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Remote Sensing of Urban Landscapes Remote Sensing of Urban Landscapes Remote Sensing of Urban Landscapes Remote Sensing of Urban Landscapes
Urban Remote Sensing UsersUrban Remote Sensing Users
• Zoning regulation• Commerce and economic development• Tax assessor• Transportation and utilities• Parks, recreation, and tourism• Emergency management• Real Estate
• Zoning regulation• Commerce and economic development• Tax assessor• Transportation and utilities• Parks, recreation, and tourism• Emergency management• Real Estate
Stages of Development
Stages of Development
19941994
19961996
Sun City – Hilton Head
Sun City – Hilton Head
1995199519751975
19741974
1,040 urban1,040 urbanhectareshectares
19941994
3,263 urbanhectares
315% increase
19741974
1,040 urban1,040 urbanhectareshectares
19941994
3,263 urbanhectares
315% increase
Urban Remote SensingUrban Remote Sensing
• Minimum spatial resolution of 0.25 – 5 m
• Minimum of four pixels within an object to identify (one-half the width of the smallest dimension - i.e. 5 m mobile homes requires at least 2.5 m data)
• Role of shape, size, texture, orientation, pattern, shadow
• Land use vs. land cover?
• Minimum spatial resolution of 0.25 – 5 m
• Minimum of four pixels within an object to identify (one-half the width of the smallest dimension - i.e. 5 m mobile homes requires at least 2.5 m data)
• Role of shape, size, texture, orientation, pattern, shadow
• Land use vs. land cover?
•• TemporalTemporal and and spatialspatial resolutionresolution requirements necessary to requirements necessary to extract socio-economic and some biophysical information extract socio-economic and some biophysical information for selected for selected urban/suburban attributes urban/suburban attributes are presented.are presented.
•• The goal is to relate the information requirements with the The goal is to relate the information requirements with the current and proposed remote sensing systems to determine current and proposed remote sensing systems to determine if there are substantive gaps in capability.if there are substantive gaps in capability.
• We need improved algorithms and methods for extracting We need improved algorithms and methods for extracting urban/suburban information from remote sensor data.urban/suburban information from remote sensor data.
•• TemporalTemporal and and spatialspatial resolutionresolution requirements necessary to requirements necessary to extract socio-economic and some biophysical information extract socio-economic and some biophysical information for selected for selected urban/suburban attributes urban/suburban attributes are presented.are presented.
•• The goal is to relate the information requirements with the The goal is to relate the information requirements with the current and proposed remote sensing systems to determine current and proposed remote sensing systems to determine if there are substantive gaps in capability.if there are substantive gaps in capability.
• We need improved algorithms and methods for extracting We need improved algorithms and methods for extracting urban/suburban information from remote sensor data.urban/suburban information from remote sensor data.
Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Attributes and Remote Sensing SystemsAttributes and Remote Sensing Systems
Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Attributes and Remote Sensing SystemsAttributes and Remote Sensing Systems
Observations:Observations:
•• There are a number of remote sensing systems that currently provide There are a number of remote sensing systems that currently provide somesome of the desired urban/socio-economic information when the spatial of the desired urban/socio-economic information when the spatial resolution required is resolution required is >> 5 x 5 m 5 x 5 m and the temporal resolution is between and the temporal resolution is between 1 1 and 55 daysand 55 days..
•• As demonstrated, very high spatial resolution data As demonstrated, very high spatial resolution data (<1 x 1 m(<1 x 1 m) is ) is required to satisfy many of the socio-economic data requirements. This is required to satisfy many of the socio-economic data requirements. This is especially true for urban areas in developing countries.especially true for urban areas in developing countries.
Observations:Observations:
•• There are a number of remote sensing systems that currently provide There are a number of remote sensing systems that currently provide somesome of the desired urban/socio-economic information when the spatial of the desired urban/socio-economic information when the spatial resolution required is resolution required is >> 5 x 5 m 5 x 5 m and the temporal resolution is between and the temporal resolution is between 1 1 and 55 daysand 55 days..
•• As demonstrated, very high spatial resolution data As demonstrated, very high spatial resolution data (<1 x 1 m(<1 x 1 m) is ) is required to satisfy many of the socio-economic data requirements. This is required to satisfy many of the socio-economic data requirements. This is especially true for urban areas in developing countries.especially true for urban areas in developing countries.
Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Attributes and Remote Sensing SystemsAttributes and Remote Sensing Systems
Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Attributes and Remote Sensing SystemsAttributes and Remote Sensing Systems
Digital Frame Camera Imagery of Harbor Town, Hilton Head, SCDigital Frame Camera Imagery of Harbor Town, Hilton Head, SCDigital Frame Camera Imagery of Harbor Town, Hilton Head, SCDigital Frame Camera Imagery of Harbor Town, Hilton Head, SC
1 x 1 ft 1 x 1 ft spatial spatial
resolutionresolution
1 x 1 ft 1 x 1 ft spatial spatial
resolutionresolution
Panchromatic 3 x 3-in Image of Popular Bluff, MO Obtained Panchromatic 3 x 3-in Image of Popular Bluff, MO Obtained on February 15, 2000 at 5,000 ft AGL Using A Digital on February 15, 2000 at 5,000 ft AGL Using A Digital Array Panoramic Camera with 32,000 x 8,000 DetectorsArray Panoramic Camera with 32,000 x 8,000 Detectors
Panchromatic 3 x 3-in Image of Popular Bluff, MO Obtained Panchromatic 3 x 3-in Image of Popular Bluff, MO Obtained on February 15, 2000 at 5,000 ft AGL Using A Digital on February 15, 2000 at 5,000 ft AGL Using A Digital Array Panoramic Camera with 32,000 x 8,000 DetectorsArray Panoramic Camera with 32,000 x 8,000 Detectors
Courtesy of Image America, Inc.Courtesy of Image America, Inc.Courtesy of Image America, Inc.Courtesy of Image America, Inc.
Swath widthSwath width1.5 mi1.5 mi
Swath widthSwath width1.5 mi1.5 mi
IKONOS Panchromatic Stereopair of Columbia, SC AirportIKONOS Panchromatic Stereopair of Columbia, SC AirportIKONOS Panchromatic Stereopair of Columbia, SC AirportIKONOS Panchromatic Stereopair of Columbia, SC Airport
November 15, 2000November 15, 2000November 15, 2000November 15, 2000
IKONOS PanchromaticIKONOS PanchromaticIKONOS PanchromaticIKONOS Panchromatic Panchromatic Sharpened Near-infraredPanchromatic Sharpened Near-infraredPanchromatic Sharpened Near-infraredPanchromatic Sharpened Near-infrared
Columbia, SC on October 15, 2000Columbia, SC on October 15, 2000Columbia, SC on October 15, 2000Columbia, SC on October 15, 2000
IKONOS Panchromatic Sharpened Near-infrared IKONOS Panchromatic Sharpened Near-infrared Image Overlayed on a USGS Digital Elevation ModelImage Overlayed on a USGS Digital Elevation Model
IKONOS Panchromatic Sharpened Near-infrared IKONOS Panchromatic Sharpened Near-infrared Image Overlayed on a USGS Digital Elevation ModelImage Overlayed on a USGS Digital Elevation Model
Columbia, SC Columbia, SC October 15, 2000October 15, 2000
Columbia, SC Columbia, SC October 15, 2000October 15, 2000
Minimum Resolution Requirements
Attributes Temporal Spatial Spectral
Land Use/Land Cover
L1 - USGS Level I
L2 - USGS Level II
L3 - USGS Level III
L4 - USGS Level IV
5 - 10 years
5 - 10 years
3 - 5 years
1 - 3 years
20 - 100 m
5 - 20 m
1 - 5 m
0.25 - 1 m
V-NIR-MIR-Radar
V-NIR-MIR-Radar
Pan-V-NIR-MIR
Panchromatic
Building and Property Infrastructure
B1 - building perimeter, area, height and cadastral
information (property lines)
1 - 5 years 0.25 - 0.5 m Pan-Visible
Transportation Infrastructure
T1 - general road centerline
T2 - precise road width
T3 - traffic count studies (cars, airplanes, etc.)
T4 - parking studies
1 - 5 years
1 - 2 years
5 - 10 min
10 - 60 min
1 - 30 m
0.25 - 0.5 m
0.25 - 0.5 m
0.25 - 0.5 m
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V
Pan-V
Pan-V
Utility Infrastructure
U1 - general utility line mapping and routing
U2 - precise utility line width, right-of-way
U3 - location of poles, manholes, substations
1 - 5 years
1 - 2 years
1 - 2 years
1 - 30 m
0.25 - 0.6 m
0.25 - 0.6 m
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-Visible
Panchromatic
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Creation
D1 - large scale DEM
D2 - large scale slope map
5 - 10 years
5 - 10 years
0.25 - 0.5 m
0.25 - 0.5 m
Pan-Visible
Pan-Visible
Socioeconomic Characteristics
S1 - local population estimation
S2 - regional/national population estimation
S3 - quality of life indicators
5 - 7 years
5 - 15 years
5 - 10 years
0.25 - 5 m
5 - 20 m
0.25 - 30 m
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V-NIR
Energy Demand and Conservation
E1 - energy demand and production potential
E2 - building insulation surveys
1 - 5 years
1 - 5 years
0.25 - 1 m
1 - 5 m
Pan-V-NIR
TIR
Meteorological Data
M1 - weather prediction
M2 - current temperature
M3 - clear air and precipitation mode
M4 - severe weather mode
M5 - monitoring urban heat island effect
3 - 25 min
3 - 25 min
6 - 10 min
5 min
12 - 24 hr
1 - 8 km
1 - 8 km
1 km
1 km
5 - 30 m
V-NIR-TIR
TIR
WSR-88D Radar
WSR-88D Radar
TIR
Critical Environmental Area Assessment
C1 - stable sensitive environments
C2 - dynamic sensitive environments
1 - 2 years
1 - 6 months
1 - 10 m
0.25 - 2 m
V-NIR-MIR
V-NIR-MIR-TIR
Disaster Emergency Response
DE1 - pre-emergency imagery
DE2 - post-emergency imagery
DE3 - damaged housing stock
DE4 - damaged transportation
DE5 - damaged utilities, services
1 - 5 years
12 hr - 2 days
1 - 2 days
1 - 2 days
1 - 2 days
1 - 5 m
0.25 - 2 m
0.25 - 1 m
0.25 - 1 m
0.25 - 1 m
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V-NIR-Radar
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V-NIR
Minimum Resolution Requirements
Attributes Temporal Spatial Spectral
Land Use/Land Cover
L1 - USGS Level I
L2 - USGS Level II
L3 - USGS Level III
L4 - USGS Level IV
5 - 10 years
5 - 10 years
3 - 5 years
1 - 3 years
20 - 100 m
5 - 20 m
1 - 5 m
0.25 - 1 m
V-NIR-MIR-Radar
V-NIR-MIR-Radar
Pan-V-NIR-MIR
Panchromatic
Building and Property Infrastructure
B1 - building perimeter, area, height and cadastral
information (property lines)
1 - 5 years 0.25 - 0.5 m Pan-Visible
Transportation Infrastructure
T1 - general road centerline
T2 - precise road width
T3 - traffic count studies (cars, airplanes, etc.)
T4 - parking studies
1 - 5 years
1 - 2 years
5 - 10 min
10 - 60 min
1 - 30 m
0.25 - 0.5 m
0.25 - 0.5 m
0.25 - 0.5 m
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V
Pan-V
Pan-V
Utility Infrastructure
U1 - general utility line mapping and routing
U2 - precise utility line width, right-of-way
U3 - location of poles, manholes, substations
1 - 5 years
1 - 2 years
1 - 2 years
1 - 30 m
0.25 - 0.6 m
0.25 - 0.6 m
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-Visible
Panchromatic
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Creation
D1 - large scale DEM
D2 - large scale slope map
5 - 10 years
5 - 10 years
0.25 - 0.5 m
0.25 - 0.5 m
Pan-Visible
Pan-Visible
Socioeconomic Characteristics
S1 - local population estimation
S2 - regional/national population estimation
S3 - quality of life indicators
5 - 7 years
5 - 15 years
5 - 10 years
0.25 - 5 m
5 - 20 m
0.25 - 30 m
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V-NIR
Energy Demand and Conservation
E1 - energy demand and production potential
E2 - building insulation surveys
1 - 5 years
1 - 5 years
0.25 - 1 m
1 - 5 m
Pan-V-NIR
TIR
Meteorological Data
M1 - weather prediction
M2 - current temperature
M3 - clear air and precipitation mode
M4 - severe weather mode
M5 - monitoring urban heat island effect
3 - 25 min
3 - 25 min
6 - 10 min
5 min
12 - 24 hr
1 - 8 km
1 - 8 km
1 km
1 km
5 - 30 m
V-NIR-TIR
TIR
WSR-88D Radar
WSR-88D Radar
TIR
Critical Environmental Area Assessment
C1 - stable sensitive environments
C2 - dynamic sensitive environments
1 - 2 years
1 - 6 months
1 - 10 m
0.25 - 2 m
V-NIR-MIR
V-NIR-MIR-TIR
Disaster Emergency Response
DE1 - pre-emergency imagery
DE2 - post-emergency imagery
DE3 - damaged housing stock
DE4 - damaged transportation
DE5 - damaged utilities, services
1 - 5 years
12 hr - 2 days
1 - 2 days
1 - 2 days
1 - 2 days
1 - 5 m
0.25 - 2 m
0.25 - 1 m
0.25 - 1 m
0.25 - 1 m
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V-NIR-Radar
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V-NIR
Pan-V-NIR
Urban/Suburban Attributes and Urban/Suburban Attributes and the Minimum Remote Sensing the Minimum Remote Sensing
Resolutions Required to Provide Resolutions Required to Provide Such InformationSuch Information
Urban/Suburban Attributes and Urban/Suburban Attributes and the Minimum Remote Sensing the Minimum Remote Sensing
Resolutions Required to Provide Resolutions Required to Provide Such InformationSuch Information
Classification LevelsClassification Levels
1 Urban or Built-up
11 Residential111 Single-Family Residential
1111 House, houseboat, hut, tent1112 Mobile home
112 Multiple-Family Residential1121 Duplex1122 Triplex1123 Apartment Complex or Condominium1124 Mobile home (trailer) park
1 Urban or Built-up
11 Residential111 Single-Family Residential
1111 House, houseboat, hut, tent1112 Mobile home
112 Multiple-Family Residential1121 Duplex1122 Triplex1123 Apartment Complex or Condominium1124 Mobile home (trailer) park
Urban Minimum Resolution RequirementsUrban Minimum Resolution Requirements
Land Use/Cover Temporal Spatial Spectral
USGS Level 1 5-10 yrs 20-100 m VIS-NIR
USGS Level 2 5-10 yrs 5-20 m VIS-NIR
USGS Level 3 3-5 yrs 1-5 m Pan-VIS-NIR
USGS Level 4 1-3 yrs 0.25-1 m Pan
Land Use/Cover Temporal Spatial Spectral
USGS Level 1 5-10 yrs 20-100 m VIS-NIR
USGS Level 2 5-10 yrs 5-20 m VIS-NIR
USGS Level 3 3-5 yrs 1-5 m Pan-VIS-NIR
USGS Level 4 1-3 yrs 0.25-1 m Pan
