REPASO Preterite Tense of Regular Verbs - Fayetteville, GA · ¡Avancemos! 3 Unidad 1, Lección 2 19 REPASO Preterite vs. Imperfect TRANSPARENCY 19 Gramática, Unidad 1, Lección

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Unidad 1, Lección 1 16¡Avancemos! 3

Preterite Tense of Regular Verbs

TRANSPARENCY 16Gramática, Unidad 1, Lección 1

Use the preterite to talk about actions that you or others completed in the past.

Here’s how:

Escalé una montaña hoy. Salimos de la casa a las cinco de la mañana.I climbed a mountain today. We left the house at five o’clock in the morning.

Verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar have a spelling change in the yo form to preserve pronunciation. All other forms are regular.

¿Quién organizó la excursión? Yo organicé la excursión. Who organized the trip? I organized the trip.

escalar correr saliryo escalé corrí salítú escalaste corriste saliste

usted, él, ella escaló corrió saliónosotros(as) escalamos corrimos salimosvosotros(as) escalasteis corristeis salisteis

ustedes, ellos(as) escalaron corrieron salieron

Preterite of Regular Verbs

Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterite yo Form

(c Æ qu) (g Æ gu) (z Æ c)

practicar navegar organizar

yo practiqué navegué organicé

tú praticaste navegaste organizaste

REPASO

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Irregular Preterites


The following verbs have irregular stems and irregular endings in the preterite.

Here’s how:

*The stem of hacer is hiz- for the usted/él/ella form only. (Ella hizo la tarea.)

-e -imos-iste -isteis-o -ieron

i-Stem Verbs u-Stem Verbs uv-Stem Verbs Preterite Endings

hacer hic-/hiz-* haber hub- andar anduv-querer quis- poder pud- estar estuv-venir vin- poner pus- tener tuv- saber sup-

ser and ir dar ver

fui di vifuiste diste vistefue dio viofuimos dimos vimosfuisteis disteis visteisfueron dieron vieron

Other Irregular Verbs in the Preterite

j-Stem Verbs Preterite Endings

decir dij- traer traj-conducir conduj-

-e -imos-iste -isteis-o -eron

The verbs dar and ver have regular

-er/-ir preterite endings but with

no written accent marks.

REPASO


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Imperfect TenseREPASO


In Spanish, use the imperfect tense for actions that were ongoing, recurring, or incomplete in the past. How do you conjugate verbs in the imperfect?

Here’s how:

Siempre manteníamos el carro limpio. We always kept the car clean.

Eran las ocho y veíamos la puesta del sol.

It was eight o’clock and we were watching the sunset.

ir ser ver

iba era veíaibas eras veíasiba era veíaíbamos éramos veíamosibais erais veíaisiban eran veían

Irregular Verbs in the Imperfect

Regular Verbs in the Imperfect

parar mantener reunir

yo paraba mantenía reuníatú parabas mantenías reunías

usted, él, ella paraba mantenía reuníanosotros(as) parábamos manteníamos reuníamosvosotros(as) parabais manteníais reuníais

ustedes, ellos(as) paraban mantenían reunían


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Preterite vs. ImperfectREPASO


You already know two tenses that refer to the past, the preterite and the imperfect. How is each tense used?

Here’s how:

• Use the preterite tense to describe an action or series of actions completed in the past.

Aquel día, Pedro fue a la playa y jugó al voleibol playero.

• Use the imperfect tense for ongoing actions or states of being in the past without focusing on their beginning or end. Always use the imperfect to say what time it was or what the weather was like in the past.

Elena siempre iba a la playa cuando hacía buen tiempo.

• Sometimes you need the imperfect and the preterite in the same sentence.

Use the imperfect to tell what was going on in the background. Use the preterite for the interrupting action or main event.

Yo nadaba cuando Pedro llegó a la playa.

That day, Pedro went to the beach and played beach volleyball.

Elena always used to go to the beach when the weather was nice.

I was swimming when Pedro arrived at the beach.


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To tell someone to do or not to do something, use command forms.

How do you form the affirmative tú command?

Here’s how: Regular affirmative tú commands are the same as the usted/él/ella form in the present tense.

Present Tense: Juan recoge y recicla las latas. Juan collects and recycles the cans.

Affirmative tú Command: Juan, ¡recoge y recicla las latas, por favor!

Juan, collect and recycle the cans, please!

The following verbs are irregular in the affirmative tú command form.

¡Ve a la tienda! Go to the store! ¡Di la verdad! Tell the truth!

You form negative tú commands by changing the yo form of the present tense.

-ar verbs -o -es

-er, -ir verbs -o -as

Yo gasto mucho dinero. ¡No gastes demasiado dinero!

The following verbs are irregular.

No estés triste. Don’t be sad.

Tú CommandsREPASO

decir hacer ir poner salir ser tener venir

di haz ve pon sal sé ten ven

dar estar ir ser

no des no estés no vayas no seas

changes to

changes to



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To use affirmative and negative commands for usted, ustedes, and nosotros, start with the yo form of the present tense.

Here’s how: For regular verbs, drop the -o, and add the command ending.

Profesora, ¡elija a un representante! ¡No tiremos basura en el parque!Professor, choose a representative! Let’s not litter in the park!

• To say let’s go, use vamos.

• To say let’s not go, use no vayamos.

Verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar require a spelling change (cÆqu, gÆgu, zÆc) in usted, ustedes, and nosotros command forms.

organizar Representantes, ¡organicen sus papeles antes de salir! Representatives, organize your papers before leaving!

Command Forms

¡(No) tire! ¡(No) tiren! ¡(No) tiremos!

¡(No) haga! ¡(No) hagan! ¡(No) hagamos!

¡(No) elija! ¡(No) elijan! ¡(No) elijamos!

Usted Ustedes Nosotros

tirar yo tiro

hacer yo hago

elegir yo elijo

Infinitive Present Indicative

Other Command FormsREPASO



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Pronouns with CommandsREPASO

In Spanish, the placement of object pronouns depends on whether a command is affirmative or negative.

Here’s how: In affirmative commands you attach object pronouns to the end of the verb. In negative commands, they go before the verb and after no.

affirmative: Julia, describe tu comunidad. Descríbela.

negative: No me digas la respuesta. No me la digas.

Remember: If both object pronouns begin with the letter L, change the indirect object pronoun to se.

Enrique, explícale tu punto de vista a Raquel. Explícaselo.

When using the command form of a reflexive verb with an object pronoun, the reflexive pronoun comes before the object pronoun.

¡Ponte las botas! ¡Póntelas!

¡No te pongas las botas! ¡No te las pongas!

With the nosotros command, drop the -s of the ending before adding the reflexive pronoun nos.

¡Organicemos una reunión! ¡Organicémonos!Let’s organize a meeting! Let’s get organized!

before

before

before

attachesdrop



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Impersonal Expressions + InfinitiveREPASO

To state an opinion, or to suggest that something should be done without indicating who should do it, use an impersonal expression plus an infinitive.

Here’s how: Impersonal expressions combine the usted/él/ella form of the verb ser and an adjective. The verb ser can be in any tense.

Add the infinitive to state your opinion.

Es malo presentar información falsa. It’s bad to present false information.

Fue bueno entrevistar al director. It was good to interview the director.

Era interesante escuchar las entrevistas. It was interesting to listen to the interviews.

Va a ser difícil cancelar la teletón. It’s going to be difficult to cancel the telethon.

+

Form of ser Adjective

bueno difícil fácilEs importanteFue imposibleEra interesanteVa a ser malo mejor necesario posible



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Future Tense


You have already learned how to refer to future events by using ir + a + infinitive. Spanish verbs can also be conjugated in the future tense.

Here’s how: You add endings directly to the infinitive to form the future tense of regular verbs.

Él traducirá el informe para mañana. Protegeremos a nuestros niños.He will translate the report for tomorrow. We will protect our children.

Some verbs are irregular in the future tense. You change their stems before adding the regular future tense endings.

You can also use the future tense to wonder or make a guess about something.

¿Qué hará Carlos hoy? Jugará al tenis con Emiliano.I wonder what Carlos is doing today. He’s probably playing tennis

with Emiliano.

All verbs have the same endings in the future tense.

Infinitive Future Endings

jugar

proteger +

traducir

-é-ás-á

-emos-éis-án

Infinitive Stem Infinitive Stem Infinitive Stem

haber habr- poner pondr- decir dir- poder podr- salir saldr- hacer har- querer querr- tener tendr- saber sabr- venir vendr-

Irregular Future Stems

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Por and Para


The prepositions por and para have distinct uses in Spanish. How do you know which one to use?

Here’s how:Use por to indicate. . .

• the idea of passing through El tren pasa por Panamá.

• general rather than ¿Hay un basurero por aquí? specific location

• how long something lasts Vivimos en San Salvador por muchos años.

• the cause of something No tenemos el agua por la sequía.

• an exchange Cada día pagamos más por el petróleo.

• doing something in place of Estoy muy enfermo hoy. ¿Puedes or instead of someone else trabajar por mí?

• a means of completing Hablamos por teléfono. an action

Use para to indicate. . .

• for whom something is done Damos una fiesta para mamá.

• destination María se va para Panamá con su familia.

• the recipient of an item Este regalo es para la abuelita.

• the purpose of an action Leemos el periódico para informarnos.

• an opinion Para mí, la innovación es importante.

• a comparison or contrast Miguel es alto para tener dos años.

• a deadline Hay que terminar la tarea para mañana.


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Present Subjunctive of Regular Verbs

hablar tener escribir

yo hable tenga escriba

tú hables tengas escribas

usted, él, ella hable tenga escriba

nosotros(as) hablemos tengamos escribamos

vosotros(as) habléis tengáis escribáis

ustedes, ellos(as) hablen tengan escriban

These forms are the same.


The present subjunctive is formed in the same way as most command forms.

Here’s how: Start with the present tense yo form. Drop the -o and add -e to -ar verbs and -a to -er/-ir verbs.

Es imprescindible que hables claramente. It is imperative that you speak clearly.

You have to change the spelling of some verbs to maintain proper pronunciation.

Es raro que un músico critique su música.

It’s strange that a musician criticizes his own music.

Es necesario que él proteja a los ciudadanos.

It’s necessary that he protect the citizens.

criticar critiqueinvestigar investiguepenalizar penaliceproteger protejaextinguir extinga

becomes


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More Subjunctive Verb Forms


Some verbs are irregular in the subjunctive. How are they conjugated?

Here’s how:

Verbs ending in -ar and -er have the same stem changes as in the present indicative.

cerrar (e Æ ie) volver (o Æ ue) Es importante que cierres la puerta. Es bueno que yo vuelva pronto. It’s important that you close the door. It’s good that I am returning soon.

The stem changes for -ir verbs follow the same pattern as in the present indicative for all forms except nosotros and vosotros, where they change e Æ i or o Æ u.

divertirse (e Æ ie, i) dormir (o Æ ue, u) Es imprescindible que se diviertan. Es necesario que todos durmamos aquí. It’s important that they have fun. It’s necessary that we all sleep here.

Verbs that change e Æ i in the present indicative have the same stem change in all forms of the present subjunctive.

pedir (e Æ i)Es mejor que tú pidas primero y que nosotros pidamos después de ti. It is best that you order first and that we order after you.

dar estar ir saber ser

dé esté vaya sepa sea des estés vayas sepas seas dé esté vaya sepa sea demos estemos vayamos sepamos seamos deis estéis vayáis sepáis seáis den estén vayan sepan sean

The subjuntive of haber is haya.


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Subjunctive with Ojalá and Verbs of Hope


You have already learned how to form the subjunctive. After verbs of hope, use the subjunctive if there is a change of subject.

Here’s how: Use the indicative for the verb expressing a hope or wish and the subjunctive for the verb with a new subject.

Ella quiere que su hijo se comporte bien. She wants her son to behave well.

Use the infinitive and omit que if there is no change of subject.

El niño quiere comportarse bien. The boy wants to behave well.

Ojalá also expresses hope. It has only one form and cannot be conjugated. Ojalá can be used with or without que. Either way, it is used with the subjunctive.

Ojalá no llueva mañana. Ojalá que tengamos tiempo. I hope it doesn’t rain tomorrow. I hope we’ll have time.

Verbs of Hope

desearesperarquerer + que + different subject + subjunctive

indicative subjunctive


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Subjunctive with Verbs of Influence

Verbs of Influence

aconsejar insistir (en) prohibir dejar mandar recomendarexigir pedir sugerir

verb of influence + que + different subject + subjunctive

subjunctiveindicative


You already know how to use the subjunctive after verbs that express hope. You also use the subjunctive after verbs used to influence the actions of others by, for example, suggesting or prohibiting an action.

Here’s how: Use the indicative for the verb of influence and the subjunctive for the second verb.

Sugiero que llegues temprano. I suggest that you arrive early.

The indicative is used for the first verb because it states a fact. The subjunctive is used for the second verb because it expresses a possibility rather than a fact, and because there is a change of subject.


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Subjunctive with Doubt


You need to use the subjunctive after expressions of doubt because they suggest that the second verb may be untrue.

Here’s how:

Marta no está segura de que tengamos tiempo para ver la película.Marta is not sure that we have time to see the movie.

Note that the word no can change the meaning of an expression and affect whether you need to use the subjunctive or indicative form of the second verb.

Dudamos que Jorge conozca al músico. No dudamos que él tiene talento.We doubt that Jorge knows the musician. We do not doubt that he has talent.

Expressions of Doubt

dudar es imposible no es cierto no estar de acuerdo con

es dudoso es improbable no es verdad no estar seguro(a) de

expression of doubt + que + different subject + subjunctive

subjunctive indicativeexpresses certaintyexpresses doubt


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Subjunctive with Emotion


After expressions of emotion in Spanish, you must use the subjunctive regardless of whether or not the information is true.

Here’s how: Use the indicative for the verb that expresses emotion and the subjunctive for the verb that follows.

Nos alegramos de que tú actúes con honor. Me gusta que podamos elegir. We’re happy that you act honorably. I like that we can choose.

No me sorprendo de que sea difícil. Temo que no me entiendas.I’m not surprised that it’s difficult. I’m afraid you don’t understand me.

Expressions of Emotion

alegrarse (de) es sorprendente estar triste temer

encantar es triste gustar tener celos de

enojarse estar contento(a) sorprenderse (de) tener miedo de

es una lástima estar emocionado(a) sentir es una pena

expression of emotion + que + different subject + subjunctive


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Subjunctive with Conjunctions

Conjunctions Used with Subjunctive

a fin de que antes (de) que en caso (de) que sin que

a menos que con tal (de) que para que


Some conjunctions must be followed by a subjunctive verb form. How do you know which ones?

Here’s how: Always use the subjunctive after the following conjunctions because they express doubt or uncertainty about whether or notthe events in the second part of the sentence will happen.

No gastes tus ahorros a menos que sea necesario.Don’t spend your savings unless it’s necessary.

Voy a imprimir las fotos para que todos las miren.I’m going to print the photos so that everyone can look at them.

When the conjunctions above are used without que, the verb that follows must be in the infinitive form.

Tendrás que comer antes de que salgas. You’ll have to eat before you leave.

Tendrás que comer antes de salir.You’ll have to eat before leaving.


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Subjunctive with the Unknown


Verbs like buscar, querer, or necesitar plus que are used with the subjunctive when they introduce something that is not known for certain.

Here’s how: Use the indicative for the first verb and the subjunctive for the second verb.

Quiero una computadora portátil que no cueste mucho.I want a laptop computer that does not cost much.

You also need to use the subjunctive with expressions that ask about something that may not exist.

¿Hay... que... ? ¿Conoces... que... ? ¿Tienes... que... ?

¿Tienes un teléfono que toque música? Do you have a phone that plays music?

The subjunctive is used in a similar way when these expressions are used with no to say that something may not exist or definitely does not exist.

No hay... que... No conozco... que... No tengo... que...

No conozco a nadie que publique poesía.I don’t know anyone who publishes poetry.

To talk about things that definitely do exist, use the indicative.

Hay un sitio web que tiene la información. There is a Web site that has the information.


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Conditional Tense


To say what someone would or wouldn’t do, use the conditional tense.

Here’s how: All verbs, whether they end in -ar, -er, or -ir, have the same endings in the conditional. Add the endings directly to the infinitive of regular verbs.

Angélica discutiría la situación y resolvería el problema con nuestra ayuda.Angélica would discuss the situation and she would resolve the problem with our help.

Verbs that are irregular in the future tense have the same irregular stem in the conditional. You still use the regular conditional endings.

Yo pondría el escáner aquí. Así lo tendríamos al lado de la computadora.I would put the scanner here. That way we would have it next to the computer.

Infinitive conditional endings

llevar

resolver +

discutir

-ía -íamos-ías -íais-ía -ían

Infinitive Stem Infinitive Stem Infinitive Stem

haber habr- poner pondr- decir dir-

poder podr- salir saldr- hacer har-

querer querr- tener tendr-

saber sabr- venir vendr-


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Reported Speech


Use reported speech to relay information about what someone said, without using a direct quote.

Here’s how:

The second verb in a sentence with reported speech can use the preterite, the imperfect, or the conditional.

To report what people said they did, use the preterite.

Nico dijo, «Fui al teatro». Nico dijo que fue al teatro. Nico said, “I went to the theater.” Nico said that he went to the theater.

To report what people said they were planning to do, use the imperfect.

Nico dijo, «Voy al teatro». Nico dijo que iba al teatro.Nico said, “I’m going to the theater.” Nico said that he was going to the

theater.

To report what people said they would do in the future, use the conditional.

Nico dijo, «Iré al teatro». Nico dijo que iría al teatro.Nico said, “I will go to the theater.” Nico said that he would go to the

theater.

Remember that if you use decir to express what someone told another person to do, you use the subjunctive for the second verb.

Nico dice que vayas al teatro.Nico says that you should go to the theater.


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Past Participles as Adjectives


Past participles are frequently used with the verb estar to describe the result of an action.

Here’s how: To form the past participle, drop the infinitive ending and add -ado to -ar verbs or -ido to -er and -ir verbs.

arreglar arreglado esconder escondido pedir pedido

When the past participle is used as an adjective, be sure the ending agrees in number and gender with the noun it describes.

El horno está arreglado. Las tapas están pedidas.The oven is fixed. The appetizers are ordered.

Irregular Past Participles

La ducha no funciona. Está rota. Todas las mesas están puestas.The shower is not working. It’s broken. All the tables are set.

Infinitive Past Participle Infinitive Past Participle

abrir abierto ir idodecir dicho morir muerto descubrir descubierto poner puestoescribir escrito resolver resueltofreír frito romper rotohacer hecho ver vistoimprimir impreso volver vuelto

arar er

er irir

agreesagrees


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Present Perfect Tense


To talk about events that have already happened (or not happened), use the present perfect tense.

Here’s how: Conjugate the verb haber in the present tense and add the past participle of the main verb. In the present perfect, the past participle always ends in -o.

Ella ya ha ido de tapas. Rosa nunca ha robado nada.She has already gone out to eat. Rosa has never stolen anything.

When you use object or reflexive pronouns with the present perfect, you put them before the conjugated form of haber.

¿Alberto te ha comprado el billete? Sí, me lo ha comprado.Has Alberto bought you the ticket? Yes, he has bought it for me.

There is a written accent over the i in the past participle of -er and -ir verbs with a stem that ends in a, e, or o.

traer traído oír oído leer leído

No he leído la nueva novela de Pérez Reverte. I have not read the new novel by Pérez Reverte.

haber

he hemos

has habéis

ha han+ past participle


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Past Perfect Tense


Use the past perfect tense to show that an event had already occurred (or not occurred) at a specific moment in the past.

Here’s how: Conjugate the verb haber in the imperfect tense and add the past participle of the main verb. The past participle always ends in -o.

Yo había visitado Toledo antes. I had visited Toledo before.

When used with another verb, the action expressed with the past perfect occurred before the other past action.

Cuando Felipe volvió, sus tíos ya se habían ido. When Felipe returned, his aunt and uncle had already gone.

The words ya and todavía are often used with the past perfect tense. Ya is used in affirmative statements and means already.

Irma ya había salido cuando Alberto llegó. Irma had already left when Alberto arrived.

Todavía is used in negative statements and means not . . . yet or still . . . not.

Maite todavía no había comprado el pan cuando la panadería cerró.

Maite still hadn’t bought the bread / hadn’t bought the bread yet when the bakery closed.

haber

había habíamos

habías habíais

había habían + past participle


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Future Perfect Tense


Use the future perfect tense to express what will have happened by a certain time in the future.

Here’s how: Conjugate the verb haber in the future tense and add the past participle of the main verb. In the future perfect, the past participle always ends in -o.

El lunes, habremos visto el famoso cuadro de El Greco. On Monday, we will have seen El Greco’s famous painting.The future perfect is often used with para or dentro de + a time reference.

Para entonces Elena habrá explorado la ciudad. By then Elena will have explored the city.

Dentro de tres meses habré aprendido mucho. Within three months I will have learned a lot.

You also use the future perfect tense to speculate about something that may have happened in the past.

¿Cómo se habrá roto el brazo Miguel? No sé. Se habrá caído. How could Miguel have broken his arm? I don’t know. He must have

fallen.

haber

habré habremos

habrás habréis

habrá habrán+ past participle


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Imperfect Subjunctive


You already know when to use the present subjunctive. To express the same ideas in the past, use the imperfect subjunctive. How do you use it?

Here’s how: Expressions of hope, doubt, emotion, or opinion in the past are followed by verbs in the imperfect subjunctive.

To form the imperfect subjunctive, remove the -ron ending of the ustedes/ellos(as) preterite form and add the imperfect subjunctive endings.

The endings are the same for all -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. Note the accent mark in the nosotros(as) form, placed on the vowel immediately before the ending.

El profesor de música quería que nosotros tomáramos parte en el coro.The music teacher wanted us to take part in the choir.

Yo dudaba que alguien supiera la respuesta correcta.I doubted that anyone would know the correct answer.

Infinitive Preterite

tomar tomaron saber supieronpedir pidieron

Endings

-ra -´ramos -ras -rais -ra -ran -ron

-rondrop -ron +


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Subjunctive of Perfect Tenses


In Spanish, the perfect tenses always use a form of the verb haber with the past participle of the main verb. When the subjunctive is required, you must use the subjunctive form of haber.

Here’s how: Use the present perfect subjunctive after averb in the present tense. You form it with the present subjunctive of haber plus the past participle of the main verb.

Espero que tú hayas decidido redactar el anuario este año. I hope that you have decided to edit the yearbook this year.

Use the past perfect subjunctive after a verb in the past tense. You form it with the imperfect subjunctive of haber plus the past participle of the main verb.

Paco dudaba que hubiéramos trabajado de salvavidas el verano pasado.Paco doubted that we had worked as lifeguards last summer.

haya hayamos hayas hayáis + past participle haya hayan

hubiera hubiéramos hubieras hubierais + past participle hubiera hubieran


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Si Clauses


A si clause is a hypothesis about what will happen or what would happen in particular circumstances. The verb in the si clause can be in the simple present or the imperfect subjunctive form.

Here’s how:

To predict the result of a likely event, use the simple present in the si clause and the future tense in the main clause to express the outcome.

Si dejamos de comer comida chatarra, perderemos peso.If we stop eating junk food, we will lose weight.

To express how things would be if circumstances were different, use the imperfect subjunctive in the si clause and the conditional in the main clause.

Si Ana cantara en el coro, no tendría tiempo para redactar el anuario.If Ana were to sing in the chorus, she would not have time to edit the yearbook.

In both cases above, the order of clauses can be reversed.

Perderemos peso si dejamos de comer comida chatarra.

Ana no tendría tiempo para redactar el anuario si cantara en el coro.


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Sequence of Tenses


The subjunctive form used depends on the indicative tense used in the main clause. How do you know what form of the subjunctive to use?

Here’s how: You use the present subjunctive or present perfect subjunctive after the following indicative tenses.

You use the imperfect subjunctive or the past perfect subjunctive after the following indicative tenses.

Depending on what you want to express, ojalá can be used with any subjunctive form.

Ojalá (que) sigas la carrera de derecho. I hope you pursue a career in law.

Ojalá (que) hubieras estudiado ingeniería.I wish you had studied engineering.

simple present Es bueno que hayas decidido. present progressive Está prohibiendo que salgas. future Será mejor que me llames. present perfect He sugerido que trabajes más.

preterite Prohibió que saliera. imperfect Era bueno que hubiera decidido. *past progressive Estaba prohibiendo que salieras. conditional Preferiría que escribieras más. past perfect Había sugerido que salieras.

*grammar point of the next lesson.


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Past Progressive


You already know how to form the present progressive to emphasize that a present action is in progress.To say that an action was in progress, use the past progressive.

Here’s how:

The most common form of the past progressive is the imperfect of estar plus the present participle of the main verb. In this form, it often expresses an action that was interrupted.

¿Qué estabas haciendo cuando te llamé ayer?What were you doing when I called yesterday?

Estaba escribiendo un cuento y escuchando música.I was writing a short story and listening to music.

To emphasize that an action continued for a period of time and then came to an end, use the preterite of estar plus the present participle of the main verb.

Estuvimos hablando toda la tarde. We were talking all afternoon.

Use a preterite form of the verbs continuar, seguir, or quedarse with the present participle to emphasize the continuation or start of an ongoing action.

Cuando mi hermana se acostó, me quedé escribiendo mi autobiografía.When my sister went to bed, I kept on (went back to) writing my autobiography.


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Conjunctions


After some conjunctions the subjunctive is always required; after others, the indicative may be used. How do you know what verb form to use?

Here’s how: The subjunctive is always used after the following conjunctions.

Vamos a reunirnos en caso de que alguien tenga preguntas.We are going to meet in case anyone has questions.

The following conjunctions can be used with the indicative or the subjunctive.

You use the indicative to say that the outcome definitely occurred in the past. You use the subjunctive to say that the outcome may occur in the future.

Leí hasta que terminé el cuento. Trabajaré hasta que termine el poema. I read until I finished the story. I will work until I complete the poem.

The conjunction aunque is used with the indicative when followed by a known fact, but with the subjunctive when it is not known if the information presented is true.

Fact: Aunque es tarde, salimos ahora. Even though it is late, we are leaving now.

Uncertain: Aunque esté lejos, vamos a pie. Even if it may be far, we are going on foot.

a fin de que antes de que en caso de que sin que

a menos que con tal (de) que para que

cuando en cuanto tan pronto como

después de que hasta que


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Se for Unintentional Occurrences


Unintentional occurrences are expressed in a way that is impersonal, suggesting that no one is responsible for the outcome.

Here’s how: The verb is expressed with the impersonal pronoun se and agrees with the subject. An indirect object pronoun indicates the person to whom the action occurred.

Se me olvidaron las entradas al teatro.I forgot the theater tickets.

El tiempo se te acaba.Your time is running out.

To clarify or emphasize the indirect object pronoun reference, use a + the person (noun or pronoun).

A Colón se le ocurrió buscar una nueva ruta al Oriente.It occurred to Columbus to look for a new route to the East.

A mí se me cayó el vaso, pero a José se le cayeron los platos.I dropped the glass, but José dropped the plates.

Verbs Used to Express Unintentional Occurrences

acabársele (a uno) perdérsele (a uno)

caérsele (a uno) quedársele (a uno)

ocurrírsele (a uno) rompérsele (a uno)

olvidársele (a uno)


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Uses of the Subjunctive


The subjunctive expresses ideas whose certainty may not be known.

Here’s how: Use the subjunctive when there is a change of subject after verbs that express hope, doubt, influence, or emotion.

Espero que él se dé cuenta del error. Es dudoso que nosotras podamos venir. Recomendó que Ana escribiera dramas. Me alegro de que los actores sean tan buenos.

Also use the subjunctive to talk about what is unknown or indefinite.

Buscamos actores que conozcan el drama.

Some conjunctions are always followed by the subjunctive.

Lee el libro antes de que veas la película. Les enseño para que sepan todo.

With conjunctions of time, use the subjunctive if the action may occur in the future. Me quedaré hasta que termine la función. Vete tan pronto como Cristina llegue.

Remember that aunque is followed by the subjunctive when it refers to something whose outcome is not known.

Aunque llueva, jugaremos el partido.


Documents

REPASO Preterite Tense of Regular Verbs - Fayetteville, GA · ¡Avancemos! 3 Unidad 1, Lección 2 19 REPASO Preterite vs. Imperfect TRANSPARENCY 19 Gramática, Unidad 1, Lección