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RECLAMATION TO FOREST
the best solution for sustainable
development of post mining sites
Marcin Pietrzykowski
Department of Forest Ecology and Reclamation
Faculty of Forestry
University of Agriculture in Krakow
The Forestry Economy in the Mountains and on the Industrialized Areas,
SITLiD, Ustroń-Jaszowiec, September 4, 2015
Outline
Mining – consequences for environment and reclamation
needs;
New ecosystems on mine lands, soil reconstruction, site
classification for forest management;
Tree species selection;
Tree species response;
Remarks and conclusion.
2
Źródło: Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. M., Lubchenco, J., Melillo, J. M. 1997. Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems, Science 277: 494 -499.
7 Source: http://www.mapsofworld.com/business/industries/coal-energy/world-coal-deposits
Source: http://www.euracoal.be 8
Mining extraction in Poland
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Gdańsk
Szczecin Olsztyn
Poznań Warszawa
Bydgoszcz
Katowice
Wrocław
Kraków Rzeszów
Łódź
(in thousand Mg/year):
1. Hard Coal: 70.5
2. Lignite: 57.1
3. Sand Filling: 10.8
4. Sulfur 0.3
5. Non-ferrous metals
(Cu -23; Zn, Pb – 2.4)
6. Limstones, dolomites 35.2
Source: http://www.pgi.gov.pl Source http://www.stat.gov.pl
Power supply in Poland
Mined lands in Poland – structure
Forest land
28%
agricultural
land 61 %
other
11%
/
10 S o u r c e: data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 2013
Mine lands in Poland - reclamation and management
other
10%
forestry
60%
agriculture
20%
water
10%
25 000 ha reclaimed to forest land
Source: http://www.stat.gov.pl; Pietrzykowski, M, J For Res (2013)
Photo by KP Maczki Bor, used with permission 12
New ecosystems on mine lands
13
M. Pietrzykowski
Examples of sites
Photo: M. Pietrzykowski
7
6 5 4
3 1 2
8 9
14
15
Varied minesoils at different substrates
Photo: Pietrzykowski M. 2010
• Quaternary (loamy and gravelly sands, loam, bouldery clay and clay) (QLSS);
• Neogene sandy strata, loam and clay, carbonates and sulfides (NS);
• mudstones, sandstones and carbonaceous shales (CF);
• Quaternary sands with loam (QLS) and poor Quaternary sands (QS1);
• mixture of Quaternary sands and Neogene clays (QSNC) and Quaternary sands (QS2).
QLSS CF NS QLS QS1 QSNC QS2
16
• low SOM
• pH
• compaction
• water-air conditions
• nutrients relationships
• trace elements
• sulphure, aluminium
(and more)
• vertical and horizontal
variability
Acid mine soils, lakes and mine
dreinage - Miocene,
sulphurized strata, pH < 3.0
(western Poland; Germany –
Lusatian Mine District);
Photo. M. Pietrzykowski
Reclaimed mine soils - key properties
Techno soils spatial variability
30 feet
Krzaklewski W., Pietrzykowski M., Frukacz T. (2005) WUG - State Mining Authority
Pietrzykowski M.
Source::google map; KWB Belchatow
Mine soil-plant relationships, site conditions diagnosis
Krzaklewski and Pietrzykowski (2007), Sylwan: 151 (1), 51-57 18
Reclamation – general view (sand mine cast, green manure)
19
REFORESTATION - BIOLOGICAL RECLAMATION - TECHNICAL RECLAMATION 20
ENERGY INPUT DURING RECLAMATION TREATMENTS
[106 Kj ha -1]
Total Energy input
(without road): 103.04 [106 kJ ha-1]
Biological reclamation
11 % (23 kJ ha-1)
Raods building
40 % (83 kJ ha-1) Technical reclamation
37% (77 kJ ha-1)
Reforestation
12 % (26,05 kJ ha-1)
An example of studies – energy balance of reclamation
Phase: Cost PLN/ha
Reclamation – technical and biological phase 28 000
Afforestation 4206
Total cost of silviculture operations (ALP) 1032
Total investment input 33238
ENERY FIXED IN ECOSYSTEM
19
2,8 261
381
163
2,6 369
1222
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Energia
związana
[106 kJ ha-1]
Sukcesja 5 lat Sukcesja 25 lat Rekultywacja 5 lat Rekultywacja 25 lat
23
source: http://maps.google.com/
KWB „BEŁCHATÓW” Mine, Central Poland
25
Lusatian Mine District
1
4 3
2
Photo. M. Pietrzykowski
photo 1 - U. Dworschak, RWE Germany; photo s 2 – 4 - M. Pietrzykowski)
1
4 3
2
26
Soil reconstruction
Natural soils North Rhine-Westphalia, a layer of
loess from 1 to 15 m in thickness.
27
Rhenish Lignite District
Copy right by RWE Power, used with permission by Ulf Dworschak
28 Photo. M. Pietrzykowski
APPALACHIAN
29 Photo. M. Pietrzykowski
Growth, morphology and biomass;
Soil - plant relationships: (nutritional
status and trace elements
bioavailability).
Trees response – key questions
30
Photo by students...
Varied soil-substrate sand species adaptation
Mountain ash
(pH 3.0)
Alders sp. – drought conditions and and high tolerance on alkaline soil-
substrates S. pine - high tolerance (Zn, Pb, Cd on post flotation
pounds; and alkaline(pH), EC on fly ash substrate)
Alders sp. –
tolerance on acidity
(pH 3.0)
Oaks – Quaternary loams S. pine from succession on
carboniferous spoils
Photo by M. Pietrzykowski; W. Krzaklewski (Dept. For . Ecol. UA Krakow)
and G, Gaik (The State Forests National Forest Holding).
Tertiary acidic and sulphurized strata
After 40 years - no limning After 15 years with limning After 40 years with limning
31
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
important species for reforestation of mine lands
32
Photo by M. Pietrzykowski
Source: Editorial office forestknowledge.net – WSL
http://www.waldwissen.net/
Study sites
33
Figure 1. Localization of study sites
lignite - Bel
hard coal - Smol
sand – Szcz
sulphur - Pias
Field Study
34 Photos: M. Pietrzykowski
Basic soil parameters
35
Post mine sites (soil) Bel Pias Szcz Smol
Substrate (parent
rock material)
Horizon
and depth
(cm)
QLSS NS QS2 QSNC QLS QS1 CF
Textures
% Coarse
fragments AC and
C
0 0 5 0 0 0 70
% Sand 68 84 90 88 85 96 44
% Silt 28 12 3 9 10 3 34
% Clay 4 5 3 8 5 1 23 Chemical parameters
Corg g∙kg-1
AC (0-
8)
6.1 2.7 4.8 13.2 4.6 2.3 166.1
Nt g ∙kg-1 0.53 0.15 0.35 0.86 0.40 0.30 4.04
Corg-to-Nt
ratio 11.6 18.8 13.8 15.5 11.2 7.3 41.2
pH KCl
(1:2.5)
AC and
C
7.5 4.7 5.4 6.4 4.6 6.2 3.6
TEB
cmol(+)kg 27.2 3.3 2.7 10.2 2.1 1.3 10.6
CEC
cmol(+)kg 27.7 5.5 3.7 11.8 3.1 2.2 21.3
0.5 2.2 1.0 1.6 1.0 0.9 10.7 Hh cmol(+)kg-1
% BS 98.1 61.0 68.0 83.4 66.7 49.6 47.0 Microbial
(DHG) mgTPF∙100g-1s ∙24h-1
AC 4.0 1.5 18.6 4.6 1.4 0.2 1.0
Relationships between form of elements in soil
Ol
Ofh
AEes
Bh
Bfe
C
Ol AC
C
36
Pietrzykowski M.: ASMR Proc.: New Opportunities to Apply Our Science”, Richmond, Virginia, USA, – June 14 to 19, (2008): 856 – 877.
Aboveground and belowground biomass
Photo by Pietrzykowski, M. Edited by Bania, C., 2008
source: Köstler J. N., et al., 1968)
Pine roots - morphology Roots biomass to aboveground biomass - ratio in [%]
37 Pietrzykowski M., et al. (2010): Sylwan 154 (2), 107-116
Pietrzykowski M., Woś B. (2010): Commission of Protection and Formation of the Natural Environment,
Polish Academy of Science,(2010), 7, 319–327
Photoos by M. Pietrzykowski
Fine roots biomass and sistribution
Soil - plant relationships
38 M. Pietrzykowski
39 Photo by M. Pietrzykowski
Nutrients supply
40
Tree health
Trace elements in new ecosystems – industrial pressure
41
Figure . Annual dust deposition in the Szczakowa sand mine cast
(1977 – 2001)
Surce: M. Pietrzykowski and W. Krzaklewski (2010), EJPAU, 13, (4)
M. Pietrzykowski 2012, Szczakowa sand mine cast
Soil trace elements concentration
42
Elements
mg kg-1
depth
(cm) and
horizon
Soil-substrate (parent rock material)
QLSS NS QS2 QSNC QLS QS1 CF
Zn
Olf 59.60 49.60 63.50 65.00 205.50 217.50 142.50
0-8 (AC) 20.28 9.48 14.00 28.00 35.50 70.00 80.00
8-110 (C) 19.05 9.05 8.50 17.50 16.00 9.00 80.25
Cu
Olf 6.80 5.13 10.05 11.60 9.90 11.40 18.05
0-8 (AC) 7.45 4.63 1.50 7.0 4.00 1.50 39.50
8-110 (C) 6.44 4.40 1.00 4.00 3.25 1.25 50.25
Pb
Olf 9.40 7.28 21.05 18.05 79.95 90.85 39.90
0-8 (AC) 5.30 4.83 5.40 7.23 15.50 24.05 61.50
8-110 (C) 5.95 2.29 1.15 3.73 6.23 5.98 50.73
Cd
Olf 0.35 0.78 0.95 0.75 2.90 2.90 1.65
0-8 (AC) 0.20 0.05 0.53 0.05 0.38 0.73 0.00
8-110 (C) 0.15 0.06 0.26 0.28 0.06 0.15 0.00
Conclusions I:
43
Reclamation to forest is one of the most important way of reclamation in
Poland and in the Europe
Reclamation planning must take account of social needs - in terms of
depending on natural conditions;
Factors for the development of ecosystem dynamics in the reclamation
process are the climate and geological conditions and the time - as factors
independent of man;
Important factors for planning of biological reclamation (depend on human
activity) are: the method of stacking and construction of mining facilities (it is
important to implement during mining operation.
All this studies showed that successful reclamation depends on full
understanding of the functioning ecosystem
In reclaimed areas the process of pedogenesis (expressed by SOM
accumulation) is over 2 – 3 times higher than on areas left for succession. Nt
accumulation was 5 times higher than under succession.
Biomass and growth (SI) on RMS versus NPE, root system
morphology and biomass;
Pool of nutrient in RMS and NPS, nutrient availability and
uptake; N and P deficiency;
Concentration of trace elements and risk of bioavailability,
influence of industrial pressure and pollutants deposition;
Special concern on complex system of soil nutrient uptake-
tree-microbiology and tree stand stability.
Conclusions II
44
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION
Marcin Pietrzykowski Ph.D.
University of Agriculture in Krakow, Forest ry Faculty
45
Hyla arboreta
Author is Fulbright Scholar , Visiting Professor at Virginia Tech in 2013-14,
Cultura PRIZE 2015 Laureate, Research for Eurpean Sustainable Development Avard, Alfred Toepfer Foundation
