R0800 Ira Krepchin - TechAdvantage · March 2014 LEDs Attributes and Applications Ira Krepchin Research Director, E Source NRECA TechAdvantage, March 3-6, 2014

www.esource.com March 2014

LEDsAttributes and Applications

Ira KrepchinResearch Director, E Source

NRECA TechAdvantage, March 3-6, 2014

www.esource.com || © 2014 E Source

Outline

Big PictureLED AttributesEarly ApplicationsPromising ApplicationsFuture ApplicationsAvoiding Problems

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The Big Picture▪ LEDs may cut lighting energy use

by 1/3 by 2025, and account for >50% of light produced (DOE)

▪ Global growth projection for 2014: 68% YoY; 72% in N.Amer

▪ 70% of lighting business by 2020 ▪ 60-watt replacement lamp cost:

was $50, now under $10 ▪ High-bay costs fell 30% to 50% in

one year▪ Co-ops: 25% use LED dusk to

dawn; 15% have LED residential bulb programs

Source: Philips


Performance Up, Costs Down

Since 2009: • Efficacy doubled • Costs dropped 85%• Number installed

grew from 400,000 to 49 million

www.esource.com || © 2014 E Source5

Application 2012 penetration (%) Number installed (millions)

Troffers and tubes <0.1 0.7High-bay <1 0.3A lamps <1 19.9

Downlights <1 5.5

Parking lots 1 0.2

Streetlights 2 1Directional 4.6 11.4MR16 10 4.8

LEDs in Common Applications

Data from DOE, Adoption of Light Emitting Diodes in Common Applications]


LED Attributes

Long life Vibration resistance Small size Directional light output Efficiency is application-

dependent Heat is conducted away High performance at low

temperatures

Instant on, dimmable, controllable Low environmental

impact Exaggerated claims Color-shifting Color qualities Expensive Rapidly improving


Avoiding CFL Pitfalls

Lessons learned from compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs): Poor performance Exaggerated claims High prices

Early bad reputation has been hard to overcome For LEDs, rapid progress and some promising applications Manufacturer exaggerations, but it’s getting better More info: See the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

report, “Compact Fluorescent Lighting in America: Lessons Learned on the Way to Market” http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/cfl_lessons_learned_web.pdf


Early LED Lessons Learned

New DOE report: Solid-State Lighting: Early Lessons Learned on the Way to Market No std way to rate lifetime and reliability Color shifting has a negative impact on some apps

(eg retail, museum) Some products flicker Dimming is problematic in some cases Greater interoperability is needed among controls Need efforts to open the market to more form

factors


A Look at Promising Applications

Refrigerated display cases Directional lamps Exterior lighting High-bay Adding controls Troffers Agricultural


Refrigerated Display Case Lighting

LEDs like the cold Light is directional LED heat sink is outside

the cooled case Customers like ‘em California Lighting Technology

Center test: 43 percent savings; Wal-Mart: 92 percent savings with occupancy sensors

Payback periods of 1 to 4 years Co-op programs

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Courtesy: GE Lighting


LED Directional Lamps

AttributeIncandescent BR-30 Flood

CFLR-30

CFLDimmable

LEDPAR30

LEDPAR30

Power (watts) 65 15 15 11 14

Efficacy (lumens/watt) 10 50 48 59 57

Lamp cost ($) 8.00 6.75 15.95 35 15

Lamp life (hours) 4,000 8,000 6,000 50,000 25,000

Life-cycle cost ($)a 425 117 208 90 100

Note: a. Life-cycle costs over 50,000 hours—the life of the LED product.

11.4 million installed as of 2012; 4.6% (<1% in 2010) 5.5 million installed in cans

© E Source


Property 2007 2013Number of LEDs 42 3

Light output (lm) 650 650

Power (W) 12 9.5

Efficacy (lm/W) 54 68

Cost ($) >100 <20

Downlights Evolve

Source: E Source, data from Cree


LED Reflector Lamp: Where Are the Fins?Lamps are getting more efficient, cooling techniques are getting better Smaller, lighter weight, easier to fit in existing fixtures Less mass, less waste

Courtesy: Philips


Exterior Lighting Tough competition: HPS and MH are efficient,

long-lived, and low cost

LED advantages: Directionality leads to uniformity, less trespass and

light pollution Easier to dissipate heat outdoors at night (space

and temp) More control possibilities Vibration-resistant

> 1 million streetlights installed (~2%)

New form factors coming

Resources: DOE outdoor lighting page:

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/resources.html Lighting Energy Efficiency in Parking Campaign:

www.leepcampaign.org/

© E Source


Four County Electric Coop program

Outdoor security lighting Several years of testing Started replacing March 2012 Currently: >9000/16,000

replaced Old: 175 W MV, 100 W HPS New: 48 W LED Maintenance cut in half (est) No light pollution, no

complaints 4-yr payback

Source: Four County


High-Bay Applications LEDs offer Long life Good light distribution Controllability Good in cold, getting better in heat

A few hundred thousand installed in 2012 Started with cold storage: Fluorescent output decreases in the

cold; LEDs get better Aim lights in aisles Impervious to cycling, rapid

response Courtesy: Digital Lumens


Courtesy: Digital Lumens

Putting Light Where It’s Needed


Interstate Warehousing, Franklin, IN

Johnson County REMC, Hoosier Energy G&T Food distribution MH: 6.25 kWh/sq.ft. LED: 0.50 kWh/sq.ft. Energy reduction >90% w/occ

sensing (15% runtime) $0.08/kWh ~ $250,000/yr in savings 2.5 yr payback on energy alone

Source: Hoosier Energy


LEDs with Advanced Controls

▪ LEDs easier to control than HID or fluorescent▪ Instant response▪ Insensitive to frequent on/off cycling▪ Easy to dim; dimming may increase lamp life▪ Check for compatibility; some problems with incandescent dimming

▪ Can change color temperature▪ Mimic incandescent dimming▪ Health and productivity impacts


Big Savings with Controls

▪ Daylight dimming, occupancy sensing, task tuning, scheduling by zone, flexible zones, monitoring status, demand response

▪ kWh: 50% to 90% reduction▪ kW: 50% to 80% reduction▪ Best paybacks with long hours, little

existing controls, big savings per fixture, low occupancy areas, designedprior to occupancy ➔ industrial

▪ Longer paybacks in office buildings (shorter hours, already doing daylight dimming, occupancy sensing)


LED High-Bay Case Study: Ace Hardware

▪ 44,800 sq ft section of warehouse

▪ Baseline: metal halide, no automatic controls

▪ Installed: Intelligent LED fixtures▪ Networked, software,

sensors, wireless communications

▪ 93% energy savings (50% light source, 43% controls)

▪ 3.6 yr payback

Source: Digital Lumens

Project with PG&E, CA ETCC;Digital Lumens

Report available online:http://www.etcc-ca.com/sites/default/files/reports/ET12PGE3361%20LED%20High-Bay%20Lighting%20and%20Controls%20Assessment.pdf


LED Troffers Are Coming of Age

Troffers are the most common fluorescent fixture: ▪ Operate 10.5 hours/day▪ Contribute to peak load▪ Draw 25 to 113 watts▪ Millions of installed fixtures▪ 42 percent of lighting energy▪ ~87 terawatt-hours per year

© E Source


Why LEDs for Troffers?

▪ Performance improving, prices falling

▪ Better efficacy than fluorescents

▪ More controllable, longer life▪ 2012: 700,000 installed

(40,000 in 2010)▪ Supported by DOE study:

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/caliper_recessed-troffer_2013.pdf

© E Source


DOE Conclusions

Troffers: can compete on efficiency, life, and quality

Tubes: have problems with dark spots, glare, efficiency, and safety[but tubes are getting better]


A Wealth of Products▪ DesignLights Consortium

Qualified Products List (QPL) ▪ >900 products

▪ Minimum requirements▪ At least 85 lumens per watt▪ 50,000-hour life▪ 5-yr warranty

Source: Finelite

Source: GLT

Source: GE Lighting


Samples from the QPL

Other manufacturers include GE (Lumination), Philips (Daybrite), Cooper Lighting, Maxlite, Albeo, and Lunera

Brand Name ModelLuminaire efficacy

(lm/W)Rated lifetime

(hours)Measured

CRI

Lithonia Lighting 2RTL 104 60,000 81

CREE LED Lighting CR24 130 >51,000 92

Finelite Inc. HPR 96 100,000 87

Hubbell/Columbia LEPC 108 50,000 83

Fluorescent—top 25 percent >74.0 40,000+ 85.0

© E SourceNote: CRI = color rendering index.


Troffers Go to School

Getting SMART with LEDs Clark County

REMC/Hoosier Energy School installations 2 x4 troffers, some with

occ and daylight sensing No complaints, students

liked ‘em Lots of interest from the

18 co-ops served


Lessons Learned in School

Cut energy use by ~60% Long payback, but big life-cycle savings; and costs

are coming down Consider LEDs if have not already done high

performance T8s Request compatibility statements to ensure safety

and controls operability


Walmart experience with LEDs vs fluorescents▪ LEDs provided:▪ Better color throughout sales floor▪ Higher light levels on the lower shelves▪ Improved appearance of perimeter walls ▪ Better color rendering and balanced light levels from

troffers in the pharmacy▪ Glare is not an issue ▪ 29% reduction in lighting power ▪ 33% reduction in lighting energy with controls ▪ Simple payback of just over 4 years

Source: DOE Better Buildings Alliance


LED Replacement Tube - What We’ve Been Waiting For?▪ Philips InstantFit LED

▪ Fits in T8 sockets; uses existing instant-start EB

▪ 83 CRI; 40,000 hr; 95-116 lm/W▪ $24-39▪ External ballast/driver runs cooler so more

output, less weight▪ Concerns

▪ Persistence▪ 12.5-20 W, only 1300-2100 lm▪ photometric distribution will likely be

different▪ Not dimmable Source: Philips


Property High performance T8 InstantFit LED

CRI 80s 83

Life, hrs 24,000-75,000 40,000

Efficacy, lm/W 98 95-116

Cost, $ 5 24-39

Comparing Fluorescent T8 with InstantFit

© E SourceNote: different definitions of “life” for LEDs, fluorescents


Application Original/New Results Payback Source

Dairy farm 250 W MH/120W LED

55% savings, more light

4 yrs NRECA

Pig farm 30W CFL/15W LED

50% savings, less glare

7 yrs NRECA

Poultry house

100 W inc and 23 W CFL/10 W LED

85% savings,

5.9 yrs Ensave

Agricultural applications

© E Source

• Efficiency• Long life• Rugged

• Dimmable• Tunable


Poultry house guidelines

From U. of Arkansas, http://poultryscience.uark.edu/FSA8005_%28final%29.pdf

Usage in poultry environment Cleanable, eg IP65 Allow for lumen depreciation Ensure adequate light levels Avoid “cloggable” designs Dimmer compatibility Account for non-linearity of loads


The Power of Color▪ Color temperature (Kelvin)▪ Helps set circadian rhythms▪ Lighting control options can improve

mood▪ LEDs provide more options▪ More blue in light suppresses melatonin,

increases feel good hormones like dopamine, serotonin, cortisol

▪ Potential benefits:▪ Less need for eye glasses▪ Have more personal energy; easier to work longer hours▪ Sleep better at night


Smart Bulbs

Q: How do you make a profit with a bulb that lasts a lifetime?A: Make it a consumer electronics item or a service

Smart bulbs For example, the Hue: networked,

color changing, lots of apps—it can sync to music

Disney collaboration with Philips DR applications?

Others: Osram with Comcast, GreenWave Reality, Lumen Bluetooth, Bluetooth Bulb, LIFX, TCP

Source: Philips


More Cool Stuff

Acuity Brands’ Aera system: recessed, wall-mounted LED fixtures offer adjustable brightness and color temperature

Source: Acuity Brands


Other Cool Stuff

Pixi FlatLight: 0.5-inch thick, edge-lit, flush-mounted


Even More Cool Stuff

Cooledge light sheet: large flexible panels, up to 135 lm/W

Source: Cooledge


Avoiding Problems

What can go wrong LED challenges Getting the right data What are the standards Asking the right questions

Source: Switch


Primary Challenges

Color quality and consistency Compatibility Costs and allocation UL labels Light distribution


What to Watch Out For

Expect the unexpected Performance varies widely Lots of pressure, misleading info from

manufacturers and their reps Recent round of DOE tests showed: Wide range of efficacies Products with misleading or inaccurate literature Equivalency claims (wattage) for replacement lamps

are often false


Getting Accurate Information

Energy Star Accent lights, downlights, task lights, under-cabinet lights www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=ssl.pr_commercial_apps

Qualified Products List Including various outdoor, troffer, high-bay, LED T8 options www.designlights.org/solidstate.about.QualifiedProductsList_

Publicv2.php

Next Generation Luminaire Competition http://www.ngldc.org/index.stm

DOE/CALiPER: Does lab tests on a wide array of products http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/caliper.html

Standards: LM-79, LM-80, TM-21


Lighting Facts Label

Searchable database with thousands of products

Provides data on: Light output (lumens) Power (watts) Efficacy (lumens per watt) Correlated color temperature

(CCT) Color rendering index (CRI) www.lightingfacts.com

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Source: U.S. Department of Energy


Ensuring Safety

New safety standards UL 8750: Safety Standard for Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Equipment for Use in Lighting Products UL 1598c: Light Emitting Diode (LED) Retrofit Luminaire

Conversion Kits Summary of all relevant standards for LEDs http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/standards.html


Check Existing Installations

Nothing beats real-world experience Efficiency, maintenance, economics, user reactions

California’s Emerging Technologies Coordinating Council http://www.etcc-ca.com/

DOE’s Gateway program http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/gatewaydemos.html Street lighting Parking lots Parking garages Freezer cases Residential downlights, under-cabinet lighting Walkway lighting Museums Hotels


Other Considerations

Does the product do what you want it to do? Is the product modular? Can it be upgraded as technology

improves? Consider cutoff and glare Look at distribution, uniformity, and color Ask about the warranty Look for quality components Make the right comparisons Participate in demonstration programs Commission your own tests

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For More Information

Ira KrepchinResearch Director, E Source303-345-9124 [email protected]

Have a question? Ask our experts: www.esource.com/question

Documents

R0800 Ira Krepchin - TechAdvantage · March 2014 LEDs Attributes and Applications Ira Krepchin Research Director, E Source NRECA TechAdvantage, March 3-6, 2014