateral flow devices in trial in Turkey in winter (November-March). Part II: Bluetongue, Peste des Petits ruminants, and other exotic diseases Item 1: Country reports The meeting thereafter received and reviewed reports (Bulgaria; Appendix 7; Greece, Appendix 8; Serbia, Appendix 9; Turkey, Appendix 10) on the surveillance in 2008 for Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Sheep and Goat Pox (SGP) and bluetongue (BT). In Bulgaria, the BT serum surveillance was performed in 9 sentinel serum-negative animal herds located in Western and 17 sentinels in South Bulgaria. The sentinel animals have been tested every 30 days for the presence of BTV antibodies. Each sentinel herd consisted of 10 cattle with individual ear-tags.

In 2008, 4504 sera have been tested, with negative results (kit test producers by VMRD and Ingenaza), as indicated in the Table provided below.

SPECIES ORIGIN NUMBER RESULT

BOVIDAE SENTINEL, IMPORT & EXPORT

3672 NEG.

OVINAE & CAPRIDAE

SENTINELS, IMPORT & EXPORT

925 NEG.

106

OTHERS

Camels, buffaloes and others

7

NEG.

TOTAL 4504 NEG.

In addition, Culicoides presence and abundance are monitored by trapping program. C. imicola midges were not detected and dominating Culicoides species were both, C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris complexes. In 2009, they plan to extend the surveillance to sentinel villages on the border with Romania. EHD, PPR, SGP: in 2008 only 40 [ruminant] samples were tested, with negative results. CSF: one outbreak, 6km from border with Serbia, in a family farm; serology found additional 23 +ve animals within 3km zone. Wild boar vaccination program along 40 km strip along the western and northern borders; serology indicated a 61% immunity level in tested samples. Unfortunately, there has been no previous data collection prior to the wild boar vaccination to compare the results. AHS: the laboratory participates in the ring trial under the European RL. Currently there is no active surveillance undertaken. West Nile: sero-positives have been found but and sent to Teramo for confirmation and typing, no specific surveillance scheme, studies ongoing under BTNET2 project. Greece – BT: sero-surveillance in 2008; 10 randomly selected herds sampled in high risk locations; 300 samples collected, all samples collected to mid October were negative on groups specific ELISA. All samples collected randomly from sheep were shown to be negative as well. PPR: all samples tested (how many) were negative; samples from SR. CSF: have tested sera from 2000 breeding age pigs from different parts of Greece, and all results negative. Serbia – Dr Plavsic reviewed the progress made against CSF in the past 2 years. In 2006 401 casses of CSF were recorded. Obligatory vaccination is still carried out. The last outbreak was 4th of October 2007. Presentation cannot be opened Turkey: Bluetongue The last case recorded as in August 2000. Control measures include vaccination against serotype BTV4 [how much, where?, live vaccine. Sero-surveillance was conducted under a collaborative project between March and May 2008; results obtained but not presented [question] Sheep and goat pox Remains endemic, with thirty three outbreaks in 2008, of which 20 occurred in the first two months; this may suggest an epidemic after the festival period in late 2007. total vaccination use in 2008? % coverage in Thrace region?

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Peste des Petits Ruminants Thirty one outbreaks (31) until 2th October, all located in western Anatolia, including two in Thrace (Kirklareli Province). Control measures include ring vaccination in susceptible animals localized within and around outbreak areas, in which the disease has been confirmed in the past two years. In Thrace region, since 2005 the entire small ruminant population of Thrace is vaccinated against PPR. Total vaccination use in 2008? % coverage in Thrace region? A full program of small ruminant vaccination is foressen under the EU Project “Identification and Registration of Small Ruminants and Control of PPR” , under the Pre-accession Financial Assistance Programme, with budget of ~ 55 million Euros.(check – just IDR and PPR). This includes establisment of a database for ID and registration, 4 vaccination campaigns, with the 1st being vaccination of entire small ruminant population, and the following period being vaccination of the new-born population.

Figure: PPR cases in 2008 in Turkey (to 20th October) Part III: Other Issues Veterinary Public Health Forum (VPH) and Transboundary diseases (TADs) in the Balkan Region This was introduced by the Chairman. The creation of a forum for discussion and co-ordination of animal health projects had been discussed at two previous EuFMD Executive Committee meetings, and received strong support from country representatives from the Balkan region. The CVO of Austria had proposed a

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first planning meeting on 12th December in Vienna, to involve FAO, OIE, EC, and members of the EuFMD Executive with specific interest, plus the CVO of Croatia, the host of the first meeting planned for February 2009. Since CSF, brucellosis and rabies had been priorities identified by the CVOs of the region, he had asked Dr Jemersic, FAO, to provide an illustration of the type of issues that need to be addressed and how technical and policy support could assist to solve these at national and regional level. Dr Jemersic provided two presentations, on CSF and control of TAD’s and neglected zoonoses (Appendices 11 and 12, attached). The meeting agreed that policy guidance is a priority for CSF affected countries where wild boar and backyard systems are predominant. The guidance should cover the issue of different policy for production settings, including how to achieve access to international markets from high biosecurity systems, as well as management of vaccination and other control measures in backyard systems. Acknowledgements The participants of the meeting recorded a vote of thanks to Dr Batziliotis, Dr Aronis (Lesbos Prefecture) and Dr Doudonakis for the generous and warm hospitality and excellent organization of the meeting.

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Appendix 16

FMD control in Turkey Dr H.Askaroglu

110

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112

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114

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116

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118

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120

Appendix 17

Progress in FMD control - Transcaucase Dr C.Potzsch

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122

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124

Appendix 18

Review of the EuFMD/EC Support to FMD Control in the Transcaucase

Drs Fiedler and Westergaard

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126

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Appendix 19

PROGRESS REPORT ON Phase II Iran FMD Surveillance Support Project

Report prepared by National Project Co-ordinator (NPC), Dr Khalaj

2. Direct beneficiary countries: Iran 3. Project start date [Sept2008] and scheduled end date [Dec2009] 4. Funding agency and agreed financial support {EC TF, US$445,000} 5. Reporting period: Year 2009 : April 2009- August 2009 6. International and national professional staff assigned: Dr Khalaj, nominated NPC, and Vahid Otarod 7. Summarize FMD situation in the reporting period, and expected change in risk over next 1-3 months : As it was mentioned and predicted in previous report to 77th SESSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, in the beginning of spring, number of outbreaks increase dramatically from 88 outbreaks in April to 225 in June. During the summer, outbreaks decreased from 257 in July to 211 in August which may be because of increasing the number of safe animals due to natural circulation of virus since the effect of vaccination is not considered to have a role (host – agent relationship). Cumulative provincial outbreaks during April 2009- August 2009 shows that location of outbreaks were mainly in western and central provinces specially west & east Azerbaijan , Qom, Markazy , Hamedan provinces as are the main provinces regarding Animal Trades and movements. According the investigations based on GIS data (Trace backward) and Pribright results, in some outbreaks the source of infection defined to be eastern borders. Based on the Lab reports the number of types O and A isolation were equal but recent samples show significant increase in the type O. Most of the samples are reported to be negative.

FMD outbreaks Evolution (Apr 03- Aug 09)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Apr-0

3Ju

n-03

Aug-0

3Oc

t-03

Dec-0

3Fe

b-04

Apr-0

4Ju

n-04

Aug-0

4Oc

t-04

Dec-0

4

Feb-0

5Ap

r-05

Jun-0

5Au

g-05

Oct-0

5De

c-05

Feb-0

6Ap

r-06

Jun-0

6Au

g-06

Oct-0

6De

c-06

Feb-0

7Ap

r-07

Jun-0

7Au

g-07

Oct-0

7De

c-07

Feb-0

8Ap

r-08

Jun-0

8Au

g-08

Oct-0

8De

c-08

Feb-0

9Ap

r-09

Jun-0

9Au

g-09

months

Nomb

ers

Furthermore evolution of disease during recent months shows that however there is a decrease in the number of outbreaks but still the disease is in its epidemic phase which in the case of continuation can define the risk of emergence of a new subtype.

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FMD outbreaks Evolution and Trenline in cattle (Apr 09- Aug 09)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Apr-09

May-09

Jun-0

9Ju

l-09

Aug-09

months

Nom

bers

8. Recall immediate objectives and summarise progress of activities for report period, attaching

operation/work plan

Sero-surveillance ; - Two dairy farms selected by Vahid Otarod for NSP induction study (Merial vaccines) had been

tested. - 1400 of west Azar sera samples tested in a week. It is consider to test more than 2000

samples /week. Two laboratory experts from West Azerbaijan and Khorasan Razivi will be committed with the aim to training and finish the serology for West Azerbaijan.

Epidemiology: - New GIS software developed and installed in GIS centre. it is a flash board system with early

warning aims - Svanodip pen side rapid test conducted in two outbreaks in Qom province. It is believed to be

able to help the differential diagnosis and decrease the number of negative samples of the laboratory. Also considered to be used as a permanent filed diagnostic tool.

- Providing office/ staffs and furniture to establish regional epidemiological unit secretariat.

Vaccine & Vaccination : - Sufficient vaccine storage for phase 20 and shoats vaccination. - Publish & distribution of 50,000 FMD booklet for farmers.

9. Summarise delivery of vaccines or other equipment

- Vaccination plan is based upon 3 phase vaccination for cattle and 1 phase for sheep and goat per year. In FMD vaccination phase 18 in May, as Razi Institute was being reconstructed and Merial could not deliver; therefore only about 60% of cattle covered (3.5 million of 7.5 million, 0.5 million by Merial and rest by Razi vaccine). In Phase 19 (end of August / September 2009), the vaccination returned to 4.5 of 7.5 million cattle (1.8 million by Merial and rest by Razi vaccine). In 2008 only 11 million shoats vaccinated, compared to 35 million previous years. However it is consider vaccinating up to 30 million shoats in 2009.

- There is no change in the FMD serotype and sub serotype of the vaccine - Providing a plan of action for usage of the EC donated Monovalent A Iran 99 vaccine.

10. Problems encountered and actions taken or requested to solve them ,Vaccines (if any)

Lack of Vaccine storage by phase 18th and 2008 – less vaccination coverage in cattle and shoats.

NSP on vaccinated animals.

Border line animal movement.

130

11. Work plan and expected outputs for next 6 month period

- National FMD workshop in West Azerbaijan. - Farmer information day in Khorasan Razavi / Qom. - Publishing 5000 FMD book for veterinarians. - Establishing 3 local Serology laboratories. - Training courses in abroad for 5 Person. - Conducting NSP, SP tests for 20000 samples.

- 12. Reports – list or annex

a. monthly reports b. supervisory mission reports (BTOR) c. consultants, training or workshop reports

13. What to recommend

• Rapid Implementation of regional administration for harmonization of activities • Further and deep investigation over the Strains circulating in the region • Improvement of tests to monitor the disease at field level • Improvement of tests able to facilitate and shortening getting the results • Developing field researches in the countries for better finding the FMD situation at regional level • Providing new funds for continuing the regional projects to eradication with the help of rich

countries of the region with the help of international bodies • Providing ongoing training courses in the field of laboratory and epidemiology for uniformity of

information at the level of region • strengthened epidemiology unit; twinning program and staff training, to raise to regional centre of

excellence; • implementing Sub national FMD capacity in serology and rt RT-PCR for FMD, focus on achieving

early detection of new strains within 7 days of sampling; • training in FMD investigation and control; online training courses and certification; • Movement control/animal identification system with possibility of extension of RFID based system

to West AZB as part of western control zone. • Animal movement control in border under mutual contracts • Target Vaccination in Western and Eastern border to provide free zone.

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Appendix 20

Report on the Research group Meeting-Slovenia, September 2009 Dr A. Dekker

132

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134

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Appendix 21

Criteria and procedures for funding technical studies relating

to FMD risk management

(1st Draft; prepared with input from DG-SANCO, consultation ahead of the

78th Exec Comm EuFMD)

Dr K.Sumption

Background Technical issues arising from the concerns of member states (MS), or the Executive Committee (Exec Ctee), or of the Secretariat of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD) relating to implementing FMD risk management, are often referred to the Standing Technical Committee (Research Group ("RG")) of EuFMD for guidance and response. Annual meetings, with additional subgroups or taskforces, are able to respond with a consensus technical opinion on questions, but are usually not sufficiently resourced to carry out technical studies that require funds for animal infections, movements of goods and materials, or significant additional workload for members. In the past few years, such urgent studies (including vaccine potency tests) have been commissioned with relevant institutions. The 38th Session made clear that the RG must address some priority questions over the next 4 years, which assume a source of funding where the studies are not already ongoing in the MS. Therefore to clarify the process for submission of awarding contracts, the following is a Draft Policy Guidance Paper, on the criteria and procedures for commissioning of studies. Criteria The studies proposed must

- be in a priority area for the RG agreed at General Session (GS) or the Exec Ctee ( as the decisions of the GS are meant to last for 2-4 years, and the Exec Ctee for unexpected /immediate actions in the 2 year period of office);

- be shown not to duplicate work under the Community Reference Laboratory (CRL), or under another EC or national funded contract (we could find a way to check)

- be shown to lay outside the scope of the duties and functions of the CRL, although if highly urgent the possibility remains open to conduct studies elsewhere;

- normally be of 12 months duration or less; above this only in exceptional circumstances;

- should have tangible benefits for MS and their National Reference Laboratories (NRL), as far as possible, including sharing of methods, reagents, sera etc;

Procedures

Funding limitations: Contracts awarded will normally be less than 50,000 €, and over the period 2010-12 no more than 500,000 € is expected to be disbursed for technical studies. Funding is provided through EuFMD by the EC, and any final decision on funding issues rests with DG-SANCO.

Property rights : publication etc. – where possible, publication of the results after peer review should be endeavoured.

Confidentiality : the level of confidentiality shall be clearly stated in the project in particular where a study is aimed at proof of concept or the release details would prevent further publication of results and where the property rights must be preserved.

Acknowledgements : the financial support of the DG-SANCO through EuFMD trust Fund MTF/INT/003/EEC should be mentioned in any publicity/publications, where applicable together with other sponsors

136

Processing to be discussed: Concept Notes (in standard format) will be invited (from at least 3 parties?) as a result of recommendations by the RG or EuFMD Secretariat. Notes should be submitted to the EuFMD Secretariat. After initial screening/comments from the Chairman of the Group, the party may be asked to submit a full description of the Study, following the format of the FAO letter of Agreement (LoA; with study design and costs in Annex1 of the same). The Study is then reviewed by a 5 person Peer Review panel consisting of the Chairman of RG, EuFMD Secretary, one member of the Exec Ctte, DG SANCO (EC) and Dr de Clercq (RG and OIE Scientific Commission). Proposals that are positively evaluated (simple majority vote where necessary) will proceed to contract negotiation carried out by EuFMD secretariat, taking into account the panel comments and requirements. Review Progress will be reviewed at the meetings of the RG, and for contracts by the EuFMD Secretariat (payments follow cleared reports). The success of the overall scheme will be reviewed by the Executive Committee.

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Appendix 22

Financial Statements EuFMD

STATEMENT 1

USD USD Eur Eur

Balance as at 1 January 2009 178,331 131,07300

Interest received 0 0 0Contributions from member countries and instititute 384,556 384,556 282,649 282,649(As per statement 2)

Expenditure

Salaries 250,179 183,882

Consultant 2,039 1,49900

Contracts 11,006 8,0890

Duty Travel 17,568 12,912

Training 0 0

General Operating Expenses 67,409 49,5460

Expendable Equipment 789 580

Non-Expendable Equipment 1,280 941

Total Expenditure 350,270 257,448

Balance as at 30 September 2009 212,617 156,273

Balance restated at UN Exchange rate of 30 September 2009 147,769

MTF/INT/011/MUL - TF number 904200

EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE

Financial Report as at 30 September 2009

The Financial Statements of the Commission are maintained in US Dollars in accordance with the accounting policies and administrative systems of FAO. The amounts stated in Euros, including the opening balance, have been converted from US Dollars at the average monthly UN Operational Exchange Rates for 2009. The closing balance is restated at the UN Operational Exchange Rate on the date of the report. The average monthly UN Operational Exchange Rate applicable for the period to 30 September 2009 is USD 1:EUR 0..735. The UN Operational Exchange Rate at 30 September 2009 is USD 1: EUR 0.695

138

Statement 2

TRUST FUND No. 9042.00 - MTF/INT/011/MUL - Inter-Regional - European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Status of Contributions as at 30 September 2009 ( expressed in USD )

ORACLE CODE: TF-AGADD-TFAA970089122

Member Outstanding Contribution Received up to OutstandingGovernments 31/12/2008 due for 2009 30/09/2009 30/09/2009

ALBANIA 0.00 4,060.00 0.00 4,060.00AUSTRIA 24.00 12,450.00 12,450.00 24.00BELGIUM -45.34 20,700.00 0.00 20,654.66BULGARIA 0.00 12,450.00 12,450.00 0.00CYPRUS 7,060.00 4,060.00 0.00 11,120.00CROATIA 2,609.00 4,060.00 4,060.00 2,609.00CZECH REPUBLIC 0.00 12,450.00 12,450.00 0.00DENMARK 0.00 20,700.00 0.00 20,700.00FINLAND 27.00 12,450.00 0.00 12,477.00FRANCE 0.00 41,260.00 40,881.02 378.98GERMANY 0.00 41,260.00 41,260.00 0.00GREECE 12,450.00 12,450.00 0.00 24,900.00HUNGARY 0.00 12,450.00 12,450.00 0.00ICELAND 11,860.00 4,060.00 0.00 15,920.00IRELAND 0.00 12,450.00 12,422.00 28.00ISRAEL 7,960.00 4,060.00 0.00 12,020.00ITALY 76,646.08 41,260.00 0.00 117,906.08LATVIA 0.00 4,060.00 4,060.00 0.00LITHUANIA 0.00 4,060.00 0.00 4,060.00LUXEMBOURG 0.00 4,060.00 4,060.00 0.00FYR of MACEDONIA 0.00 4,060.00 0.00 4,060.00MALTA 4,060.00 4,060.00 8,092.00 28.00NETHERLANDS 0.00 20,700.00 20,700.00 0.00NORWAY 0.00 12,450.00 0.00 12,450.00POLAND 0.00 20,700.00 20,700.00 0.00PORTUGAL 167.06 12,450.00 12,617.06 0.00ROMANIA 0.00 20,700.00 20,700.00 0.00SERBIA 0.00 12,450.00 0.00 12,450.00SLOVAK REPUBLIC 0.00 12,450.00 12,450.00 0.00SLOVENIA 0.00 4,060.00 4,060.00 0.00SPAIN 0.00 20,700.00 0.00 20,700.00SWEDEN 0.00 20,700.00 20,700.00 0.00SWITZERLAND 4,660.44 20,700.00 25,333.44 27.00TURKEY 20,700.00 20,700.00 41,400.00 0.00UNITED KINGDOM 0.00 41,260.00 41,260.00 0.00

TOTALS 148,178.24 532,950.00 384,555.52 296,572.72

78thExcom-Oct2009

139

STATEMENT 3

USD USD Eur Eur

Balance as at 1 January 2009 45,770 33,641

Interest received 0 0Expenditure

Consultancy 0 0Duty travel 0 0Expendable Procurement 0 0Support Costs 0 0Total expenditure 0 0

Balance as at 30 September 2009 45,770 33,641

Balance restated at UN Exchange rate of 30 September 2009 31,810

STATEMENT 4

USD USD Eur Eur

Balance as at 1 January 2009 895,449 658,155

Interest received 0 0Contribution received 0 0

0 0Expenditure

Salaries Professional 95 70

Consultancy 69,974 51,431

Contracts 157,542 115,793

Duty Travel 192,107 141,199

Training 9,582 7,043

General Operating Expenses 111,546 81,986

Expendable Equipment 558,134 410,228

Non-Expendable Equipment 7,184 5,280

General Overhead Expenses 183 135

Support Costs 6% (on all items except expendable equipment) 36,204 26,610

Less: Total Expenditure 1,142,068 839,420

Balance as at 30 September 2009 (246,619) (181,265)

Balance restated at UN Exchange rate of 30 September 2009 (171,400)

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE

Financial Report as at 30 September 2009

The Financial Statements of the Commission are maintained in US Dollars in accordance with the accounting policies and administrative systems of FAO. The amounts stated in Euros, including the opening balance, have been converted from US Dollars at the average monthly UN Operational Exchange Rates for 2009. The closing balance is restated at the UN Operational Exchange Rate on the date of the report. The average monthly UN Operational Exchange Rate applicable for the period to 30 September 2009 is USD 1: EUR 0.735. The UN Operational Exchange rate at 30 September 2009 is USD 1: EUR .0.695

MTF/INT/004/MUL - TF number 909700

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE - EMERGENCY AID PROGRAMME

Financial Report as at 30 September 2009

MTF/INT/003/EEC - TF number 911100