Slide 1

Radiological Monitoring With The CD V-777-1 Kit

1What is the CD V-777-1 Kit ?

The CD V-777-1 isnt actually a specific meter. Its the name given to the entire kit as seen to the right. The kit contains the following items:

The CD V-700 Meter The CD V-715 Meter The CD V-742 Dosimeter The CD V-750 Dosimeter charger Batteries Straps Headset Possibly instructions2What is the CD V-777-1 Kit ?The CD V-777-1 was originally produced in the 1950s and 60s in conjunction with the Office Of Civil Defense. Natural nuclear fears arose during the early 50s due to the Korean War and tensions between the United States and The Soviet Union.

3Basic Radiation 4-1-1Its time for a radiation refresher as we get you ready to use the CDV kit to its fullest extent. The primer starts with an explanation of what radiation exactly is. So, what is radiation ? The term itself is used most commonly to refer to nuclear materials, but radiation is any process that transmits energy through space or a material away from a source in the form of particles or waves. All of this radiation falls along whats called the electromagnetic spectrum. The spectrum is broken down into ionizing and non ionizing radiation.

4Basic Radiation 4-1-1NON IONIZING RADIATION

Non-ionizing radiation is the type of radiation we are most used to and the one we are most exposed to. The chart on the previous slide gave examples of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Even though ionizing radiation is more dangerous, non-ionizing radiation can be dangerous as well. For example, one very common, long held concern deals with power line safety, which emits radiation in the form of an electromagnetic field (EMF). There has been no SUBSTANTIAL proof that claims this EMF is indeed dangerous. Other types of non-ionizing radiation, including microwaves, cell phone radiation, continue to be sources of concern for the general public. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun, however, is known to cause skin cancer.

5Basic Radiation 4-1-1IONIZING RADIATION

We will focus our attention on ionizing radiation, since that is the most dangerous form of radiation and the type of radiation the meters in the CD V-777-1 kit are designed to detect. What is ionizing radiation ? Its radiation strong enough to knock off electrons from other atoms. One source of this type of radiation comes from unstable nuclei, like plutonium and uranium, which occur naturally in the environment.

6Basic Radiation 4-1-1

Some examples of common forms of ionizing radiation. Uranium and Plutonium are common elements at nuclear facilitiesThe following are sources of ionizing radiationSmoke detectors contain Americium 241, an alpha emitterA photoionization detector (PID) uses ionization to determine concentrations of volatile organic compounds 7Basic Radiation 4-1-1What types of ionizing radiation are there ?

Symbol for ionizing radiationAlpha

Beta

Gamma

X-ray8Basic Radiation 4-1-1

Alpha Particles Composed of two neutrons and two protons, identical to a helium atom, but no electrons in the outer shell Have a large mass, and because of this do not travel far, maybe a few inches Travel can be stopped by a piece of paper and your intact skin Actually, one of the most dangerous forms of radiation, IF it gets into your body via ingestion, inhalation, etc. Will ionize (knock off an electron) from air particles as it passes themExamples Of Alpha Emitters Americium 241 - Used in smoke detectors to ionize air molecules Plutonium-239 - used in nuclear weapons. The bomb dropped on Nagasaki used Pl-239 Uranium-238 - Most common use for nuclear reactors. Depleted Ur used by military in shielding for tanks. Thorium-232 - most widely used in lantern mantles for the brightness it imparts Radon-222 - found at low concentrations in almost all rock and soil. Can creep up through soil and build in amount inside buildings Polonium-210 - 9Basic Radiation 4-1-1Beta Particles Essentially a discharged electron, about 2000 times smaller than an alpha particle Have a small range, usually a couple of feet Will ionize other atoms, but not as much an an alpha particle Does have more penetrating power, but can be stopped by a sheet of aluminum foil. High energy beta particle can penetrate skin

Examples of beta emitters:Tritium - a hydrogen isotope, used to illuminate exit signs and watches cobalt-60 - used to sterilize medical equipment, also a source for radiography and food irradiationstrontium-90 - radioactive source for depth gauges, tx of bone cancertechnetium-99 - radioactive waste from medical procedures and nuclear accidentsiodine-129 and -131 - Used extensively in nuclear medicine, especially helpful in thyroid treatment cesium-137 - Used heavily in industry as a depth gauge, and to detect liquid flow in underground pipes 10Basic Radiation 4-1-1Gamma Rays Very high energy Have no mass and no electrical charge--they are pure electromagnetic energy. Travel at the speed of light and can cover hundreds to thousands of meters in air before spending their energy Can pass through many kinds of materials, including human tissue. Very dense materials, such as lead, are commonly used as shielding to slow or stop gamma photons.Examples of gamma emitters:

Cobalt-60 sterilize medical equipment in hospitals pasteurize certain foods and spices treat cancer gauge the thickness of metal in steel mills.

Cesium-137:cancer treatment measure and control the flow of liquids in numerous industrial processes investigate subterranean strata in oil wells measure soil density at construction sites ensure the proper fill level for packages of food, drugs and other products.

11Measuring RadiationThe radiation energy absorbed is called the dose and when considering doses tohuman tissue, it is measured in units of rems.Frequently when considering doses, the unit used isthe millirem which is one one-thousandth (1/1000) of a rem

12Measuring RadiationRAD, REM, ROENTGEN, what gives ?

All these terms used to measure radiation can get very confusing. When do you use either of these 3 terms ? They are all essentially considered the same. One RAD is equal to one REM and one Roentgen.

The actual definitions:Roentgen - The roentgen measures the energy produced by gamma radiation in a cubic centimeter of air. Its basically a measure of the amount of radiation something gives off.RAD - Stands for radiation absorbed dose, and specifically reflects the amount of radiation an object, specifically a human, has actually absorbed.REM - Stands for Roentgen Equivalent Man, and is designed to reflect the differences in absorbed doses based on the type of radiation you are exposed to. So in order to get the does in REM, you need to multiply the dose in RAD X a coefficient that relates to what type of radiation. For X Rays and Gamma rays, multiply by 1, neutrons multiply by 5, and alpha particles multiply by 20. You can see by those numbers that alpha particles, once absorbed, damage the body the most.

13Measuring Radiation

Radiation DosesAcute Radiation Dose Effects in Millirem450,000.0 (450 REM) Acute dose, LD 50/60 (a lethal dose to 50% of a population within 60 days if no medical treatment)100,000.0 (100 REM)Acute dose, radiation sickness, reduced blood count, recovery 25,000.0 (25 REM)Acute dose, reduced fertility, and temporary sterility10,000.0 (10 REM)Minimum acute dose for which prompt effects are detectable14Measuring Radiation

Radiation Doses in Millirem from Various Exposures(Annual Dose Unless Otherwise Stated)10,000.0 Dose to Chernobyl evacuees5,000.0 U.S. Occupational Dose limit2,000.0 Tobacco smoking1,500.0 Underground uranium mines400 800.0 St. Peters Square, Rome600.0* Pelvic x-ray exam500.0* Barium enema x-ray exam500.0 U.S. Occupational Dose limit for pregnantwomen per 9 months480.0 Denver, Colorado360.0 Average U.S. dose100.0 Dental x-ray dose to center of cheek20.0 1 Chernobyl per year15.0* Chest x-ray7.0 Nuclear testing (peak year)4.0 Fallout2.0 Airplane trip coast to coast1.0 Nuclear power0.5 TV at surface0.1 Sleeping with another human15Measuring Radiation

The highest lethal doses seen by victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was in the range of 700 REM

16Measuring Radiation

Radiation Limits For Fire Service Operations

The outside of the hot zone should be established at 2 mr/hr.

Exposure LimitsHow much radiation can I be exposed to ?

For the radiological industry workers:5 R or 5000 mR per year

But What About US ?17Measuring RadiationRadiation Limits For Fire Service Operations

We Risk A Lot To Save A Lot We Risk A Little To Save A Little

Our exposure limit is dependent on what is at stake

Typical AmericanFamily18Measuring RadiationRadiation Limits For Fire Service Operations

24 %The average Americans risk for getting cancer is.Typical AmericanFamily19Measuring RadiationRadiation Limits For Fire Service Operations

5 Rem = Any Response 10 Rem = Valuable Property 25 Rem = Lifesaving Greater than 25 Rem = Lifesaving (Voluntary Basis Only)

Typical AmericanFamily20Measuring RadiationRadiation Limits For Fire Service Operations

5 Rem = Any Response 10 Rem = Valuable Property 25 Rem = Lifesaving Greater than 25 Rem = Lifesaving (Voluntary Basis Only)

25 Rem = a 2% increase in cancer risk, from 24% to 26%

Typical AmericanFamily21Measuring RadiationRadiation Limits For Fire Service Operations

5 Rem = Any Response 10 Rem = Valuable Property 25 Rem = Lifesaving Greater than 25 Rem = Lifesaving (Voluntary Basis Only)

50 Rem = a 4% increase in cancer risk, from 24% to 28%

Typical AmericanFamily22Measuring RadiationRadiation Limits For Fire Service Operations

5 Rem = Any Response 10 Rem = Valuable Property 25 Rem = Lifesaving Greater than 25 Rem = Lifesaving (Voluntary Basis Only)

100 Rem = a 5 % mortality rate

Typical AmericanFamily23Using the CD V-777-1 KitCD V-715 Used to detect gamma radiation only Can be used for 150 straight hours Can be used in any humidity level Very powerful battery, be careful Designed for ground survey Measures 0-500 r/hr

24Using the CD V-777-1 KitCD V-715How To Use The CD V-715

Install one D cell battery Turn the selector switch to zero and let the unit warm up for two minutes After two minutes, use the zero knob to zero out the instrument

25Using the CD V-777-1 KitCD V-715How To Use The CD V-715

Turn selector switch to circuit check and confirm the needle goes into the red circuit check area on the gauge Check all marks (X100, X10, X1, and x.01) and confirm no major movement of needle. A major movement would be past the 2 mark on the gauge.

26Using the CD V-777-1 KitCD V-700 Used to detect gamma and beta radiation Designed for low level measurements Very powerful batteries, be careful Used for personnel monitoring Check for degree of contamination of food and water Measures from 0-50 mR/hr

27Using the CD V-777-1 KitCD V-700

How To Use The CD V-700

Install 5 D cell batteries Turn selector switch to the X10 mark and allow 30 seconds for warm up Rotate probe shield to fully open position

28Using the CD V-777-1 KitCD V-700How To Use The CD V-700

Place probe as close as possible to operational check source on side of meter. The meter should read between the range written on the sticker on the back of the meter during its last calibration. If it doesnt, do not use.

29Using the CD V-777-1 KitCD V-700How To Use The CD V-700

Radiation doses exceeding 50 mR/hr to 1 R/hr will produce off scale readings and will saturate the meter. This could result in a reading of zero or less than full scale. Use a higher range instrument (CD V-715)

30Using the CD V-777-1 KitCD V-742

How much radiation have I been exposed to, if any ?

Measures accumulated gamma doses from 0-200 R. Difficult to read, difficult to zero out or charge Will require charging using the CD V-50.31Using the CD V-777-1 KitCD V-742Installing the battery in the CD V-750 dosimeter charger

Place the side with the exposed needle like object onto the port of the CD V-75012

3Look through the dosimeter and use the up scale and down scale knob to zero out the dosimeter32Using the CD V-777-1 KitCD V-742ROENTGENS020406080100120140160180200

Rotate this slowly...until this vertical black line is on the zero 33Thats All Folks !

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