251

REFERENCES

1. ACI 116R-8 (1985), ‘Cement and Concrete Terminology’ American Concrete Institute, Michigan.

2. ACI 314 (1989), Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Michigan.

3. ACI Committee Report ACI 226.1R-87 (1987), ‘Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as a Cementitious Constituent in Concrete’, ACI Materials Journal, Jul-Aug, pp.327-342.

4. ACI Committee Report ACI 226.3R-87 (1987), ‘Use of Fly ash in Concrete’, ACI Materials Journal, Sep-Oct, pp.381-408

5. ACI.211-91 (1991), ‘Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavy weight and Mass Concrete’, American Concrete Institute, Michigan.

6. Adamson. A.W. (1982), Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. John Wiley and sons, 4th Edition, pp. 185-195.

7. Al-Amoudi O.S.B. (1992), ‘Studies on Soil Foundation Interaction in the SabkhaEnvironment of Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia’, Ph.D. Dissertation, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran.

8. Al-Amoudi O.S.B. (1999), ‘Performance of Fifteen Reinforced Concretes in Magnesium-Sodium Sulphate Environment’, Construction of Building Materials, Vol.9, No.9, pp.25-33.

9. Al-Amoudi O.S.B. (2002), ‘Attack on Plain and Blended Cements Exposed to Aggressive Sulphate Environments, Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol.24, Nos.3-4, pp.305-316.

10. Al-Amoudi O.S.B., Abduljauwad S.N., Rasheeduzzafar and Maslehuddin M. (1992a), ‘Effect of Chloride and Sulfate Contamination in Soils on Corrosion of Steel and Concrete’, Transportation Research Record, No.1345, pp.67-73.

11. Al-Amoudi O.S.B., Maslehuddin M. and Rasheeduzzafar (1993), ‘Permeability of Concrete-Influential Factors’, Proceedings of the 4th

252

International Conference on Deterioration and Repair of Reinforced Concrete in the Arabian Gulf, Bahrain, Vol.II, pp.717-733.

12. Al-Amoudi O.S.B., Maslehuddin M. and Saadi M.M. (1995), ‘Effect of Magnesium Sulphate and Sodium Sulphate on the Concrete Durability Performance of Plain and Blended Cements’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.92, No.1, pp.15-24.

13. Al-Amoudi O.S.B., Rasheeduzzafar Maslehuddin M. and Abduljauwad S.N. (1994), ‘Influence of Chloride ions on Sulphate Deterioration in Plain and Blended Cements’, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.46, No.167, pp.113-123.

14. Algahtani A.S., Rasheeduzzafar and Alsaadoun S.S.I. (1994), ‘Rebar Corrosion and Sulfate Resistance of Blast furnace Slag Cement’, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol.6, No.2, pp. 223-239.

15. Alonso C. (1988), ‘Relation Between Resistivity and Corrosion rate of Reinforcement in Carbon Mortar made with Several Cement Type’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.18, No.5, pp. 687-698.

16. Alonso C., Andrade C., Castellote M. and Castro P. (2000), ‘Chloride Thresholds Values to Depassivate Reinforcing bars Embedded in a Standardized OPC Mortar’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.30, pp.1047-1055.

17. Alonso C., Andrade C., Keddam A., Rnovoa M. and Takeniuti H. (1998), ‘Study of the Dielectric Characteristics of Cement Pastes,’ Materials Science Forum, No.289-292, pp.15-28.

18. Andarde C., Blanco V.M., Collazo A., Keddam A., Rnovoa M. and Takeniuti H. (1999), ‘Cement paste hardening process studied by Impedance spectroscopy’, Electrochimica Acta, Vol.44, pp.4313-4318.

19. Andrade C. and Gonzalez J.A. (1978), ‘Quantitative Measurements of Corrosion Rate of Reinforcing Steels Embedded in Concrete Using Polarization Measurements’, Werkstoffe und Korrosion, Vol.29, pp. 515-519.

20. Andrade C., Alonso C. and Molina F.G. (1993), ‘Cover Cracking as a Function of Bar Corrosion Part I: Experimental Test’, Materials and Structures, Vol.26, No.8, 453-464.

21. Andrade C., Maribona I.R., Feliu S., Gonzalez J.A. and Feliu S. (1991), ‘The Effect of Macro cells Between Active and Passive Areas

253

of Steel Reinforcements’, Corrosion Science, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 237-249.

22. ASTM 1202-94 (1995), ‘Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride ion Penetration’, ASTM Standards, Vol.04.02, pp. 624-629.

23. ASTM C1012 (2000), ‘Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution, Annual book of ASTM standards, Vol.04.01, pp.503-509.

24. ASTM C219-94 (1995), ‘Standard Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement’, Vol.04.02, pp. 172-173.

25. ASTM C595M:95 (1995), Standard Specifications for Blended Hydraulic Cements’,

26. ASTM C618 (2002), ‘Standard Specification for Coal Fly ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete’, ASTM Standards, Vol.04.04, pp.310-311.

27. ASTM C642-80 (1995), ‘Standard Test method for Specific Gravity, Absorption and Voids in Hardened Concrete’, ASTM Standards, Vol.04.02, pp. 318-319.

28. ASTM C876-91 (2001), ‘Standard Test Method for Half-cell Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete’, ASTM Standards, Vol.04.02, pp.452-457.

29. ASTM C989 (1995), ‘Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag for use in Concrete Mortars’, ASTM Standards, Vol.04.02, pp.494-498.

30. ASTM G109-94a (2001), ‘Standard Test Methods for Determining the Effects of Chemical Admixtures on the Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environment’, ASTM standards, Vol.03.02, pp.482-486.

31. ASTM G1-90 (1995), ‘Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens’, ASTM standards, Vol.03.02, pp.9-14.

32. ASTM-D1141-98, ‘Standard Practice for the Preparation of Substitute Ocean water’, ASTM Standards,Vol.11.02.

254

33. Bader M.A. (2003), ‘Performance of Concrete in Coastal Environment’, Cement &. Concrete’, Composites, Vol. 25, pp. 539-548.

34. Bard A.J. and Faulkner I.R. (2001), ‘Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications’, Second Ed., John Wiley Sons, pp.139-145.

35. Bargava K., Ghosh A.K., Mori Y. and Ramanujam S. (2005), ‘Modeling of Time to Corrosion-Induced Cover Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Structures’, Vol.35, pp.2203-2218.

36. Baskaran K., Rengaswamy N.S. and Palaniswamy N. (2001), ‘Impact of Metallic Corrosion-Part-I: Societal Impact’, Corrosion Update, Publ by NCCI Karaikudi, Vol.59, Mar-Apr, pp. 2-4.

37. Baskaran K., Rengaswamy N.S. and Palaniswamy N. (2001a), ‘Impact of Metallic Corrosion-Part-II: Economic Impact’, Corrosion Update, Publ by NCCI Karaikudi, Vol.59, May-June, pp. 2-4.

38. Baweja D., Harold Roper and Vute Sirivivatnanan (1998), ‘Chloride Induced Steel Corrosion in Concrete: Part1, Corrosion Rates , Corrosion Activity an Attack Areas’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.95, No.3, pp.207-217.

39. Bazant A.P. (1979) ‘Physical model for steel corrosion in concrete sea structures applications’, Journal of Structural Division, No.6, pp.1155-1165.

40. Beaudoin J.J., Basile and Tamtsia T. (2004), ‘Creep of Hardened Cement Paste - The Role of Interfacial Phenomena’, Interface Science, Vol.2, pp.353-360.

41. Beaudoin J.J., Ramachandran V.S. and Feldman R.F. (1990), ‘Interaction of Chloride and C-S-H’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.20, No.6, pp.875-883.

42. Ben-Yair (1974), ‘The Effect of Chlorides on Concrete in Hot and Cold Regions’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.4, No.3, pp.405-416.

43. Berke S. and Hicks M.C. (1994), ‘Predicting Chloride Profiles in Concrete’, Corrosion, Vol.50, pp.234-239.

44. Berry E.E. and Malhotra V.M. (1980), ‘Fly ash for Use in Concrete - A Critical Review’, ACI Journal Proceedings, Vol.77, No.2, pp.59-73.

255

45. Bharat Kumar B.H., Gopalakrishnan S., Raghu Prasad B.K. and Ramachandramurthy D.S. (2001), ‘Mixture Proportion of High Performance Concrete’, Proceeding 7th CANMEACI International Conference on Fly ash Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-199, ACI, Detroit, 2001, Supplementary, Volume, pp.311-326.

46. Bhatty J.I., Dollomire G.A., Gamlen R.J. and Mangabhai H. (1986), ‘Estimation of Calcium Hydroxide in OPC’, Thermochimica Acta, Vol.106, pp.105-110.

47. Biczok I. (1972), ‘Concrete Corrosion and Corrosion Protection’,Chemical Publishing Co. Inc., New York, pp.35-45.

48. Bijen J. and Van Selst R. (1993), ‘Cement Equivalence Factors for Fly ash’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.23, pp.1029-1039.

49. Birmin-Yauri U.A. and Glasser F.P.(1998), ‘Friedel’s salt Ca2Al(OH).2 H2O: its Solid Solutions and their Role in Chloride Binding’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.28, No.12, pp.1713-1723.

50. Bohnke C.I., Bohnke O. and Vuillemin B. (1993), ‘Contant Angle Behaviour of SnO2/WO3 Thin Film Electrodes in Anhydrous LiClO4-Propylene Carbonate Electrolyte’, Electrochimica Acta, Vol.38, pp.1935-1940.

51. Brantervik K. and Niklasson G.A. (1983), ‘Circuit Models for Cement Based Materials Obtained from Impedance Spectroscopy’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.13, No.5, pp. 496-508.

52. Broomfield J.P. (1994), ‘Assessing Corrosion Damage on Reinforced Concrete Structures’, Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete Swamy R.N. (Ed.), Sheffield Academic Press, Vol.1, pp.1-27.

53. Broomfield J.P. (1995), ‘Corrosion and Residual Life in Concrete Structures- An Overview’, Bulletin of Electrochemistry, Vol.11, No.3, pp.121-128.

54. Broomfield J.P. (1997), ‘Corrosion of Steel in Concrete, Understanding, Investigation and Repair’, London UK, E & FN Spon, pp.35-42.

55. Brown M.C. (1999), ‘Assessment of Commercial Inhibiting Admixtures for Reinforced Concrete’, Thesis (M.S.), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, pp.4-45.

256

56. Brown P.W. (1981), ‘An Evaluation of the Sulphate Resistance of Cements in Controlled Environment’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.11, No.11, pp.719-727.

57. Brown P.W. (2000), ‘Chemical Changes in Concrete due to the Ingress of Aggressive Species’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.30, No.3, pp.411-428.

58. Browne R.D. (1980), ‘Mechanism of Corrosion of Steel in Concrete in Relation to Design, Inspection and Repair of Offshore and Coastal Structures, In: Performance of Concrete in Marine Environment, Detroit, ACI SP–65, pp.169-204.

59. Byfors K. (1987), ‘Influence of Silica fume and Fly ash on Chloride Diffusion and pH Values in Cement Paste’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.17, No.1, pp.115-130.

60. Canadian Standards Association (CSA) A23.3-94, ‘Design of Concrete Structures’, Canadian Standards Association, Rexadle, ON, Canada.

61. Castellotte M., Andrade C. and Alonso M.C. (2002), ‘Standardisation to a Reference of 250C, of Electrical Resistivity for Mortars and Concretes in Saturated or Isolated Conditions, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.99, No.9, pp.119-128.

62. CEB Working Party V/4.1 (1997), ‘Strategies for Testing and Assessment of Concrete Structures Affected by Reinforcement Corrosion (draft)’, BBRI-CSTC-WTC3-1997.

63. Chang H., Huang P.J. and Hou S.C. (1999), ‘Application of ThermoRaman Spectroscopy to Study Dehydration of CaSO4. 2 H2O and CaSO4.0.5 H2O’ Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol.58, No.2, pp.12-19.

64. Changiz Dehghanian and Mosieb Arjemandi (1997), ‘Influence of Slag Blended Cement Concrete on Chloride Diffusion Rate’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.27, No.6, pp.937-945.

65. Christensen P.T. (2000), ‘Stochastic Modeling of the Crack Initiation Time for Reinforced Concrete Structures’, ASCE Structures Congress, Philadelphia, May 8-10, pp.8-15.

66. Clear K. (1989), ‘Measuring the Rate of Corrosion of Steel in Field Concrete Strcutures’, 68th Annual Transportation Research Meeting, Paper.No.88-0342.

257

67. Cohen M.D. and Bentuz A. (1988), ‘Durability of Portland Silica fume Pastes in Magnesium and Sodium Sulfate Solutions’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.85, No.3, pp.148-157.

68. Cook D.J., Hinczak I., Jedy M. and Cao H.T. (1989), ‘Migration Tests on Concrete,’ Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolana in Concrete’, ACI SP-114, pp.1467-1483.

69. Cook J.E. (1982), ‘Research and Application of High strength Concrete Using Class C fly ash’, Concrete International: Design and Construction, Vol.4, No.7, pp.72-80.

70. Crentsil K.K.S., Yilmaz V.T. and Glasser F.P. (1992), ‘Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of the Influence of SuperPlasticisers on Steel Corrosion in OPC mortar’, Vol.27, pp.3400-3404.

71. Daimdot D. and Glasser F.P. (1993), ‘Thermodynamic Investigation of the CaO- Al2 O3. CaSO4. H2O System at 250 C and the Influence of Na2O’ Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 221-238.

72. Dawson J. (1983), ‘Corrosion Monitoring of Steel in Concrete’, Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction’, The Society of Chemical Industry, Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, pp.175-191.

73. Detweiler R.J. (1996), ‘Blended Cements Now and for the Future’, Rock Products, July, pp.27-33.

74. Dharwadkar S.R. (2002), ‘Interpretation of Thermo-gravimetric (TG) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) curves’, Proceedings of National Workshop on Thermal Analysis, BARC, Mumbai, pp.1-17.142.

75. Dhir R.K., EI-Mohr M.A.K. and Dyer T.D. (1996), ‘Chloride Binding in GGBS Concrete’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.26, No.12, pp.1767-1773.

76. Dhir R.K., EI-Mohr M.A.K. and Dyer T.D. (1997), ‘Chloride Binding in GGBS Concrete’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.27, No.6, pp.937-945.

77. Diamond S. (1981), ‘Effect of Two Danish Fly ashes on Alkali Content of Pore Solutions of Cement-Fly ash Pastes’, Vol.11, No.3, pp.383-394.

258

78. Dinakar P., Babu K.G. and Manusanthanam (2006), ‘Corrosion Behaviour of Blended Cements in Low and Medium Strength Concrete’, Cement and Concrete Composites (article in press).

79. Dunstan E.R. (1980), ‘A Possible Method for Identifying Fly ashes that will Improve the Sulphate Resistance of Concrete’, Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, Vol.2, pp. 20-30.

80. Dweck J., Buchler P.M., Camlos A., Coelho V. and Cantledge F.K. (2000), ‘Hydration of Portland Cement Blended with Calcium Carbonate’, Thermochimica Acta, Vol.346, pp.105-112.

81. Edogdu S., Kondratova I.L. and Bremner T.W. (2004), ‘Determination of Chloride Diffusion Co-efficient of Concrete Using Open-Circuit Potential Measurements’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.34, pp.603-609.

82. El-Maaddawy T. and Soudki K. (2007), ‘A Model for Prediction of Time from Corrosion Initiation to Corrosion Cracking’, Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol.29, pp.168-175.

83. Feliu V., Gonzalez J.A., Andrade C. and Feliu S. (1998), ‘Equivalent Circuit for Modeling the Steel - Concrete Interface-I Experimental Evidence and Theoretical Predictions’, Corrosion Science, Vol.40, No.6, pp.975-993.

84. Fias M., Sabchez de Rojas M.I. and Rivera J. (2001), ‘The Effect of Temperature on the Formation of Hydragarnet in Matrices made with Meta-kaolin/Lime Mixture’, Proceedings 7th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-199-43, ACI, Detroit, Vol.2, pp.757-767.

85. Ford S.J., Shane J.D. and Mason T.O. (1998), ‘Assignment of Features in Impedance Spectra of the Cement - Paste/Steel System, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.28, pp.1737-1751.

86. Ganesh Babu K. and Siva Nageswara Rao G. (1994), ‘Early Strength Behaviour of Fly ash Concretes’, Cement and Concrete Research,Vol.24. No.2, pp.277-284.

87. Ganesh Babu K. and Sree Rama Kumar V. (2000), ‘Efficiency of GGBFS in Concrete’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.30, No.7, pp.1031-1036.

259

88. Ganesh Babu K. and Sree Rama Kumar V. (2001), ‘Chloride Diffusivity of Concrete’, Proceedings 7th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-199, ACI, Detroit, Vol.2, pp. 611-616.

89. Geiseler J., Kollo H. and Lang E. (1995), ‘Influence of Blast Furnace Cements on Durability of Concrete Structures’, ACI Materials Journal,Vol.92, No.3, pp.252-257.

90. Ghosh S.P. (2007), ‘Energy Efficiency Initiatives, Estimation of CO2Emission and Benchmarking Energy and Environmental Performance in Indian Cement Industry’, Proc. of ‘Workshop on CO2 Benchmarking and Monitoring and CDM Benchmarking in Cement Industry’ New Delhi, pp.3-10.

91. Gjorv O.E. and Vennerland O. (1979), ‘Diffusion of Chloride ions from Sea Water into Concrete’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.9, No.2, pp.229-238.

92. Gjorv O.E., Vennesland O. and EI-Budsaidy A.H.S. (1977), ‘Electrical Resistivity of Concrete in Oceans’, Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, OTC paper No.2, Texas, pp.581-588.

93. Glass G.K., Page C.L. and Short N.R. (1991), ‘Factors Affecting the Corrosion Rate of Steel in Carbonated Mortars’, Corrosion Science, Vol.32, No.12, pp.1283-1294.

94. Glass G.K. and Buenfield N.R. (1999), ‘Differential Acid Neutralization Analysis,’ Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.29, pp.1681-1684.

95. Glass G.K., Reddy B. and Buenfeld N.R. (2000), ‘Corrosion Inhibition in Concrete Arising from its Acid Neutralization Capacity’, Corrosion Science, Vol.42, No.9, pp.1587-1598.

96. Glass G.K. and Buenfield N.R (2000a), ‘The Influence of Chloride Binding on the Chloride Induced Corrosion Risk in Reinforced Concrete,’ Corrosion Science, Vol.42, No.10, pp.329-344.

97. Glass G.K., Reddy B. and Buenfeld N.R. (2000b), ‘The Participation of Bound Chloride in Passive Film Breakdown on Steel in Concrete’, Corrosion Science, Vol.42, No.10, pp.2013-2021.

98. Gonzalez J.A. (1980), ‘Corrosion of Reinforcing Bars in Carbonated Concrete’, British Corrosion Journal, Vol.15, No.3, pp.135-139.

260

99. Gopalakrishnan G., Rajamane N.P., Neelamegam M., Peter J.A. and Dattatreya J.K. (2001), ‘Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement with Fly ash on the Strength and Durability of HPC’, The Indian Concrete Journal, May, pp.335-341.

100. Gopalan M.K. and Haque M.N. (1987), ‘Effect of Curing Regime on the Properties of Fly ash Concrete’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.84, pp.14-19.

101. Guneyisi E., Ozturan T. and Gesoglu M. (2005), ‘A Study on Reinforcement Corrosion and Related Properties of Plain and Blended Cement Concretes Under Different Curing Conditions’, Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol.27, pp.440-461.

102. Hachani L., Fiaud C., Triki E. and Reharinaivo A. (1994), ‘Characteristics of Steel/Concrete Interface by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy’, British Corrosion Journal, Vol.91, No.3, pp.66-74.

103. Hansen E.J. and Saouma V.E. (1999), ‘Numerical Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Deterioration: Part II - Steel Corrosion and Concrete Cracking’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.96, No.3, pp.331-338.

104. Haque M.N., Day R.L. and Langan B.W. (1988), ‘Realistic Strength of Air Entrained Concretes with and without Fly ash’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.85, pp.241-247.

105. Harrison. W.H. (1990), ‘Effect of Chloride in Mix Ingredients on Sulphate Resistance of Concrete’, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.42, No.152, pp.113-126.

106. Hekal E.E., Kishar E. and Mostafa H. (2002), ‘Magnesium Sulphate Attack on Hardened Blended Cement Pastes’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.32, pp.1421-1427.

107. Hladky K. (1989), ‘Development in Rate of Corrosion Measurements for Reinforced Concrete Structures’, Corrosion 89, No.169, NACE, Houston, TX.

108. Hobbs D.W. (1988), ‘Carbonation of Concrete Containing pfa’, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.40, No.143, pp.69-78.

109. Hobbs D.W. (1994), ‘Carbonation of Concrete Containing pfa’, Magazine of Concrete Research’, Vol.46, No.166, pp.35-38.

261

110. Hobbs D.W. (1997), ‘Minimum Requirements for Durable Concrete’, British Cement Association, Telford, UK, pp.135-137.

111. Hogan F.J. and Meusel J.W. (1981), ‘Evaluation of Durability and Strength Development of a Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag’, Cement , Concrete and Aggregates, Vol.3, No.1, pp.40-52.

112. Hope B.B., Page J.A. and Alan K.C. (1986), ‘Corrosion Rates of Steel in Concrete’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.16, No.5, pp.51-59.

113. Hossain K.M.A. and Lachemi M. (2006), ‘Deterioration and Corrosion in Scoria Based Blended Cement Concrete Subjected to Mixed Sulfate Environment’, International Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol.1, No.4, pp.163-174.

114. Ho-won Song Ho-Jin Kim, Velu Saraswathy and Tae-Hwan Kim (2007), ‘A Micro Mechanics Based Corrosion Model for Predicting the Service Life of Reinforced Concrete Structures’, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, Vol.2, pp.341-354.

115. Hubbert C., Weikar W. and Heidemann D. (2001), ‘Investigations of Hydration Products in High Volume Fly ash Binders’, Proceedings 7th

CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-199, ACI, Detroit, Vol.1, pp.83-97.

116. Hughes D.C. (1985), ‘Sulphate Resistance of OPC, OPC/Fly ash and SRPC Pastes:Pore Structure and Permeability’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.15, No.6, pp.1003-1012.

117. Hussain S.E. and Rasheeduzzafar (1994), ‘Corrosion Resistance Performance of Fly ash Cement Concrete’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.91, No.3, pp.66-74.

118. Hussain S.E., Ahmad S., Al-Gahtani and Rasheeduzzasafar (1997), ‘Chloride Threshold for Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.94, No.6, pp.534-538.

119. Huyen F.J. and Meusel J.W. (1981), ‘Evaluation for Durability and Strength Development of a Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag’, Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, Vol.3, No.1, pp.40-52.

120. Irassar E.F., Di Maio A. and Baic O.R. (1996), ‘Sulfate Attack on Concrete with Mineral Admixtures’, Cement and Concrete Research,Vol.26, No.1, pp.113-123.

262

121. IS 12089:1987, ‘Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Slag for Manufacture of Portland Slag Cement’, BIS Standards, New Delhi.

122. IS 1489 (Part I):1991, ‘Specification for Portland Pozzolana Cement (fly ash based)’, BIS standards, New Delhi.

123. IS 1786:1985, ‘Specification for High Strength Deformed Steel Bars and Wires for Concrete Reinforcement’, BIS Standards, New Delhi.

124. IS 3812:1981, ‘Specification for Fly ash for Use as Pozzolan and Admixture’, BIS Standards, New Delhi.

125. IS 383:1970, ‘Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from Natural Sources for Concrete’, BIS standards, New Delhi.

126. IS 455:1989, ‘Specification for Portland Slag Cement’, BIS Standards, New Delhi.

127. IS 456:2000, ‘Indian Standard for Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice’, BIS standards, 2000, p.13-16.

128. IS 516:1959, ‘Method of Test for Strength of Concrete’, BIS Standards, New Delhi.

129. IS 8112: 1989, ‘Specification for 43 grade Ordinary Portland Pozzolana Cement’, BIS Standards, New Delhi.

130. IS.4031:1988, ‘Method of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cements, BIS Standards, New Delhi.

131. John D.G., Searson P.C. and Dawson J.L. (1981), ‘Use of AC Impedance Technique: Studies on Steel in Concrete in Immersed Conditions’, British Corrosion Journal, No.16, pp.102-106.

132. John F. (1999), ‘Field Studies on Sulfate Attack on Concrete’, Materials Science of Concrete: Sulfate Attack Mechanisms, Marchand J. and Skalny J.P. (Ed.), American Ceramic Society, Westerbrook, Ohio, pp.315-323.

133. Ju J.W., Weng L.S., Mindess S. and Boyd A.J. (1999), ‘Damage Assessment and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subject to Sulfate Attack’, Materials Science of Concrete: Sulfate Attack Mechanisms, Marchand J. and Skalny J.P. (Ed.), American Ceramic Society, Westerbrook, Ohio, pp.265-282.

263

134. Kahhaleh K.Z., Jirsa J.O., Carrasquillo R.L. and Wheat H.G. (1994), ‘Macro-cell Corrosion Study of Fabricated Epoxy Coated Reinforcement’, Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete, Swamy R.N. (Ed.), Sheffield Academic Press, Vol.2, pp.1244-1253.

135. Kanitakis I.M. (1982), ‘Permeability of Concrete Containing Pulverized Fuel ash’, 5th International Symposium on Concrete Technology, Mexico, pp.311-322.

136. Keddam M., Takenouti H., Novoa R., Andrade C. and Alonso C. (1997), ‘Impedance Measurements on Cement Paste’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.27, pp.1191-1201.

137. Khatri R.P., Sirivivatnanon V. and Heeley P. (2004), ‘Critical Polarization Resistance in Service Life Determination’ Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.34, pp.829-837.

138. Khatri R.P., Srivivatnanon V. and Lam Kin Yu (1997), ‘Effect of Curing on Water Permeability of Concretes Prepared with Normal Portland Cement and with Slag and Silica fume’, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.49, No.180, pp. 167-172.

139. Kropp J. (1995), ‘Relations Between Transport Characteristics and Durability’, Performance Criteria for Concrete Durability, Kropp J. and Hilsdorf H.K. (Eds.), London: E & FN Spon, pp.97-137.

140. Lane R.O. and Best J.F. (1982), ‘Properties and Use of Fly ash on Portland Cement Concrete’ Concrete International: Design and Construction’, Vol.4, No.7, pp. 81-92.

141. Larbi J.A. and Visser J.H. (2002), ‘A Study of the ASR of an Aggregate with High Chert Content by means of Ultra-Accelerated Mortar Bar Test and Pore Fluid Analysis’, Heron, Vol.47, No.2, pp.141-159.

142. Lauf R.J. (1982), ‘Microstructure of Coal Fly ash Particles’, Ceramic Bulletin, Vol.61, No.4, pp.487-490.

143. Lawrence C.D. (1990), ‘Sulphate Attack on Concrete’, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.42, No.153, pp.249-264.

144. Lea F.M. (1974), ‘The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete’, Edward Arnold (Pub.) Ltd., p.347.

264

145. Li D., Chen Y., Shen J. and Wu X. (2000), The influence of Alkalinity on Activation and Micro Structure of Fly ash’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.30, No.6, pp.881-886.

146. Li S. and Roy D.M. (1986), ‘Investigations of Relation Between Porosity, Pore Structure and Cl- Diffusion of Fly ash and Blended Cement Pastes’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.16, No.5, pp.749-757.

147. Liu Y. and Weyers R.E. (1996), ‘Time to Cracking for Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete,’ Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction, Page C.L., Bamforth P.B. and Figg J.W. (Eds.), SCI, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp.88-104.

148. Liu. Y. and Weyer A.R. (1998), ‘Modeling the Time to Corrosion Cracking in Chloride Contaminated Reinforced Concrete Structures’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.95, No.6, pp.675-681.

149. MacPhee D.E. and Cao H.T. (1993), ‘Theoretical Description of Impact of Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) on Steel Passivation in Concrete’, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.45, No.162, pp.63-69.

150. Malhotra V., Carette G. and Bremner T. (1987), ‘Durability of Concrete’, ACI-SP-100, pp.127-130.

151. Malhotra V.M. (1999), ‘Making Concrete ‘Greener’ with Fly ash’, Indian Concrete Journal, pp.609-614.

152. Malhotra V.M. and Ramzanianpour A.A. (1994), ‘Fly ash in Concrete’, CANMET, Canada, pp.141-146.

153. Mangat P.S. and EI-Khatib J.M. (1992), ‘Influence of Initial Curing on Sulphate Resistance of Blended Cement Concrete’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.22, No.6, pp.1089-1100.

154. Mangat P.S. and Khatib J.M. (1995), ‘Influence of Fly ash, Silica fume and Slag on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete’, ACI Materials Journal,Vol.92, No.5, pp.542-552.

155. Mangat P.S. and Molloy B.T. (1991), ‘Influence of PFA, Slag and Micro-Silica on Chloride Induced Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.21, pp.819-834.

265

156. Manmohan D. and Mehta P.K. (1981), ‘Influence of Pozzolanic, Slag and Chemical Admixtures on Pore size Distribution and Permeability of Hardened Cement Pastes’, Cement, Concrete and aggregates, Vol.3, No.1, pp.63-67.

157. Mansfeld F. and Shih H. (1988), ‘Detection of Pitting with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy,’ Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol.13, No.4, 1171-1172.

158. Mansfeld F., Kendig M.W. and Lorenz W.J. (1985), ‘Corrosion Inhibition in Neutral, Aerated Media’, Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol.132, No.2, pp.290-296.

159. Mansfeld F., Lin S., Kim S. and Shih H. (1987), ‘Pitting and Surface Modification of SIC/Al’, Corrosion Science, Vol.27, No.9, pp.997-1000.

160. Mansfeld F., Lin S., Kim S. and Shih H. (1989), ‘Corrosion Protection of Al Alloys and Al-Based Metal Matrix Composites by Chemical Passivation’, Vol.4, No.8, pp.615-630.

161. Manu Santhanum, Cohen C.D. and Olek J. (2003), ‘Effects of Gypsum Formation on the Performance of Cement Mortars During External Sulphate Attack’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.33, No.3, pp.325-332.

162. Marchand J., Samson E., Maltis Y. and Beaudoin J.J. (2002), ‘Theoretical Analysis of the Effect of Weak Sodium Sulphate Solutions on the Durability of Concrete’, Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol.24, No.24, pp.317-329.

163. Masoud S.G. (2002), ‘Behavior of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams Repaired with FRP Sheets Under Monotonic and Fatigue Loads’, Ph.D. thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.

164. Mathews M.S., Somayaji S. and Ambedkar G.S.B. (2001), ‘Effects of Fly ash on Strength and Durability of Hydraulic Htructures with Various Grades of Cement and Concrete’, Proceedings 7th

CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-199, ACI, Detroit, Vol.1, pp. 127-146

165. McCarter W.J., Starrs G. and Chrisp T.M. (2000), ‘Electrical Conductivity, Diffusion and Permeability of Portland Cement-Based Mortars’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.30, No.9, pp.1395-1400.

266

166. Mehta P.K. (1986), ‘Effects of Fly ash Composition on Sulfate Resistance of Cement’, ACI Material Journal, Nov-Dec, pp. 999-1000.

167. Mehta P.K. (1999a), ‘Sulfate Attack in Marine Environment’, Materials Science of Concrete: Sulfate Attack Mechanisms, Marchand J. and Skalny J.P. (Eds.), American Ceramic Society, Westerbrook, Ohio, pp.295-299.

168. Mehta P.K., Paulo J.M. and Monteiro (1999), ‘Concrete Microstructure, Properties and Materials’, Indian Concrete Institute, Chennai, pp.146-154.

169. Meusel J.W. and Rose J.H. (1983), ‘Production of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag at Sparrows Point and the Workability and Strength: Potential of Concrete Incorporating the Slag’, Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and other Mineral By-products in Concrete, SP-79, ACI, Detroit, pp.867-890.

170. Millard S.G., Ghassemi M.H., Bungeg J.H. and Jafar M.I. (1990), ‘Assessing the Electrical Resistivity of Concrete Structures for Corrosion Durability Studies’, Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete, Page C.L., Treadway K.W.J. and Bamforth P.B. (Eds.), Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp.303- 313.

171. Mohammed T.U., Toru Jamaji, Toshiyuki Aoyama and Hidenori Hamada (2001), ‘Marine Durability of 15 Year Old Concrete Specimens Made with Ordinary Portland, Slag, Fly ash Cements’, Proceedings 7th CANMET/ ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-199, ACI, Detroit, Vol.2, pp. 541-560.

172. Mohammed T.U., Toru Yamaji, Toshiyuki Aoyama and Hidenori Hamada, (2001a), ‘Corrosion of Steel Bars in Cracked concrete Made with Ordinary Portland’, Slag and Fly ash Cements, Proceedings 7th

CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP- 199, ACI, Detroit, Vol.2, pp.699-709.

173. Molina F.J., Alonso C. and Andrade C. (1993), ‘Cover Cracking as a Function of Rebar Corrosion: Part 2-Numerical Model. Materials and Structures, Vol.26, pp.532-548.

174. Monk M.M. (1983), ‘A Comparison Between Intergrinding and Blending’, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.3, No.124, pp.131-141.

267

175. Monticelli C., Frignani A. and Trabanelli (2000), ‘A Study on Corrosion Inhibitors for Concrete Application’, Cement Concrete Research, Vol.30, 1723-1730.

176. Monticelli C., Frignani A. and Trabanelli (2002), ‘Corrosion Inhibition of Steel in Chloride Containing Alkaline Solutions,’ Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol.32, pp.527-535.

177. Monzo J., Paya J., Borrachero M.V., Peris-Mora E. and Velazquez S. (2001), ‘Fluid Catalytic Cracking Residue (FC3R) as a New Pozzolanic Material: Thermal Analysis Monitoring of (FC3R)/Portland Cement Reactions’, Proceedings 7th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP- 199, ACI, Detroit, Vol.2. pp. 241-254.

178. Morinaga S. (1988), ‘Prediction of Service Life of Concrete Structures Based on Rate of Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel Report No.23’, Japan, pp.82.

179. Muralidharan S., Vedalakshmi R., Saraswathy V. and Palaniswamy N. (2005), ‘Studies on the Aspects of Chloride ion Determination in Different Types of Concrete Under Macro cell Corrosion Condition’, Building and Environment, Vol.40, No.9, pp.1275-1281.

180. Newhouse C.D. (1993), ‘Corrosion Rates and the Time to Cracking Model for Critically Contaminated Reinforced Concrete Structures’, Masters of Science Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, December.

181. Newman J. (1966), ‘Resistance for Flow of Current to a Disk’, Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol.113, pp.501.

182. Newton C.J. and Sykes J.M. (1988), ‘A Galvanostatic Pulse Techniquefor Investigation of Steel Corrosion in Concrete’, Corrosion Science, Vol.28, No.11, pp. 1051-1074.

183. Nokken M., Boddy A., Hooton R.D. and Thomas M.D.A (2006), ‘Time –dependent Diffusion in Concrete- three Laboratory Studies”, Cement Concrete Research, Vol.36, No.1, pp.200-207.

184. Pal S.C., Mukherjee A. and Pathak S.R. (2001), ‘Corrosion of Steel in Slag Concrete’, Proceedings 7th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-199, ACI, Detroit, Vol.2, pp. 521-539.

268

185. Pantazopoulou S.J. and Papoulia K.D. (2001), ‘Modeling Cover Cracking due to Reinforcement Corrosion in RC Structures, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol.127, No.4, pp.342-351.

186. Parrot L.J. (1994), ‘A Study of Carbonation Induced Corrosion’, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.46, No.166, pp. 23-28.

187. PCI Committee Report (2001), ‘High Performance Concrete Showcase bridges’, PCI Journal, Vol.46. No.5, pp. 42-55.

188. Peterson J.E. (1993). A Time to Cracking Model for Critically Contaminated Reinforced Concrete Structures, Masters of Science Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, December, VA.

189. Pfeifer D.W., McDonald D.B. and Krauss P.D. (1994), ‘The Rapid Chloride Permeability Test and its Correlation to the 90 day Chloride Ponding Test, PCI Journal, No.1, pp.38-46.

190. Ping Gu, Beaudoin J.J., Min-Hong Zhang and Malhotra V.M. (2000),‘Performance of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Containing Silica fume and Blast Furnace Slag Ponded with Sodium Chloride Solution’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.97, No.3, pp. 254-261.

191. Ping Gu, ElliohS, Hristora R., Benudoin J.J., Broussean R. and Baldock B. (1997), ‘A Study of Corrosion Inhibitor Performance in Chloride Contaminated Concrete by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.94, No.5, pp. 385-395.

192. PingGu, Ping Xie, Beaudoin J.J. and Brousseau R. (1992), ‘A.C. Impedance Spectroscopy (I) : A New Equivalent Circuit Model for Hydrated Portland Cement Paste’, Cement and Concrete Research,Vol.22, No.5, pp. 833-840.

193. Pivinka P., Hellmich C. and Smith D. (2004) ‘Microcopic Effects on Chloride Diffusivity of Cement Pastes- a Scale Transition Analysis’, Cement and Concrete Research , Vol.34, pp.2251-2260.

194. Pommersheim J.M. and Clifton J.R. (1991), ‘Models of Transport Processes in Concrete’, NISTIR 4405, Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.

195. Poupard O., AI’t-Mokhtar A. and Dumargue P. (2004), ‘Corrosion by Chloride in Concrete: Determination of Chloride Concentration Threshold by Impedance Spectroscopy’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34, pp.991-1000.

269

196. Pruckner F. (2001), ‘Corrosion and Protection of Reinforcement in Concrete: Measurements and Interpretation’, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Vienna, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Vienna.

197. Raikar R.N. (1987), ‘Learning from failure’, R& D center structural Engg. & Consultants (P) Ltd., pp.469-475.

198. Rammelt U. and Reinhard G. (1995), ‘ Impedance Analysis of Conversion Layers on Iron,’ Electrochimica Acta, Vol.40, pp.505-517

199. Rasheeduzzafar, Al-Amoudi O.S.B., Abduljawad S.N. and Masuehuddin M. (1994), ‘Magnesium-Sodium Sulphate Attack in Plain and Blended Cements’, ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol.6, No.2, pp.201-222.

200. Ravina D. (1981), ‘Efficient Utilization of Coarse and Fine Fly ash in Pre Cast Concretes by Incorporating Thermal Curing’, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol.78, pp.194-200.

201. Rendell F. and Miller E. (1990), ‘Macro cell Corrosion of Reinforcement in Marine Structures’, Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete, Page C.L., Treadway K.W.J. and Bamforth P.B. (Eds.), Elsevier Science Publishers limited, pp.167-177.

202. Rengasamy N.S., Vasanthi Sundaram , Srinivasan S. and Balakrishnan, K. (1988), ‘Evaluation of Indian Pozzolana Cements for their Corrosion Resistance’, Transactions of the SAEST, Vol.23. No.2-3, pp. 273-277.

203. Rengaswamy N.S., Balasubramaniyan T.M., Srinivasan S., MahadeveIyer and Suresh Babu R.H. (1987), ‘Corrosion Survey of Bridges’, The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 61, No.6, pp.147-160.

204. Rengaswamy N.S., Balaubramaniyan T.M. and Rajagopalan K. (1966), ‘Effect of Fly ash on Steel Reinforcement’, The Indian and Eastern engineer, Aug, pp. 437-440.

205. Richardson I.G. and Groves G.W. (1993), ‘The Incorporation of Minor and TraceElements into Calcium-Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) Gel in Hardened Cement Pastes’, Cement and Concrete Research. Vol.23, No.1, pp.131-138.

206. Roy D.M., Brown P.W., Shi S., Scheeta B.E. and May W. (1993), ‘Concrete Microstructure, Porosity and Permeability’, SHRP-C-628, pp.44-46.

270

207. Sagoe-Crentisil K.K. and Glasser F.P. (1989), ‘Steel in Concrete Part I: A Review of the Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Aspects’, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.41, No.149, pp. 205-212.

208. Sagoe-crentsil K.K., Glasser, F.P. and Irvine, J.T.S. (1992), ‘Electrochemical Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Corrosion as Determined by Impedance Spectroscopy’, British Corrosion Journal, Vol.27, No.2,. pp.113-121.

209. Sagues A.A (1993), ‘Corrosion Measurement Techniques for Steel in Concrete,’ paper.No.353. Corrosion/93, NACE, Houston.

210. Sagues A.A (1994), ‘Performance of Galvanizd Rebars in Marine Substructure Service’, Project ZE-418, Part-I, Oct.

211. Sagues A.A (2001), ‘Detailed Modeling of Corrosion Macro cells on Steel Reinforcing in Concrete’, Corrosion. Science, Vol. 43, No.12, pp. 1355-372.

212. Sagues A.A., Kranc S.C. and Moreno E.I. (1995), ‘The Time-Domain Response of a Corroding System with Constant Phase Angle Interfacial Component; Application to Steel in Concrete’, Corrosion Science, Vol.37, No.7, pp.1097-1113.

213. Saricimen H., Maslehuddin M., Al-Tayyib A. J. and Al-Mana, A.I. (1995), ‘Permeability and Durability of Plain and Blended Cements Cured in Field and Laboratory Conditions’, ACI Material Journal, Vol.92, No.2, pp. 111-115.

214. Scanlon J.M and Matthew R.S. (1996), ‘Fly ash Concrete: An Evaluation of Chloride Penetration Testing Methods’, Concrete International, June, pp. 57-62.

215. Schiessl P. (1988), ‘Corrosion of steel in concrete- Report of RILEM committee 60-CSC’, Chapman and Hall, Londan,

216. Schupack M. and Suarez M.G. (1982), ‘Some Recent Embrittlement Failures of Prestressing Systems in the United states’, PCI Journal,Mar-Apr, pp. 38-42.

217. Seishi Gito, Kiyoshi Akazawa and Maaki Daimon (1992), ‘Solubility of Silica- Alumina Gels in Different pH solutions- Discussion on the Hydration of Slags and Fly ashes in cement’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.22, pp. 1216-1223.

271

218. Sergi G. and Glass G.K. (2000), ‘A Method of Ranking the Aggressive Nature of Chloride contaminated Concrete’, Corrosion Science, Vol.42, pp.2043-2049.

219. Sha W. and Pereira G.B. (2001), ‘Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study of Normal Portland Cement Pastes with 30 % Fly ash and Replacement and of the Separate Fly ash and GGBFS Powders’, Proceedings 7th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP- 199, ACI, Detroit, Supplementary Volume, pp.295-309.

220. Shao-Dong, Wang, Karen L. Srivener and Pratt (1994), ‘Factors Affecting the Strength of Alkali Activated Slag’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.24, No.6, pp.1033-1043.

221. Shi Z., Chen J. and Sun (1999), ‘ Determination of Chloride Diffusivity in Concrete by AC impedance Technique’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.29, pp.1111-1115.

222. Shih H. and Mansfeld F. (1989), ‘A Fitting Procedure for Impedance Spectra Obtained for Cases of Localized Corrosion,’ Corrosion, Vol.45, No.8, pp.610-614.

223. Shreir, L.L. (1979) Corrosion Vol.1, Metal/Environment Reactions Newness-Butterworths , London, pp.234-235.

224. Sideris K.K. and Savva A.E. (2001), ‘Resistance of Fly ash and Natural Pozzolans Blended Cement Mortars and Concrete to Carbonation Sulphate and Chloride ion Penetration’, Proceedings 7th

CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and natural pozzolans in concrete, SP- 199, ACI, Detroit, Vol.1, pp. 275-293.

225. Singh S.P. (2002), ‘Use of Thermo-Analytical Techniques in the Study of Hydration of Cement’, Proceedings of National Thermal Analysis, BARC, Mumbai, Vol.1, pp.69-70.

226. Snyder K.A., Feng X., Keen, B.D. and Mason T.O. (2003), ‘Estimatingthe Electrical Conductivity of Cement Paste Solutions from OH- K+

and Na+ Concentrations’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.33, pp. 793-798.

227. Sorn V. and Oshiro T. (2001), ‘Performance of Fly ash Concretes in Accelerated and Natural Chloride Exposure Regime’ Proceedings 7th

CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag

272

and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-199, ACI, Detroit, Vol.1, pp. 185-204.

228. Stanish R.D., Hooton and Thomas M.D.A. (2002), ‘Prediction of Chloride Penetration in Concrete: Testing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: A Literature Review’, FHWA Contract DTFH61-97-R-0022, pp.1-50.

229. Stern M and Geary A.L. (1975), Journal of Electrochemical . Society, Vol.104, pp. 56-62.

230. Suda K., Misra S. and Motohashi K. (1993), ‘Corrosion Products of Reinforcing Bars Embedded in Concrete,’ Corrosion Science, Vol. 35, pp. 1543-1549.

231. Suryavanshi A.K., Scantlebury J.D. and Lyon, S.B. (1996), ‘Mechanism of Friedal’s Salt Formation in Cements Rich in Tri-Calcium Aluminate’, Cement Concrete Research, Vol.26, No.5, pp.717-727.

232. Suzuki K., Ohno Y., Praparntanatorn S. and Tamura, H. (1990), ‘ Some Phenomena of Macro cell Corrosion’, Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete, Page C.L., Treadway K.W.J. and Bamforth P.B. (Eds.), Elsevier Science Publishers Limited, pp.87-95.

233. Taylor H.F.W. (1997), ‘Cement Chemistry, 2nd edition, Thomas Telford, pp.102-107.

234. Thomas M. (1996), ‘Chloride Thresholds in Marine Concrete’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.26, No.4, pp. 513-519.

235. Thomas M.D.A. (1991), ‘Marine Performance of PFA Concrete’, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.43, No.156, pp.171-185.

236. Thomas M.D.A., Bleszinski R.F. and Scott C.E. (1999), ‘Sulfate Attack in a Marine Environment’, Materials Science of Concrete: Sulfate Attack Mechanisms, Marchand J. and Skalny J.P. (Eds.), American Ceramic Society, Westerbrook, Ohio, pp.301-313.

237. Thomas M.D.A. and Bamforth P.B.(1999a), ‘Modeling Chloride Diffusion in Concrete – Effect of Fly ash and Slag’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.29, pp.487-495.

238. Thomas M.D.A., Mathews J.D. and Haynes C.A. (1989), ‘The Effect of Curing on the Strength and Permeability PFA concretes’, Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume,

273

Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-114, ACI, Detroit, pp.191-217.

239. Thomas M.D.A., Mathews J.D. and Haynes C.A. (1990), ‘Chloride Diffusion and Reinforcement Corrosion in Marine Exposed Concretes Containing Pulverized Fuel Ash’, In: Page C.L., Treadway K.W.J. and Bamforth P.B. (Eds.), Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete, Society of Chemical Industry, pp.198-212.

240. Tikalsky P.J. and Carrasquillo R.L. (1992), ‘Influence of Fly ash on the Sulfate Resistance of Concrete’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.89, No.2, pp.69-75.

241. Tikalsky P.J., Carrasquillo P.M. and Carrasquillo R.C. (1988), ‘Strength and Durability Consideration Affecting Mix Proportions of Concrete Containing Fly ash, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.8, pp. 501-511

242. Tixier R. (2000), ‘Micro Structural Development and Sulphate Attack Modeling in Blended Cement Based Materials’, Ph.D. Dissertation, Arizina State University, Arizona, USA.

243. Treadway K. (1988), ‘Corrosion of Steel in Concrete’, Schiessel P. (Ed.), RILEM Publications, Paris, pp.56-60.

244. Tuutti K. (1982) ‘Corrosion of Steel in Concrete’. Report 4-82, Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Sweden.

245. Vanikar S.N. and Mullarky J.I. (2001), ‘Utilisation of Fly ash, Silica fume and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag for High Performance Concrete Bridges and Pavements’, Proceedings 7th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-199, ACI, Detroit, Supplementary Volume, pp. 311-326.

246. Vedalakshmi R., Kumar K., Raju V. and Rengaswamy N.S. (2000), ‘Effect of Prior Damage on the Performance of Cement Based Coatings on Rebar: Macro Cell Corrosion Studies’, Cement & Concrete Composites, Vol.22, pp.417-421.

247. Vogel A.I. (1974), ‘A Text Book of Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary instrumental analysis, pp.72-81.

248. Wang S. (1991), ‘Review of Recent Research on Alkali Activated Concrete in China, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.97, No.154, pp.29-35.

274

249. Wee T.H., Suryavanshi A.K. and Tin S.S. (2000), ‘Evaluation of Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) Results for Concrete Containing Mineral Admixtures’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.97, No.2, pp. 221-232.

250. Wee T.M., Suryavanshi A.K., Wong S.F. and Anisur Rahman A.K.M. (2000), ‘Sulfate Resistance of Concrete Containing Mineral Admixtures’ , ACI Materials Journal, Vol.97. No.5, pp.53- 59. Wenger F. and Galland J. (1990), ‘ Analysis of Local Corrosion of Large Metallic Structures or Reinforced Concrete Structures by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy’, Electrochimica Acta, Vol.3, pp.1573-1578.

251. Weyers R.E. (1998), Service Life Model for Concrete Structures in Chloride Laden Environments’,. ACI Materials Journal. Vol.95, No.4, pp445-453.

252. Whitington H.W. (1981), ‘The Conduction of Electricity Through Concrete’, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.33, No.114, pp.48-60.

253. Zhang J. and Lounis Z (2006) ‘Sensitivity Analysis of Simplified Diffusion based Corrosion Initiation Model of Concrete Structures Exposed to Chlorides’, Cement and Concrete Research Vol.36, No.7, pp. 1312-1323.

254. Zhongzixu, PingGu, Ping Xie and Beaudoin J.J. (1993), ‘Application of A.C. Impedance Techniques in Studies of Porous Cementitious Materials (II)’, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.23, No.4, pp. 853-862.