Remote Sensing Applications Natural disasterslearningcenter.obt.inpe.br/lib/...learning:natural_disasters_sausen.pdf · Remote Sensing and Natural Disasters In case of rapid, “instantaneous”

TaniaTania Maria Maria SausenSausen, CRS/INPE, CRS/INPE

BrazilBrazil

MODULE 4MODULE 4

RemoteRemote SensingSensing ApplicationsApplications

Natural Natural disastersdisasters

May 13 to 19, 2013 (Weeks # 13)May 13 to 19, 2013 (Weeks # 13)

Remote Sensing and Natural DisastersRemote Sensing and Natural Disasters

Spaced Assets can contribute to all phases of the disaster cycle

Space systems support:

•Disaster management;

•Humanitarian relief;

•Mitigation of threats to society.

Disaster management circle


Remote sensing data derived from satellites are excellent tools in the mapping of the spatial

distribution of disaster related data within a relatively short period of time. Many different

satellite based systems exist nowadays, with different characteristics related to their spatial,

temporal and spectral resolution.

Temporal resolution

Spatial resolution

High spatial resolution-GeoEye (0,41m multiespectral mode)

Before After


Spectral resolution

Infrared Microwave

Spatial Resolution (Spatial Resolution (Various sensors) Various sensors)

LandsatLandsat B2B2 Spot PanSpot Pan

LandsatLandsat B6B6 Spot Xi B3Spot Xi B3

IkonosIkonos 4m*4m*

Spatial resolutionSpatial resolution

Historical data for floodings

Temporal resolutionTemporal resolution

Landsat images 1-2-3-5 for historical events

and sequential inundation phases (duration, depth

of inundation, and direction of current).

11

22

33

44

55

77

66

741741

453453

Spectral ResolutionSpectral Resolution((LandsatLandsat 7)7)

321321


In case of rapid, “instantaneous” disasters remote sensing data acquisition may

be applied in four different ways:

1. ToTo investigate the susceptibility investigate the susceptibility of the land and the vulnerability of the society

to natural hazards and thus to assess the risk incurred;

2. To construct hazard zoning maps To construct hazard zoning maps and potential damage maps of endangered

areas. The maps should be legalized by the authorities and thereafter serve the

purpose of including natural disasters in physical planning;

3. ToTo monitor potentially hazardous situations and processesmonitor potentially hazardous situations and processes. This should result

in preferably automatic-early warning systems which are, of course, only valid if

the population is aware of the danger and has been told how to respond, if

escape routes to safe areas are available, etc.;

4. To deal with emergency situations following a disastrous eveTo deal with emergency situations following a disastrous eventnt. A disaster

scenario should be prepared in advance specifying the responsibility/task of the

organizations and the individuals involved. A rapid survey of the areal extent of the

disaster and of the location of the affected population is a major issue while also the

communication within the area and with the outside world is an important aspect.

OpticalOptical SatellitesSatellites for for DisasterDisaster ManagementManagement ModifiedModified fromfrom NOAANOAA

Resolution in Meters (# of bands)

Launch Date System Country PAN VNIR SWIR MIR TIR Swath in KM

18/09/2007 WorldView-1 United States 0.5 32(3) 600

15/06/2007 CBERS-2B China/Brazil 20 1.64(4)

10/01/2007 IRS Cartosat 2 India 1 20(3) 20(1) 120

28/07/2006 KOMPSAT-2 Korea 1 10(3) 20(1) 120

15/06/2006 Resource-DK-1 Russia 1 2.8(4) 20

25/04/2006 EROS B Israel 0.7 20(4) 120

24/01/2006 ALOS Japan 2.5 6(3) 23.9/70

27/10/2005 TopSat United Kingdom 2.5 6.5(5) 78

27/10/2005 Beijing-1 (DMC China) China 4 56(2) 56(1) 740

26/08/2005 MONITOR-E #1 Russia 8 8(4) 24

05/03/2005 IRS Cartosat 1 India 2.5 6.5(5) 78

01/12/2004 DMC ThaiPhat Thailand 177

20/04/2004 RocSat2 Taiwan 2 6.5(5) 78

21/10/2003 CBERS-2 China/Brazil 20

17/10/2003 IRS ResourceSat-1 India 6 35, 70

27/09/2003 DMC BilSat Turkey 12 32(3) 600

27/09/2003 DMC NigeriaSat-1 Nigeria 30(4) 30(2) 60(1) 185

27/09/2003 DMC UK United Kingdom 80(4) 185

26/06/2003 OrbView 3 United States 1 20

28/11/2002 DMC AlSat-1 Algeria 2.5(4) 11.3

04/05/2002 SPOT-5 France 2.5 6.5(5) 78

22/10/2001 Proba ESA 8 10(3) 50

18/10/2001 QuickBird-2 United States 0.6 39(3) 600

07/12/2000 EO-1 United States 10 26(4) 52

05/12/2000 EROS A1 Israel 1.8 20(3) 120

28/06/2000 Tsinghua-1 China 5(4), 20(3) 20(3) 20(2) 20(3) 12

12/03/2000 MTI United States 30(6) 30(3) 37

20/12/1999 KOMPSAT-1 Korea 6.6 94

15/12/1999 Terra Japan/United States 2.5(4) 16

24/09/1999 IKONOS-2 United States 1 18/36(63) 14

15/04/1999 Landsat 7 United States 15 4(8) 16

24/03/1998 SPOT-4 France 10 36(3) 600

29/09/1997 IRS ID India 6 14

28/12/1995 IRS IC India 6 7

22/01/1990 SPOT-2 France 10 ?(?)

01/03/1984 Landsat 5 United States 4(4) 8

Diagnostic Diagnostic

featuresfeatures

Remote sensorsRemote sensors TechniquesTechniques ScaleScale

Landslide distribution/

classification

Volume of sediment in

debris flows

Aerial photographs Photo-interpretation

Multi-temporal DEMs from

photogrammetric analysis

1:10,000 – 1:25,000

1:3000 to 1:8000

Rock formation, fault

length, landslide area

SPOT aerial photographs NDVI photo - interpretation 1:5000 – 1:10,000 (aerial

photos)

1:25,000 (terrain map)

Past landslides events SPOT Landsat TM

IRS-1 Radarsat Aerial photographs

Visual interpretation

integrated with photo -interpretation

N/A

Large debris deposits Landsat TM, SPOT Pan Data fusion and change detection

Data sources: spatial resolution of 10 to 30m

Steep rocks affected by weathering

AVIRIS, Hyperion, ASTER, DEM,

Laboratory spectrometer

Image orthorectification, radiometric correction, linear

umixing of hyperspectral data

Data sources: 10 to 30m

Summary of Airborne and Summary of Airborne and SpaceborneSpaceborne images for Landslide Assessment images for Landslide Assessment

(Modified from (Modified from MetternichtMetternicht et al. 2005)et al. 2005)

Diagnostic Diagnostic

featuresfeatures

Remote sensorsRemote sensors TechniquesTechniques ScaleScale

Debris covered glaciers,

vegetation, clean ice

ASTER, IRS-1 C/D,

SPOT, ASTER-derived

DEM

HIS, band ratios, multispectral

classification (ANN), change

detection

DEM: 25m

Remote Sensing data: 30 –

5.8m

Landslide features:

faults, rock slump, block

slides, scars

Radarsat (fine mode),

Landsat TM

SAR Interferometry.

Georeferencing of

SAR/Landsat TM, data fusion

InSAR: 10m

Landslides motion ERS SAR D-InSAR

PS-InSAR

Data source:26m spatial

resolution

Post-slide motion Radarsat SAR (fine

mode), ERS

InSAR processing

Extraction of texture

measures (by local histograms)

Radarsat: 5.6m

ERS: 10m

Monitoring landslide processes

Radarsat 2 D-InSAR Fine mode, 3m

Summary of Airborne and Summary of Airborne and SpaceborneSpaceborne images for Landslide Assessment images for Landslide Assessment

(Modified from (Modified from MetternichtMetternicht et al. 2005)et al. 2005)

Purpose/Use: Damage assessment and support to recovery operations-homes, critical

installations, bridges, dams, roads.

Required Information:• Time and the location of the event.

• Extent of damage.

• Expected evolution.

Deliverables: •Base and change-detection maps;

•Damage assessment.

Earthquake MappingEarthquake Mapping

An earthquakeearthquake ((also known as a quake,

tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden

release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates

seismic waves.

When the epicenter of a large earthquake is

located offshore, the seabed may be displaced

sufficiently to cause a tsunami.tsunami.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground.

Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and

occasionally volcanic activity.occasionally volcanic activity.

Satellite and Sensor Information:

• Direct structural damage:•SPOT 5 (2.5 m for archive), SPOT (for new acquisition);

•IRS (5 m archive and new acquisition),

•ERS (new acquisition and archive),

•ENVISAT-Image mode,

•RADARSAT Fine mode (high incidence preferred),

•Landsat, ALOS (for new acquisition and archive),

•CBERS, KOMPSAT-2 (1m and 4m archive and new acquisition),

•TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X (compatible new and archive acquisitions).

• Collateral damage (e.g., landslide, volcano) → see appropriate hazard

scenario.

Notes:

• High-resolution sensors are the most effective;

• Radar sensors are primarily useful for merging with other data sources, particularly utilizing archive data, but real time imagery should also be considered for identifying collapsed structures; • Radargrammetric data (RADARSAT) and optical stereo data archives can be useful;• ALOS PALSAR can be used for interferometry purposes.

Earthquake MappingEarthquake Mapping

Purpose/Use: Drought maps for monitoring and assessing damage.

Required Information:

• Time and the location of the event.


• Expected evolution (months and years, extent,

and location).

Deliverables:• Drought map and extent of drought;

• Damage maps.

Drought MappingDrought Mapping

SPOT satellite,

Severe drought in Somalia, Kenya, and southern Ethiopia

January 1 and 10, 2011 compared to the average growth for January between 1999 and 2009

DroughtDrought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply whether surface or underground water. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region. Although droughts can persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage and harm the local economy. This global phenomenon has a widespread impact on agriculture.


• Serial data:• Terra and Aqua (MODIS-Vegetation Index);

• NOAA-AVHRR(NVDI);

• SPOT Vegetation (NDVI);

• CBERS (WFI);

• Damage Assessment:• Landsat;

• CBERS (WFI and CCD),

• SPOT (multispectral MIR best resolution);

• IRS WiFS;

• Advanced Land Imager on NASA’s EO-1

Drought MappingDrought Mapping

The dry river bed is exposed in this true-color image,

captured by the Advanced Land Imager on NASA’s EO-1

satellite on September 27, 2009.

Purpose/Use: Flood maps for monitoring and assessing damage.


• Time and the location of the event.


• Expected evolution (estimated flood peak time,

extent, and location).

Deliverables:• Flood map and extent of flooding;

• Change-detection maps.

Flood MappingFlood Mapping

Country/City:Bangkok/Thailand

Sensor: Worldview 2

Acquisition date: October 24, 2011, Post-Flooding

Resolution (GSD):0,5meter

Traffic jam

Traffic jam

A floodflood is an overflow of water that submerges or "drowns" land. Flooding may result from the

volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows or breaks

levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries, or may be due to

accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood.


• Small scale flood:• SPOT (multispectral MIR preferred with the best resolution);

• RADARSAT (Fine mode, high incidence angle preferred);

• ERS, IRS LISS-3/PAN, ENVISAT APP crossed polarization (HH and HV);

• AVHRR (LAC),

• LANDSAT, DMC;

• ALOS (AVNIR-2, PALSAR (FBS/HH polarization), PRISM),

• CBERS (CCD), KOMPSAT-2,

• TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X StripMap or SpotLight (HH single-polarization).

• Large scale flood:• ENVISAT APP crossed polarization (HH and HV);

• RADARSAT (Standard mode or Wide and high incidence preferred), ERS,

• SPOT (multispectral MIR best resolution);

• IRS WiFS, AVHRR, Landsat, DMC;

• ALOS (AVNIR-2, PALSAR (FBS/HH po-larization, ScanSAR/HH polarization), PRISM),

• CBERS (WFI);

• Terra and Aqua (MODIS).

Flood MappingFlood Mapping

Purpose/Use: Damage assessment and support to

recovery operations.


• Time and the location of the event;

• Extent of damage;


Deliverables:• Damage extent and change-detection/assessment

maps.

LandslideLandslide MappingMapping

A landslidelandslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such

as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal

and onshore environments.

Landslides in Schichuan, China (ASTER)


• SPOT (multispectral and panchromatic at the best resolution), SPOT 5 archive preferred;

• IRS (multispectral at the best resolution) and first IRS available for new acquisition (LISS-

3/PAN preferred);

• RADARSAT Fine mode at optimum incidence angle for elevation.

• ERS/ENVISAT Image mode archive (if landslide exceeds 500 m x 500 m in area). If

ENVISAT, then IMP or APP should be used.

• ALOS (AVNIR-2, PALSAR (FBS/HH polarization) at optimum incident angle, PRISM), CBERS

(CCD).

• KOMPSAT-2 (1m and 4m).

• TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X SpotLight or StripMap data (optimal: pre-and post-disaster pair

with identical acquisition parameters; dual polarization if no post-disaster data is available).

Notes:• Due to the relatively small scales of these events (hundreds of meters at most), High-

Resolution/Fine modes are necessary.• RADARSAT primarily useful for merging with other data sources, particularly utilizing

archive data, but real-time imagery also may be useful for identifying collapsed structures.• High-Resolution optical sensors are the most effective.

LandslideLandslide MappingMapping

Purpose/Use: Damage assessment and support to containment and clean-up operations.

Essential to plan acquisitions over multiple days.


• Time and the location of the event;



Deliverables: Slick location and tracking.

Oil SpillOil Spill MappingMapping

SourceSource: : SolerSoler e e BeislBeisl (2005), ESA (2004(2005), ESA (2004))

An oil spill oil spill is the release of a into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human

activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually applied to marine oil spills, where oil is

released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land.

Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker

fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.

Satellite and Sensor Information:• ENVISAT (Wide mode VV polarization);

• ERS;

• RADARSAT (ScanSAR Narrow A preferred);

• IRS-P4;

• LANDSAT;

• DMC;

• ALOS (AVNIR-2, PALSAR (FBS/HH polarization));

• CBERS (CCD);

• TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X (VV polarization).

Notes:• For this kind of hazard event, no archive is needed. • Radar is very effective, though wind speed dependent; effectiveness is diminished in

coastal “wind shadow” region. • Archive data is likely not useful.

Oil SpillOil Spill MappingMapping

Purpose/Use: Hot spot detection and damage assessment/support to recovery operations-

lava flows/ash location and extent.

Required Information:• Time and the location of the even;



Deliverables:• Damage extent maps,

• Change-detection maps, and hot spot

maps.

Volcanic EruptionVolcanic Eruption MappingMapping

A volcanovolcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma,

volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface.

Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging

Advanced Land Imager (ALI)-NASA’s EO-1 satellite Tolbachikon December 1, 2012. false color infrared image


• Deformation and lava flow:

• SPOT panchromatic or multispectral (the best resolution is pre-ferred);

• IRS panchromatic or multispectral (the best resolution is preferred);

• RADARSAT (acquire first images possible, Fine mode, archive required/same incidence is

preferred);

• ERS with compatible archive (same frame, track, and season);

• ENVISAT (IMP or APP), Landsat, DMC, ALOS (AVNIR-2, PALSAR (FBS), PRISM),

CBERS (CCD, WFI), KOMPSAT-2 (1m and 4m),

• TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X with compatible archive scene.

• Hot spots:

• GOES (visible, IR); POES AVHRR LAC (Ch 3B); IRS (LISS-3) if night acquisition,

LANDSAT.

• Ash plumes:

• POES LAC AVHRR, Ch 1-visible (for day use), Ch. 4&5-infrared-(for night use),

LANDSAT, DMC, ALOS (AVNIR-2, PALSAR (FBS), PRISM), CBERS (CCD), KOMPSAT-

2 (1m and 4m).


Notes:

• For ash plumes, ash plumes, the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers’ (VAACs) web site

(http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC) should be consulted before requesting an image

acquisition.

• High-resolution sensors are the most effective.

• Optical sensors frequently inhibited by ash cloud.

• Radar sensors are primarily useful for tracking molten lavas and change detection.


Volcan UlawunBismarck Archipelago Papua New Guinea.Astronaut photograph ISS034-E-5496 November 30, 2012,

WildfireWildfire MappingMapping

A wildfirewildfire is an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation that occurs in the

countryside or a wilderness area. They differs from other fires by its extensive size, the speed

at which it can spread out from its original source, its potential to change direction

unexpectedly, and its ability to jump gaps such as roads, rivers and fire breaks.

Purpose/Use: Fire detection, monitoring, and behavior prediction. Support to burned area

emergency rehabilitation (BAER).


• Times and locations of fires.

• Extent of damage incurred.

• Anticipated development of the fires based on factors

such as weather data and forecasts, terrain, and fuel

conditions.

• Locations of neighboring forested areas, grasslands,

and population centers.

Deliverables: •Base maps,

•Smoke plume reports,

•Maps of hot spots,

•Maps of burned areas.


Satellite and Sensor InformationSatellite and Sensor Information:

• Base maps:•IRS (LISS-3/WiFS),

•RADARSAT (Fine Mode), SAR,

• SPOT (non-tropical), Landsat, DMC,

• ALOS (AVNIR-2, PALSAR (FBS), PRISM).

• Smoke plumes:•GOES, POES (LAC AVHRR Ch. 1),

•Landsat, DMC, ), KOMPSAT-2 (1m and 4m).

• ALOS (AVNIR-2

• Hot spot maps•POES (LAC AVHRR Ch. 1, 3B, 4, and 5);

•Landsat; MODIS Land Rapid Response System data (from Terra and Aqua satellites)

can be used, if available;

•ATSR available in the future. Data from sensors such as BIRD can also be very useful.


Satellite and Sensor InformationSatellite and Sensor Information:

•

Burned area maps•IRS (LISS-3/WiFS),

•SPOT (MIR), Landsat, DMC,

•ALOS (AVNIR-2, PALSAR, PRISM),

•CBERS (CCD) , KOMPSAT-2 (1m and 4m),

• TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X (VV-polarization preferred).

Notes:

• Acquisitions are planned over multiple days.

• IR sensors are most effective, although daytime IR

can result in false detections (e.g., reflection from

clouds and bodies of water).

Myrtle Fire in South Dakota

TAdvanced Land Imager (ALI) NASA’s Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite

View of the burn scar on July 28, 2012.

SatelliteSatellite Active Fire Spectral Active Fire Spectral

BandsBands

Resolution Resolution

IGFOV (km)IGFOV (km)

SSR SSR

(km)(km)

Full Disk CoverageFull Disk Coverage 3.9 3.9 µµµµµµµµm Saturationm Saturation

Temperature (K)Temperature (K)

Minimum Fire Size at Equator (at Minimum Fire Size at Equator (at

750 K) 750 K) (hectares)(hectares)

GOES-E/-W

Imager

1 visible

3.9 and 10.7 µm

1.0

4.0 (8.0)

0.57

2.3

3 hours >335 K (G-11)

>335 K (G-12)

0.15

GOES-10 Imager

(South America, 2006)

1 visible

3.9 and 10.7 µm

1.0

4.0 (8.0)

0.57

2.3

3 hours (Full Disk)

15-min (SA)

~322 K (G-10) 0.15

MSG SEVIRI 1 HRV

2 visible

1.6, 3.9 and 10.8 µm

1.6

4.8

4.8

1.0

3.0

3.0

15 minutes ~335 K 0.22

FY-2C SVISSR

(FY-2D, 2006)

1 visible,

3.75 and 10.8 µm

1.25

5.0

30 minutes ~330 K (?)

MTSAT-1R JAMI

(HRIT)

1 visible

3.7 and 10.8 µm

1.0

4.0

1 hour ~320 K 0.15

INSAT-3D

(4th Qtr, 2007)

1 vis, 1.6 µm

3.9 and 10.7 µm

1.0

4.0

0.57 ?

2.3 ?

30 minutes

GOMS Elektro N2

MSU-G (2010)

3 visible

1.6, 3.75 and 10.7 µm

1.0 km

4.0 km

30 minutes

COMS (2008) 1 visible

3.9 and 10.7 µm

1.0 km

4.0 km

30 minutes

Satellite View Angle

80°

65°

Global GeostationaryActive Fire Monitoring

Capabilities

0-40-80-120-160 40 80 120

80

60

40

20

0

-20

-40

-60

-80

GOES-EGOES-W MSG COMS (116 or 128 E), MTSAT (140 E)

160

GOMS (76 E), INSAT (83 E), FY-2C (105 E)GOES-10

Geostationary global fire networkGeostationary global fire network

Severe Storm Severe Storm

Purpose/Use: Damage assessment and support to recovery operations-structural

damage to roads, bridges, homes, forests, etc.; flooding, landslides.

Required Information: • Time and the location of the event.



Deliverables: Damage extent and deformation field maps.


• Collateral damage such as landslides or floods, see respective hazard scenarios.

• Forest/crop damage:

•SPOT (multispectral with the best resolution); IRS (multispectral with the best resolution); ENVISAT APP crossed polarization (VV&VH or HH&HV), Landsat, DMC, ALOS (AVNIR-2, PALSAR (FBS/HH polarization, PRISM), CBERS (CCD, WFI), KOMPSAT-2 (1m and 4m), TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-XSpotLight or StripMap data (optimal: pre and post-disaster pair with identical acquisition parameters; dual polarization if no post-disaster data is available).

• Urban and infrastructure damage:•SPOT5 (2.5 m); IRS-PAN; RADARSAT (Fine mode, high incidence preferred), Landsat, DMC, ALOS (AVNIR-2, PALSAR (FBS/HH polarization, PRISM), KOMPSAT-2 (1m and 4m), TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X SpotLight.

Severe Storm Severe Storm

Notes: • For all cases, archives must be the same mode as new acquisition.

• High-resolution sensors are the most effective for urban installations.

• Lower resolution modes can be selected for crop/forest damage.

• POES LAC AVHRR (Chs. 1, 4) is useful for determining position and intensity of

storms.

• Fine resolution radar data are primarily useful for determining structural damage.

Documents

Remote Sensing Applications Natural disasterslearningcenter.obt.inpe.br/lib/...learning:natural_disasters_sausen.pdf · Remote Sensing and Natural Disasters In case of rapid, “instantaneous”