2009 Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event Simulate …...2009 Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event 978-1-4244-3461-9/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE on proximity to existing urban areas or the transportation

2009 Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event

978-1-4244-3461-9/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE

Simulate urban growth based on RS, GIS, and SLEUTH model in Shenyang-Fushun metropolitan

area northeastern China

Fengming Xi

Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Shenyang, China

Graduate University of CAS Beijing, China

[email protected]

Hong S He

Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS

Shenyang, China

School of Natural Resources at the University of Missouri

Columbia MO USA

[email protected]

Yuanman Hu


Shenyang, China

[email protected]

Xiaoqing Wu

Institute of Coastal Zone Research for Sustainable

Development, CAS

Yantai, China

[email protected]

Rencang Bu, Yu Chang, Miao Liu


Shenyang, China

Jing Yu

Urban and Rural Planning Administration Center, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China

Beijing, China

Abstract—Shenyang and Fushun are two most nearest mega

cities in China. Integration of the two cities as one sub-

administrative economic region is a state and province policy to

promote economy development of Liaoning province. How the

urban patterns of the mega cities will grow is interested to city

planners, decision-makers, land managers, ecologists,

geographers, and resource managers because it’s special policy

and spatiotemporal dynamic complexity. This study explore the

combined application of remote sensing, geographical

information system and SLEUTH urban growth model to

analyze and model urban growth pattern in Shenyang-Fushun

metropolitan area northeastern China. The sequential RS images

can give quantitative descriptors of the geometry of urban form

to be computed and compared over time. The investigation is

based on a 16-year time series data set compiled from interpreted

historical TM satellite imagery. The SLEUTH model was

calibrated using the mutil-temporal data set for the 6391.12km2

area where has experienced rapid urbanization in recent years.

The model allowed a spatial forecast of urban growth, and future

growth was projected out to 2050 assuming four different policy

scenarios: (1) current trends (CT), (2) accelerated urban

development (AUD), (3) protected urban development (PUD),

and (4) limitative urban growth (LUD). The predicted urban

growth shows similar compact pattern under each scenario

except the current trends scenario that shows diffused urban

growth pattern and most diffused growth appears at south of

region. Edge growth and road gravity growth are the main

growth types in the future. The accelerated urban development

scenario shows the most urban growth area. The limitative urban

growth scenario shows the least urban growth area. The

protected urban development scenario shows moderate urban

growth area and good protection to other land resources. The

urban land of two mega cities will connect firstly to a whole on

the south bank of Hun River about in 2040 in the accelerated

urban development and the current trends scenarios, and will not

connect on the other two scenarios until 2050. The combined

method using remote sensing, geographical information system

and SLEUTH urban growth model is powerful for

representation, modeling and prediction of the spatiotemporal

urban growth, and useful for understanding the alternative

future planning scenarios, but location accuracy and scenarios

design must be further considered for local application.

1 INTRODUCTION

Urban growth has been a hot topic not only in the management of sustainable development but in the fields of remote sensing and geographic information science [1, 2, 3] The fastest urbanization appears in developing countries nowadays [4], especially China that has the most population in


978-1-4244-3461-9/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE

Figure 2. Study area within the Liaoning province northeastern China

the world. Chinese urban planners are facing a huge challenge to rapid physical and socio-economic restructuring of Chinese cities on the background of rapid urbanization and multi-scale administrative policies from different level of government, which also have been attracting more and more attentions of not only Chinese scholars but international urban researchers as well [5, 6, 7, 8, 9].

City has spatiotemporally dynamic complexity [10]. The spatial pattern of a city is a consequence of the interaction of various kinds of driving forces including natural and socioeconomic factors [11, 12]. Area, location, and orientation of urban growth pattern are very important to urban planners, conservationists, economists, ecologists, and land resource managers in China who accounting for the urban spatial planning, ecological protection, economic sustainable development, and land resources sustainable use. The multi-sources, multi-temporal, and multi-scale sequential RS images can give quantitative descriptors of the urban pattern to be computed and compared over time, which is useful to explore the law of urban growth [13, 14,15,16,17]. The dynamic spatial simulation models is a good way to understand the dynamics of complex urban system, evaluate the impact of urban growth on environment, and be a planning tool for planner and decision makers [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. The combined method using remote sensing, geographical information system and urban growth model is powerful for representation, modeling and prediction of the spatiotemporal urban growth pattern, and useful for understanding the alternative future planning scenarios [28, 29, 30].

Shenyang and Fushun are two most nearest mega cities in China. Integration of the two cities as one sub-administrative economic region is an important state and province policy to promote economy development of Liaoning province. There are mainly four different policy scenarios about integration of the two mega cities: (1) current trends scenario (CT), the two mega cities keep the current policies and urban growth trend as history; (2) accelerated urban development scenario (AUD), take urban development policies into account and give lower protective probability in all land types of urban planning area and urban development area, especially the connective zone of two cities, and give higher protective probability in other area; (3) protected urban development (PUD), give more protection to important land sources such as natural water, forest, and arable land, and the areas that are restrictive to urban growth; and (4) limitative urban growth (LUD), give more stringent protection to land sources than PUD scenario and limit the urban growth. Specifically, the objectives of this paper are to

explore the followings: What the future area, location, and orientation of urban growth pattern in Shenyang-Fushun metropolitan area under different planning scenarios? When will the two mega cities connect spatially as a whole? Location accuracy and scenarios design are discussed for local application.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Study area

Shenyang-Fushun metropolitan area is located on the transition zone from the branch-range of Changbai Mountain to

the flood plain of Liao River in northeast China (Fig 1), which one of fastest urbanizing, and the most typical old heavy-industry metropolitan areas in northeastern China. Fusun is located the upper reach of Hunhe River and Shenyang is located middle reach of Hunhe River. Most area of Shenyang is plain. Most area of Fushun is mountain and with a large reservoir in upper reach of Hunhe River. Fushun is a famous city for its coalfield and petrochemistry. Fushun is the fourth largest city in Liaoning province. Shenyang is the capital and the first largest city of Liaoning province and communication, commerce, science, and culture center of Northeast China. Shenyang and Fushun have been two of the fastest growing and the nearest mega cities in China, driven by policies encouraging industrialization at multiple government levels. The total population of study area for this research is more than 6 530 000. There is a state and province policy that will combine Shenyang and Fushun as one sub-administrative economic region, the first time in China two proximate heavy industrial cities have been combined to share resources, comparative advantages, and ecological protection [31].

2.2 SLEUTH dynamic urban growth model

SLEUTH is a self-modifying probabilistic cellular automata model originally developed by Keith Clarke at the University of California at Santa Barbara [22, 32, 33]. It’s an initial abbreviation for the input data layers: Slope, Land Use, Exclusion, Urban, Transportation, and Hill Shade. The version used in this application, SLEUTH 3.0Beta, consists of an urban growth model (UGM) and an optional Land Cover Deltatron Model (LCDM). The UGM simulates urban growth, which is a non-urban cell will be converted to an urban cell. The LCDM, which is driven by the UGM, simulate land use and land cover change. In this application, only the urban module was utilized, so each cell in the study area had only two possible states: urbanized or nonurbanized. SLEUTH simulates four types of urban growth (Spontaneous growth, New spreading center growth, Edge growth, and Road-influenced growth) controlled through the interactions of five growth coefficients (ranging from 0 to 100): Dispersion, Breed, Spread, Road gravity, and Slope (Table ). We use UGM only. The four urban development types in UGM describe briefly below [22, 29, 32]:

Spontaneous growth models the random urbanization of single pixels in undeveloped areas, which has the potential to capture low-density development patterns and is not dependant


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on proximity to existing urban areas or the transportation infrastructure. The overall probability that a single

TABLE I. LIST OF INPUT DATA FOR SLEUTH MODEL IN SHENYANG-FUSHUN METROPOLITAN AREA

nonurbanized cell in the study area will become urbanized is determined by the dispersion coefficient.

New spreading center growth simulates the emergence of new urbanizing centers by generating up to two neighboring urban cells around areas that have been urbanized through spontaneous growth. The breed coefficient determines the overall probability that a pixel produced through spontaneous growth will also experience new spreading center growth.

Edge growth promotes the expansion of established urban cells to their surroundings. Only undeveloped cells that have at least three urban neighbors and pass the spread coefficient and slope resistance tests become a new urban location. Spread coefficient control the probability that a nonurban cell will become urbanized.

Road-influenced growth simulates the influence of the transportation network on growth patterns by generating spreading centers adjacent to roads. When road-influenced growth occurs, newly urbanized cells are randomly selected at a probability level determined by the breed coefficient. For each selected cell, the existence of a road is sought within a search radius defined by the road-gravity coefficient. If roads are found near the selected cell, a temporary urban cell is placed at the closest location adjacent to a road. This temporary urban cell then searches along the road for a permanent location. The direction of the search along the road is random and the search distance is determined by the dispersion coefficient. The permanent location becomes a new spreading center, so up to three cells along a road can be urbanized at this point.

Each of the growth rules is affected by the coefficient values set at the beginning of a growth cycle, as well as the slope, urban extents, land cover (if LCDM used), and excluded layers (e.g. land such as water area and national parks that

cannot be urbanized). The permutation and combination of the five parameters derived from calibration [33] are tested for their ability to replicate historic growth patterns and landscape and predict future urban growth patterns and landscape changes.

SLEUTH also maintains an optional self-modification rule. Self-modification (if used) alters the diffusion, breed, and spread coefficient values to simulate accelerated growth (boom condition) or depressed growth (bust condition). At the end of a year, the amount of growth is compared to a set of limits (critical_high, critical_low). If the amount of growth exceeds the critical_high limit, the three coefficients are multiplied by a value greater than one, increasing growth. If the amount of growth is less than the critical_low limit, the three coefficients are multiplied by a value less than one, depressing growth. The coefficient changes take effect during the next year of growth. The critical_high, critical_low, and multiplier values for boom and bust are defined in a scenario file. The road_gravity factor is increased as the road network enlarges, promoting a wider band of urbanization around the roads. The slope_resistance factor is increased, allowing expansion onto steeper slopes. When new growth in a time cycle takes place on steeper slopes, the spread factor is increased which accelerates urban expansion on flat land. The self-modification rule keeps the urban growth a nonlinear process [32, 34, 35, 36].

SLEUTH enables users to define future urban growth and landscape changes as a projection of past, design future alternative urban growth and land management scenarios [22, 27,32, 37], as well as estimate effects of increased urbanization on local environment [30, 35, 38].

2.3 Landscape metrics

To quantify and examine spatiotemporal urban growth pattern, six landscape metrics were chosen on the basis of published research [28, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47]. These were Number of Patches (NP), Class Area (CA), Largest Patches Indexes (LPI), Euclidian mean nearest neighbor distance (MNN), Area weighted mean patch fractal dimension (AWMPFD) and Contagion (Contag). These values describe urban growth structure and pattern (Table ). The SLEUTH simulations GIF graphical outputs were converted to TIFF using XV software, then converted TIFF to GRID. The GRID maps were input the Fragstats solfware [48] to calculate the landscape metrics.

2.4 Input data

SLEUTH uses historical data sources for calibration. It needs at least four different periods of urban extents, two periods of transportation, the slope, exclusion area, hill shade and two different periods land cover if land use change is simulated. In this application, five urban extents and two transportation layers were used. Other single layers included: slope, hill shade, and exclusion areas, as discussed above. Five periods of urban extent were derived from Landsat5 TM images from 1988 to 2004. The Landsat5 Thematic Mapper image in 1997 was geometrically corrected using the topographic map (1:100,000) of 1981. Then the image-to-image method was used for the geo-referenced registration of

Theme year sources

1988

1992

1997

2000

Urban extent

2004

Classified from Landsat5 TM satellite images (1988, 1992, 1997, 2000, and 2004). The ancillary

data: the Topographical map (1:100,000) of 1981; the Shenyang and Fushun central city maps derived

from air photos (1:10,000) of 1997 and of 2004

(1:15,000) and the ground survey information (GPS points). Overall Accuracy (OA) = 88.5%, Kappa

Index (KI) = 0.847.

1988

1992

1997

2000

Roads

2004

Transportation Maps of Liaoning Province (1:550 000) in 1988, 1992, 1997, 2000, and 2004.

Landsat5 TM images in 1988, 1992, 1997, 2000,

and 2004.

1988 Exclusion

2004

Classified from Landsat5 TM satellite image of 1988.

Conserves in China

Slope 1981 Digitalized from the Topographical map (1:100,000) of 1981

Hillshade 1981 Digitalized from the Topographical map

(1:100,000) of 1981


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other images with the total Root Mean Squared (RMS) error of less than 0.5 pixels. Visual interpretation (with local

TABLE II. LANDSCAPE METRICS USED IN THIS STUDY, AFTER

MCGARIGAL ET AL. (2002)

knowledge) from Landsat5 TM images for the years 1988, 1992, 1997, 2000, and 2004 was carried out to form a binary map of urban/non-urban classes, with the help of ancillary data including the aerial photography of the central city in 1997, 2001and 2004, the topographic map, and ground survey information. The roads layers of 1988, 1992, 1997, 2000, and 2004, including highways, railways, national roads, provincial roads and county roads, were digitized from the Transportation Maps of Liaoning Province (1:550 000) of corresponding years, and modified by Landsat5 TM images of corresponding years. The slope and hillshade layers were created from a digitized topographical map (1:100 000) of 1981. The excluded layer consisted of natural water bodies, nature reserves, national parks, and scenic areas, and areas that are not allowed for urban development (Table ). The excluded layer defines protective probability of different land use types, and is a primary tool for simulating the effects of policy support,

planning, and decision making; it can be named a policy layer to some extent. For the calibration phase, the excluded layer consisted of natural water, which was 100% excluded from urbanization, as well as

Figure 2. Urban development zones, urban planning zones, and industrial development zones in Shenyang-Fushun China

national parks, scenic areas, which were 60% excluded from urbanization. For the prediction phase, all excluded areas in the calibration phase were preserved and assigned a value of100.Policy, politics, environment, planning and management factors were spatialized and parameterized into the excluded layers, which come with a range of values (0-100) indicating the probabilities of exclusion. In addition, we set buffer zones along rivers and around drinking water lakes, and gave 20%-80% probabilities of exclusion. The urban development zones, urban planning zones, industry development zones, dense policies development zones, and potential geological disaster zones are taken into account (Fig. 2). We gave the urban development zones, industry development zones, and dense policies development zones lower probabilities of exclusion under different planning scenarios. All input layers were

Metrics Description Units Range

NP—Number of patches

NP equals the number of urban patches in the study

area. A simple measure of the

fragmentation of urban patch.

None NP>=1, no limit

CA—Class area

CA equals the sum of the areas (m2) of all urban

patches, divided by 10,000 (to convert to hectares); that

is, total urban area in the

study area.

Hectares CA>0, no limit

LPI—Largest patch index

LPI equals the area (m2) of the largest urban patch

divided by total urban area (m2), multiplied by 100 (to convert to a percentage) in

this application. It quantifies the percentage of total urban area comprised by the largest

urban patch.

Percent 0 < LPI<=10

0

MPA—Mean

Patches Area

MPA equals the mean area of

all urban patches. It is a simple aggregation or

fragmentation measure of

urban pattern.

Hectares MPA>0,

no limit

AWMPFD—

Area weighted

mean patch

fractal dimension

Area weighted mean value of

the fractal dimension values of all urban patches, the

fractal dimension of a patch

equals two times the logarithm of patch perimeter (m) divided by the logarithm

of patch area (m2); the perimeter is adjusted to

correct for the raster bias in

perimeter. It reflects shape complexity of urban patches.

None 1<=AW

MPFD<=2

CONTAG—

Contagion

CONTAG measures the

overall probability that a cell of a patch type is adjacent to

cells of the same type.

Percent 0< CONT

<=100


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rasterized at a 60m resolution using the nearest neighbour sampling method to the spatial extent of the study area except the roads layers, which were rasterized directly from the vector roads data. The input data were mainly prepared in a GIS environment.

2.5 Scenario design

Scenarios have been in the planner’s and manager’s toolkit as a means of representing the future for several decades. The dual functions of scenarios are bridging, which exchanges information between scenarists and scenario users and stretching, which broadens people's perspectives, contributing to a more effective decision making process [49, 50]. The design of scenarios accounts for the following aspects: 1) protective level, location and size of different land use types. For example, water, reserves, forest, and wetlands are given different exclusion probabilities at certain locations under different scenarios. (2) Whether there are urban development zones defined by urban planning project (Fig. 2a), industrial development zones and policy zones that are influenced by special national, regional and local policies (Fig. 2b). The size, location, extents, and protective level of development zones are taken into account [51].

We designed four different policy scenarios: (1) current trends (CT), (2) accelerated urban development (AUD), (3) protected urban development (PUD), and (4) limitative urban growth (LUD). The detailed setting of each excluded layer

was as following (Fig 3):

The CT scenario uses the same exclude layer as that in the calibration, which consisted of natural water, which was 100% excluded from urbanization. The urban growth keeps the current trend with lower protective level to farmland and forest.

The AUD scenario reflects the common rapid urban growth phenomenon in the Chinese cities. There is little or no ecological protection in the urban planning zones, urban development zones (fig. 2a) and industrial development zones such as Shenbei, Shenxi, and Hunnan (fig. 2b). The zones influenced together by urban planning project and industrial development policies were given 0% or 5% probability of exclusion. The zones influenced by either urban planning projects or industrial development policies were given 10% to 20% probability of exclusion. Easements were assigned 10-20% probability of exclusion in development policy zones, and 70% probability of exclusion outside of the zones. Forest was given 0% probability of exclusion in development policy zones, and 60-70% probability of exclusion outside of the development policy zones. Agriculture was assigned a 0 % probability of exclusion in the development policy zones, and 50-60% probability of exclusion otherwise. The streams, lakes and reserves were given 100% probability of exclusion within their buffer zones throughout the study area. Potential geological disaster zones due of mining were ignored. The planned roads were added in respective layers. The critical slope was 21% (Fig. 3a).

The PUD scenario reflects a stronger commitment towards harmonizing reindustrialization, environment, and resource protection (Fig. 3b). In the excluded layer, the zones influenced

both by urban planning project and industrial development policies were given 10% or 20% probabilities of exclusion. The zones influenced only by urban planning project or industrial development policies were given 20% to 30% probability of exclusion. Easements were 80% probability of exclusion in the development policy areas, and 100% probability of exclusion


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Figure 3. Excluded layers for (a) accelerated urban development (AUD), (b)

protected urban development (PUD), and (c) limitative urban growth (LUD) scenarios Shenyang-Fushun China 80-100% probability of exclusion.

outside. Forest and agriculture were 20-35% probability of exclusion in development policy zones, and 50-80% probability of exclusion outside. The streams, lakes and reserves were given 100% probability of exclusion and areas within 120m buffer zones were given 80% probability of exclusion in the whole study area. The potential geological disaster zones were taken into account, and were given higher level of exclusion. There are no new roads. The critical slope was 21%.

The limitative urban growth (LUD) reflects a more strict set of protective policies aimed toward limited urban development and more natural resource protection. The data settings in the excluded layer were similar to those in the management urban development scenario (PUD), but protective levels were higher than that in the PUD scenario. The critical slope was 15%, preventing development entirely on steeper slopes. In addition, streams, wetlands, reservoirs, and lakes included larger buffer zones (Fig. 3c).

3 RESULTS

3.1 Calibration

The calibration of SLEUTH is the most important phase for the capture of urban growth characteristics and for the success of model forecasting. The calibration approach explores the local urban growth pattern through synthesizing physical, economic, political, policy, planning, and the management factors that influence the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban growth. We chose five statistical metrics (Compare, Pop, Edges, Clusters, and Leesalee) for selecting the ‘best fit’ calibration coefficients [32, 33]. The Composite metric is product of the five statistics. The most popular calibration method for SLEUTH is “Brute Force” calibration [37], which is composed of five stages: setting constants and verification (test), coarse calibration, fine calibration, final calibration, and deriving the coefficients [33]. Other calibration methods for SLEUTH have included genetic algorithms [52] and the self-organizing map [53]. Table shows the calibration process and results. The calibration coefficients (“DNA”) of the Shenyang-Fushun metropolitan area is {Diffusion = 30, Breed = 62, Spread = 41, Slope resistance = 18, Road gravity = 10}.

3.2 Predictive urban growth structure and patterns under

each scenario

The prediction of SLEUTH model uses the parameters derived from calibration. The forecast of future urban growth is a probabilistic map of potential urbanized nonurban grid assuming the same growth trend as it was in the past. For the projected urban layers, 100 Monte Carlo simulations was given, and over 90% probability was used to deicide a nonurban grid cell as likely to become urbanized.

Predictive urban growth structure and patterns under each scenario in 2030 and 2050 were showed in Fig. 4, which indicates great difference in area, orientation, and pattern of

urban growth. The urban growth mainly occurs on the fringe of urban core under each scenario. The new urban growth also appears at the Shenbei industrial development zone along the main roads and Shenfu connective zone under AUD, CT, and LUD scenarios. Besides the edge growth around the urban core, the urban growth occurs mainly in west, north and connected zone of two cities (Shenfu urban development zone) under the AUD scenario; the urban growth shows diffused pattern under the CUR scenario; the urban growth under the PUD scenario has the similar trend with that under the AUD scenario, but the growth area is lower. Urban land of Shenyang and Fushun will connect spatially as a whole under the AUD and CT scenarios on the south bank of Hunhe River about in 2040, won’t connect under the LUD and PUD scenarios on the south bank of Hunhe River in 2050, and won’t connect under each scenario on the north bank of Hunhe River in 2050 through analysis of projected future urban growth (2005-2050).

Six landscape metrics Class Area (CA), Number of Patches (NP), Largest Patch Index (LPI), Mean Patches Area (MPA), Area weighted mean patch fractal dimension (AWMPFD) and Contagion (Contag) were used to compare quantitatively the urban structure and patterns (Fig. 5-10). The Shenyang-Fushun grew outward from their historical urban core under the MU and ES scenarios, while grew outward from their historical

TABLE III. CALIBRATION ROUTINES AND RESULTS FOR SLEUTH MODEL

OF SHENYANG-FUSHUN METROPOLITAN AREA WITH LAND USE DATA.


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Figure 4. Predictive urban growth structure and patterns under each scenario in 2030 and 2050

urban core with many pockets of diffused urban land. The urban area (CA) was 61017.84ha in2004, and increased in2030

and 2050 under each scenario. The most increase was under the CT scenario and the urban areas were 98648.28ha in 2030 and 199097.28ha in 2050. The least increase is under the ES scenario. The growth rate is decrease under each scenario except the CT scenario (Fig. 5). The number of patches (NP) changes greatly under each scenario. The NP of urban land is 199 in 2004, and decrease to 52, 74, 71, 49 under the PUD, LUD, CT, and AUD scenarios respectively in 2030, then increase to 105, 5853, and 1285 under the PUD, CT, and AUD scenarios respectively in 2050. It continues to decrease to 55 under LUD scenario in 2050. The NP under the ES scenario is the highest in 2030 and the NP under the CT scenario is highest in 2050. So the NP of patch will coalesce in 2030 and 2050 under the PUD and LUD scenarios, and will coalesce in 2030 and diffuse under CT and AUD scenarios (Fig. 6). The Largest Patch Index (LPI) has the similar increase trend as the urban area. LPI quantifies the percentage of total urban area comprised by the largest urban patch. The highest LPI is 8.36 in 2030 and 13.08 in 2050 under the CT scenario. The largest urban patch will occupy 13.08% of total urban area under the CT scenario (Fig. 7). The highest mean patches area (MPA) is 1949.41ha under the AUD scenario, and the lowest MPA is 1046.15ha under the LUD scenario in 2030. The highest mean patches area (MPA) is the Legend as following figures 1949.41ha under the ES scenario and the lowest MPA is 34.02ha under the CT scenario in 2050. The NP and MPA describe the fragmentation of urban land, which show fragmentation of urban land decrease in 2030 and 2050 under LUD scenario, and decrease in 2030 and increase in 2050 on the other scenario. The urban land under LUD scenario has the most fragmentation pattern of all scenarios in 2030. The urban land under the CT scenario has the most fragmentation pattern, and then under the AUD scenario in 2050. The fragmentation of urban land under the CT and AUD in 2050 is higher than that in 2004, but the fragmentation of urban land under the

Figure 5. The urban area under each scenario in 2004, 2030, and 2050.

.

LUD and PUD in 2050 is lower than that in 2004 (Fig. 8). The Area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension (AWMPFD) continues to decrease in 2030 and 2050 under PUD and LUD scenario; and decease in 2030 and increase in 2050 under CT and AUD scenarios. The highest AWMPFD is 1.1583 under LUD scenario and the lowest is 1.1362 under the AUD scenario in 2030. The highest AWMPFD is 1.2504 under CT

Monte Carlo iterations = 5

Number of simulations = 3125 Growth parameters

Coarse

Range Step Metrics

Diffusion 1-100 25

Breed 1-100 25

Spread 1-100 25

Slope resistance 1-100 25

Road gravity 1-100 25

Compare = 0.9836

Population = 0.9323

Edges = 0.9130

Clusters = 0.8014

Leesalee = 0.7140

Composite = 0.4791


Number of simulations = 3600

Fine

Range Step Metrics

Diffusion 25-50 5

Breed 25-75 10

Spread 25-50 5


Road gravity 1-50 10

Compare = 0.9979

Population = 0.9406

Edges = 0.9076

Clusters = 0.8208

Leesalee = 0.7211

Composite = 0.5042


Number of simulations = 5832

Final

Range Step Metrics

Diffusion 25-40 3

Breed 55-75 2

Spread 35-45 2


Road gravity 1-16 3

Compare = 0.9351

Population = 0.9608

Edges = 0.9097

Clusters = 0.8264

Leesalee = 0.7439

Composite = 0.5025

Driving parameter value , Monte Carlo iterations = 100

Diffusion 30

Breed 62

Spread 41

Slope resistance 18

Road gravity 10


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scenario and the lowest is 1.1259 under the PUD scenario in 2050. AWMPFD describes the shape complexity of urban patches, so the shape of urban patches become complex under CT and AUD scenarios (Fig. 9). The Cognation is a measure of landscape complexity and fragmentation. Ares of low contagion represent diffused urban sprawl. The Contagion of landscape will decrease under each scenario, and decrease most under the CT scenario in 2030 and 2050. The highest Contagion is 70.74 in 2030 and 69.94 in 2050 under ES scenario. The urban pattern tends to be sprawl under CT and AUD scenarios in 2050 (Fig. 10).

4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The combined method using remote sensing, geographical information system and SLEUTH urban growth model is powerful for representation, modeling and prediction of the spatiotemporal urban growth, and useful for understanding the alternative future planning scenarios. Landscape metrics is a good tool to evaluate and compare the structure and pattern of urban growth under each scenario, which describe urban area;

Figure 6. The Number of urban Patches under each scenario in 2004, 2030, and 2050

Figure 7. The largest patch index under each scenario in 2004, 2030, and 2050.

urban patches shape complexity, and urban fragmentation. Predictive area and pattern of urban growth were influenced mainly by development zones policies and protection policies:

the CT scenario with the low protective level shows great area growth and diffused pattern; the stringent protective level under the LUD scenario shows the least urban growth and the most compact pattern, but a little urban growth will block regional economy development; the AUD scenario with development zones of low protective level and other land with higher protective level shows much urban area growth and diffused pattern in the development zones; the PUD scenario with higher protective level than the AUD scenario in development zones and the other area shows moderate urban growth area and compact pattern. PUD scenario is suitable for harmonizing urban growth and land sources protection.

Protection of ecological land such as natural water and its buffer zones, conserves, wetland and so on is important for urban sustainability, Where and how urban growth and landscape change influences the future environment outcomes greatly [29, 38, 53]. But these protection policies shape the urban growth area and pattern in some degree. An urban development zone is a very important urban growth policy, which affect urban area and growth pattern. Many of Chinese

Figure 8. The Mean Patch Area under each scenario in 2004, 2030, and 2050.

Figure 9. The Area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension (AWMPFD) under each scenario in 2004, 2030, and 2050.

cities were influenced by aforementioned two factors. Besides the transportation and physical factors, the development zones policies and protection policies are two most important impact factors of urban growth area, orientation, and pattern in China. We take the two factors into the excluded layer by spatializing

199 199 199 199105 55

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1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

PUD LUD CT AUD

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)


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the development zones policies and protection policies, and give different excluded probability from 0 to 100. The urban land of Shenyang and Fushun will connect on the south bank of Hunhe River under the AUD and CT scenarios in about 2040 but won’t under the LUD and PUD scenarios, which is because the low excluded probability of connective zone of two cities under the AUD and CT scenarios. The urban land of Shenyang and Fushun will not connect under each scenario on the north bank of Hunhe River until 2050, which is because the scenic land and forest with high excluded probability exist.

90% threshold probability of nonurban grid cell to urban grid cell were given in this application, which obviously work well for the edge growth around the urban core and limit the growth of new individual urbanization size [3]. It underestimates the urban growth area, diffused urban growth and other landscape metrics such as Contagion and Number of Patches. Even those, the urban land growth show the diffused pattern under AUD and CT scenarios. The stringent protective level of land resources is important for controlling urban sprawl but egregious protection limit urban growth and economy development such as the LUD scenario.

Figure 10. Contagion under each scenario in 2004, 2030, and 2050

Scenario design is important for application of SLEUTH model [30, 49, 50]. Scientific, divisive, contrastive, and detailed scenario design affect the output. Scenario design is an important component of application of dynamic predictive urban growth models such as SLEUTH, which decides whether we can environ the alternative future urban growth pattern and its potential environmental impacts. Data attainability and spatialization are important for integrating different policies [55]. We integrated industrial zones data, urban development policies, environmental protection policies, and different points of urban development into scenarios design. More detailed data and policies may improve the results.

SLEUTH performed well in the way of the quantitative simulation of urban growth, however, the simulation accuracy for spatial location of new development at the pixel scale and urban spatial pattern still needs to be improved through our previous study [56]. So it is not feasible for SLEUTH model using in the site planning and detailed planning directly. But SLEUTH may perform well in spatial planning, master planning, and concept planning, and be useful for understanding the alternative future planning scenarios. A

model can not do everything, but we can tell a story using a model properly.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Programs of Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (O6LYQY1001), the National Science and Technology Supporting Program of China (2006BAJ10B05-3, 2006BAJ11B04-2) and the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Grant No. 40801069).

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