Upload
others
View
9
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
:
:
/2007
2
3
4
.
5
.
.
.
6
..........................................................................
....................................................................
..............................................................
...................................................................
...................................................................
...................................................................
..........................................................
......................................................
:.......................................1
1.1.........................................................1
1 .2........................................................2
1 .3..........................................................3
1 .4.........................................................3
1 .5.......................................................4
1 .6.......................................................4
:.............................6
1.2......................................................62.2 ......................................................31
:.............................................41
3 .1..........................................................41
3 .2.........................................................41
3.3...........................................................423.4............................................................44
3 .5.....................................................45
7
3 .6.......................................................45
3 .7...................................................46
:..................................................49
4.1..............................................49
4.2..............................................604.3........................................................80
: ...............................85
5.1.................................................. ...............855.2..............................................................86
.......................................................................88
.......................................................................94
8
1.................................................19
2........................42
3.......................................43
4............................45
5..46
6
................................................................
50
7
......................................
51
8
..................................................
52
9
.......................................................
53
10
........................................................
54
11
......................................................
55
12
.............
56
13
.................................
57
9
14
.........................
58
15
................................
59
16
........
60
17........61
18)Analysis Of variance (
......................................
62
19
................
63
20 "Stepwise Multiple
Regression "
......................................
64
21
..............
65
22"Stepwise Multiple Regression
"
........................................................................
66
23
..............
67
24 "Stepwise Multiple
Regression "
.....................................................
68
10
25
..................................
69
26
.................................................................
70
27
..................................................
71
28
..........................................................
72
29 )t(
.....
73
30 )t(
....
74
31)One Way Anova(
..........
75
32
.....................................................
76
33
............................................
77
11
34
.............................................
78
35 )t(
.......................
79
36 )t(
........................
80
12
1.....................12
13
.......................................................94
14
2007
.
)582 ( )(SPSS
:
1 .
.
2 . )
(
.
.
15
Abstract
The Impact Commitment to work Ethics of Public Office on Level of Organizational Loyalty among Workers in
Jordanian Public Institutions
Reem Al RwashdehMut'ah University, 2007
This study aimed at identifying the impact of commitment to work ethicsin public office on levels of organizational loyalty among workers inJordanian public institutions .To achieve the objectives of the study arandom sample of all employees in Jordan public institutions was drawn .The sample size consisted of (582) respondents , (SPSS) was utilized toanalyze the data . study results can be summarized as follows
1. The interviewees perceptions of the dimensions of commitment towork Ethics in public office in Jordanian public institutions werehigh, but their perceptions of the dimensions of organizationalloyalty was medium.
2. There is a significant impact of the dimensions of ethics ofmanagement entities (functional duties, social responsibility, jobrights, and the moral atmosphere ) on the organizational loyalty inJordanian public institutions.
The study stressed on the need for management entities of Jordanianpublic institutions to adopt many of the concepts that reflect thedimensions of the work ethics in public office, reflected by the behavior oftheir employees to identify their levels of organizational loyalty facilitatedthrough awareness of transparency , fairness and job commitment openmeetings with employees allow direct and positive relations
16
1. 1 :
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
.
.
.
1 .2:
.
18
)Darwish, 2001(.
1 .3:
.
:
.
.
.
.
1.4:
:
19
1.
.
2..
3. .
4.
.
5. .
1 .5:
:
:
.
:
.
:)
()
(.
1 .6:
:
:
)
(
.
:
)
20
(
.
:
)
(
.
:
)(
)
.(
:
)( )
.(
21
1.2:
)1995. (
:
)Barry,1999( .
) . (
)Lawton, 1998, 16(
)Cooper, 1998, 7 . (
.
)Hansen,& Smith,2006. (
. " "
.
22
.
.
.
:
Ethical
Performance
)Ethics (
)Donaldson,
1990( :
– -
)Hosmer, 2003. (
– –
23
)Daft, 1991(.
)Stoner
& Freeman, 1991( .
.
)Cohen ,et.al, 2001. (
)199442 (: "
."
)102:2002 (:
1 ..
24
2 ..
3 ..
) 2002 (:"
.
.
:
.
.
.
"
:
.
.
)Wren, 1998,
145-168. (
)1999305-306 " (
25
."
.
.
.
:
(Schwartz, 2007) :
1. .
2. .
3..
4. .
26
5.
.
6.
.
(Rosalie)
(Rosalie, 2002) :
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
4.
.
.
(Daft, 2003)
(Management)
27
:
)1(
Source: Linda Klebe Terino, Laura Pincus & Michael Brown, (2000), Moral Person andMoral Management, California Management Review, 42 (4), Summer, PP. 128-142. In: RichardL. Daft, (2003), Management, 6th. Ed., Thompson South-Western Publishing Co.
:
.
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.3.4.
5.
28
(Daft, 2003):
1. .
2.
.
3.
.
4.
.
5.
.
)Beckett, 2003 (
:
1.
.
2. .
3.
.
4.
.
.:
29
(Badaracco & Webb, 1995) .
.
(Daft,
2003, 156) .
)WrighT, et.al, 2003(
. )Connor, 2006(
.
(Linda & laura &michael, 2000) .
.:
(Daft, 2003,
156) :
1.
30
:
)2000111 (
. :
.
. :
.
. :
.
2 .
(Hian, et.al, 2004)
:
.
.
.
31
.
.
(Carolyn, 1995, 25)
1. :
.
2. : .
3. : .
4. / : .
5. : .
6. :
.
3 .
.
:
. :
32
(Daft, 2003, 158) .
(Valentine, & Fleischman, 2005) :
1. .
2.
.
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
. :
(Daft, 2003, 158) .
(Yuspeh, 2000, 21) .
33
. :
(Geber, 1995, 110) .
(Daft, 2003, 158).
:
.
.
:
.
:
)Kholberg,1981 ( :
34
)1(
1.:2. :
3. :
4.:5.:
6.:
:
Kohlberg :
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
)Nicholson, 1994: (
1- )Empirical Theory (
.
2- )Rational Theory (
35
.
3-)Intuitive Theory (
.
4- )Revelation Theory (
.
.
:
1.:
36
.
.
.
)2001.(
.
.
2.
)Badaracco, et.al, 1995. (
3.
.
.
37
.
)Marnburg, 1998. (
4.
.
)
1997. (
.
.
5.
38
.
:
.
)1994.(
6.
)1998. (
.
:
" :
:"
.
39
)1992.(
)) (4(
) ()
) (199(.
.
.
.....
:
1 . :
40
. " ")
-30( " ")
-31(
.
2 .:
) ( .
" ")-26(
.
3 .:
" ")
-1("
")-23(.
4 .:
"
")-58("
")-26(
"."
5- :
41
"
")( "
"
.
6. :
"
").(
7. :
"
")-238(.
.
42
)Hajdin, 2005.(
) 1999(
)Al-Kahtani (
2004 "
)Buchanan ( :
)Al-Kahtani, 2004 (
1-) :Identification (
.
2- ) :Involvement : (
.
3-) :Loyalty (
.
)Seigyoung (
)Seigyoung , 2005.(
)Peter &, Crawford, 1999(
.
)Fernando et al, 2005 (
:
:.
:.
43
:.
)Sow, 2006 (
.
)O’Rleiy ( "
) ."1997 :15(
:
.
) .1990 :1.(
) :Paul &, Brian, 2006.(
1-
.
2-.
3-
.
4-
.
)Dov &, Meni, 2001(
44
.
.
)Awamleh, 1996 (
.
)Reichers, 1985: 470-471 (
- ) Rank and file employees(
- )Clients / Customers(
- )Top Manager / owners (
- )Public at large(
.
.
)Staw ( )Salanick ( 1977
) :1997 (
45
1- )Attitudinal Commitment (
.
2- )Behavioral Commitment (
.
)Kidron ( :
1- )Moral Commitment (
.
2- )Calculative Commitment (
) .1999:24.(
)Meyer & Allen and Smith (
) :Meyer, et al., 1993: 543(
1- )Affective Commitment (
.
2- )) (Normative Commitment (
.
46
3- )Continuous Commitment (
.
2.2:
:
:
)2006 ("
"
.
)113 (
)80.71% (.
)7 (
)140 ( .
.
47
.
.
) 2006 ( "
"
:
1-
.
2-
.
)2006 ("
:"
74.8) %
77%75.7%74%72.5(%
)79(%)77.5(%
)76.25()75.75(%
)75.25(%)75(%
)74.25(%
)73.25(%)73(%
48
)72.75(%
)71.75( .
)2006 ("
"
:
.
.
.
)2002 ("
"
.
)2000 ( " "
.
49
.
)1999 ("
."
)140 (.
.
.
.
)1998 ( "
:" .
:
.
.
)1997 (""
.
.
50
.
)2000 ("
"
.
)1994 ("
."
:
1- .
2-
.
)1992 ( "
"
51
.
:
:45%
.
:30%
.
:10%
.
:8%
.
:7%
.
)1991 ("
".
.)400 (
.
52
.
.
.
)1991 ( "
:
:
:
.
.
:
)Brugman, and Weisfelt, 2005 ("
".
.
)Sementelli, 2005 ( "
".
53
)
.(
.
)Pedersen &, Rendtorff, 2004 ("
".
:
:
.
:
.
)Brown&Gaylor.2002 ("
".
.
.
54
)Macrdemetoez, 2002 ("
".
) : (
) () () () (
.
)Nancy.1993 ("
" .
.
.
. .
.
.
:
55
.
.
56
3 .1:
.
.
3 .2:
10 . :)
()6815 (
2006 .
:
57
)2(
16225025
70754054
4951432143
58638038
18222723
19218418
5051650165
2021180118
3543643621225025
356366457646
3 .3:
)10 (%
)682(
)609 (
)27 (
)582 ( )8.54 (%
)85.34 (%
.
58
)3(
58.1%
41.9%
338
244
19.2%
37.5%
30.6%
12.7%
112218178
74
30
31-40
41-50
51
14.8%
32.1%
48.3%
4.8%
86187281
28
5.67%
94.33%
33549
12.4%
35.1%
21.1%17.3
20%
14%
72204123100
83
5
6-10
11-1516-20
21
)2 (
)58.1 (%)41.9 (%
.
)31-40 ()37.5(%)51
()12.7 (%.
)48.3(%
)32.1(%
)14.8(%
59
)4.8(%.
)11-15()35.1(%
)5 ()12.4.(%
)94.33(%
)5.67 (%.
3 .4:
) : (:
:
: )
.(
: )58 ( ) Likert (
:
) ()5() ()4()
()3() ()() (
)(.
)58 ( ) (
:
)1-37 ( ) (
Connor,2006)( ) 2002 ( )
2000 (
.
)38-58 ( )(
60
)Meyer, et
al, 1993: 548()2003(.
)4(
1-37
1-8
9-15
16-22
23-30
31-37
38-58
38-44
45-5152-58
3 .5:
)10 (
)30 (
.
3 .6:
)Cronbach Alpha (
)4 (:
61
)5(
)(
1-370.89
38-580.92
1-58 )(0.91
)4(
)0.91(
.
3 .7:
)Spss.10.(
1-)Descriptive statistics Measures(
.
2-)Multiple Regression Analysis(
.
3-)ANOVA(
.
4-)Stepwise Multiple RegressionAnalysis(
.
5-)VIF()Variance Inflation Factory(
)Tolerance(
)Multicollinearity (.
62
6-)Skewness(
)Normal Distributions.(
3 .8:
:
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
.
63
:
:
- :
.
- :
.
-:
.
:
.
64
:
)5( )4( )3( )2( )1(
:
1-2.49 2.5-3.49 3.5
)3.5 (
)2.5-3.49 (
)2.49 (.
4 .1:
:
.
:
65
)6(
.
1-83.740.531
9-153.660.582
16-223.530.615
23-303.560.58431-373.650.553
1-373.630.51-
)6 (
)
(
)3.63( )0.51(
)3.74(
)3.66(
)3.65(
)3.56(
)3.53.(
:
66
1 .:
)7(
.
1.
.
3.880.941
2..
3.860.982
3.
.
3.840.963
4..3.780.905
5.
.
3.600.977
6.
.
3.620.996
7.
.
3.830.894
8.
.
3.520.998
1-83.740.53-
)7 (
)3.74()0.53()1) ( (
)3.88()8) ( (
)3.53(.
67
2 .:
)8(
.
9.
.
3.780.941
10.
.
3.690.964
11..
3.650.985
12.
.
3.570.996
13..3.730.912
14.
.
3.510.987
15.
.
3.700.973
9-153.660.58-
)8 (
)3.66()0.53()9) (
()3.78()14) (
()3.51(
.
68
3 .
)9(
.
16..3.550.96217..3.560.941
18.
.
3.500.997
19.
.
3.521.015
20.
.
3.550.973
21.
.
3.510.996
22.
.
3.541.004
16-223.530.61-
)9 (
)3.53()0.61()17) ( (
)3.56()18) ( (
)3.50(.
69
4 .
)10(
.
23.
.
3.590.923
24..3.500.96725..3.630.942
26.
.
3.491.018
27..3.510.97628..3.530.985
29.
.
3.570.944
30..3.681.01123-303.560.58-
)10 (
)3.56()0.58()30) ( (
)3.68()26) ( (
)3.49()26(.
70
5 .
)11(
.
31..3.720.901
32.
.
3.681.003
33.
.
3.700.902
34.
.
3.630.965
35..
3.551.087
36.
.
3.580.996
37.
.
3.680.894
31-373.650.55-
)11 (
)3.65()0.55()31 () (
)3.72()35) ( (
)3.55(.
71
:
:
)12(
.
38-443.370.562
45-513.440.551
52-583.350.613
38-583.390.54-
)12 (
) (
)3.39( )0.54(
)3.44(
)3.37(
)3.35.(
:
72
1 .
)13(
.
38.
.
3.220.937
39.
.
3.451.013
40.
.
3.310.985
41.
.
3.340.974
42.
.
3.471.002
43.
.
3.301.026
44.
.
3.490.931
38-443.370.56-
)13 (
)3.37()0.56()44) ( (
)3.69()38) ( (
)3.22(.
73
2 .:
)14(
.
45.
.
3.620.912
46.
.
3.271.017
47.
.
3.291.026
48.
.
3.380.994
49.
.
3.360.975
50.
.
3.640.981
51.
.
3.541.033
45-513.440.55-
)14 (
)3.44()0.55()50) ( (
)3.64()46) ( (
)3.27(.
74
3 .:
)15(
.
52.
.
3.411.033
53.
.
3.341.014
54.
.
3.431.022
55.
.
3.310.995
56.
.
3.281.006
57.
.
3.480.971
58.
.
3.190.987
52-583.350.61-
)15 (
)3.35()0.61()57) ( (
)3.48()58) ( (
)3.19(.
75
:
) ()(
)16(
.
0.766* 0.673* 0.694* 0.656*
0.761* 0.665* 0.714* 0.660*
0.802* 0.702* 0.764* 0.690*
0.804* 0.681* 0.756* 0.693*
0.376* 0.339* 0.377* 0.316*
0.801* 0.653* 0.826* 0.749*
*)α =0.01(
)16(
)0.801 (
) (
)0.826(
)(
)0.653(.
4 .2:
:
76
"Multi-Collinearity "
"Variance Inflation Factor- VIF" "
Tolerance " )15 (
)VIF ()10 (
)0.05 (
.
"Multicollinearity "
. )15 (
)VIF ( "Tolerance "
)VIF ( )10 ()2.692
–4.190 (
)0.05 ( )0.239–0.405 (
.
)17(
Skewness )VIF( Tolerance0.207 2.692 0.372
0.210 2.896 0.345
0.159 4.190 0.239
0.457 2.468 0.405
0.211 2.788 0.359
Normal Distribution )Skewness (
)17 (
)1 (
..
77
)18(
)Analysis Of variance (
.
F
F
R2
126.11 378.3370.000 405.446*
1.064 615.405
0.381 )3578(
121.946 365.8380.000 391.569*
1.066 616.162
0.442 )3578(
104.792 314.3870.000 304.021*
1.179 681.986
0.316 )3578(
*)α=0.05(
)18 (
)F ( )0.05≥α (
)3578(
)38.1 (% )( )44.2 (%
)( )31.6 (% )
(
..
:
)
(.
78
)19(
.
t
t Beta B
0.000 4.410* 0.146 0.033 0.144
0.000 4.029* 0.128 0.033 0.133
0.002 3.063* 0.120 0.037 0.114
0.000 7.598* 0.262 0.035 0.263
0.065 1.846** 0.069 0.041 0.076
*)0.01 (
**
)19(
)t ()
(
)t ()4.4104.0293.0637.598()0.01 (
) (
)t ()0.05(.
:
) (
.
) (
.
Stepwise Multiple
79
Regression
)
(
)18 (
)35.1 (%
)37.2 (%
)37.9(%
)38.1 (%.
)20(
"Stepwise Multiple Regression "
t* t R2
0.000 7.598* 0.3510.000 4.410* 0.3720.000 4.029* 0.3790.002 3.063* 0.381
*)0.01(
)(
:
)
(
.
80
)21(
.
t
t Beta B
0.002 4.067* 0.101 0.030 0.092
0.003 3.263* 0.072 0.030 0.069
0.000 6.043* 0.235 0.034 0.207
0.000 7.211* 0.248 0.032 0.230
0.316 1.004** 0.038 0.045 0.045
*)0.01 (
**
)21(
)t ()
(
)t ()4.0673.2636.0437.211(
)α =0.05.(
) (
)t ()0.05(.
:
)
(
.
) (
.
Stepwise Multiple
81
Regression
)
(
)20 (
)38.1 (%
)40.1 (%
)42.5(%
)44.2 (%.
)22(
"Stepwise Multiple Regression "
t* t R2
0.000 7.211* 0.381
0.000 6.043* 0.401
0.002 3.067* 0.425
0.003 2.263* 0.442
*)0.01 (
)(
:
)
(
.
82
)23(
.
t
t Beta B
0.002 3.120* 0.074 0.034 0.073
0.000 3.710* 0.124 0.035 0.129 0.001 3.251* 0.134 0.039 0.128
0.000 5.266* 0.263 0.036 0.265
0.469 0.724** 0.035 0.038 0.027
*)0.01 (
**
)23(
)t ()
(
)t ()3.2103.7103.2515.266(
)0.01 (.
) (
)t ()0.05(.
:
)
(
.
) (
.
Stepwise Multiple
83
Regression
)
(
)24 (
)29.5 (%
)31 (%
)31.4(%
)31.6 (%.
)24(
"Stepwise Multiple Regression "
t* t R2
0.000 7.266* 0.295
0.000 3.710* 0.310
0.001 3.251* 0.314
0.034 2.120* 0.316
*)0.01 (
)(
:
) ( )
.(
84
)25(
)F(
)3578(7.830173.660
2.6100.300
8.69*0.000
)4577(9.355172.135
2.3390.298
7.84*0.000
)3578(14.648166.842
4.8830.289
16.92*0.000
*)0.01 (
:
":"
)25 (
) (
)8.69F=( )0.000=α (
)0.01 ( .
.
)26 (
)30 (
)51 ()30 (
)3.44()51 ()3.80 (
)51(.
)41-50 ()30 (
85
)41-50) (3.78()30
()3.64 ()41-50(.
)26(
51 41-50 31-40 30
0.36* 0.34* - - 3.44 30
- - - - 3.64 31-40- - - - 3.78 41-50
- - - - 3.80 51
*)0.01 (
:
":"
)25 (
) (
).7.91F=(
)0.000=α ()0.01(
.
.
)27 (
)21
()5 ()21) (3.87()5 ()3.44 (
)21.(
)21 (
)6-10 ()21) (3.87(
86
)6-10()3.58 (
)21.(
)16-20 ()5(
)16-20) (3.77()5 ()3.44 ()16-20.(
)11-15 ( )5 (
)11-15) (3.69()5 ()3.44 (
)11-15.(
)27(
21 16-20 11-15 6-10 5
0.43* 0.33* 0.25* - - 3.44 5
0.29* - - - - 3.58 6-10
- - - - - 3.69 11-15
- - - - - 3.77 16-20
- - - - - 3.87 21
•)0.01 (
:
":"
)25 (
) (
)16.92F=(
)0.000 =α()0.01(
87
.
)28 (
)( ) (
))(3.81( )
()3.39 ( .
) ( ) (
))(3.69( ) (
)3.39 ( .
) (
) ( )
) (3.39( ) ( )3.60 (
.
)28(
0.42* 0.30* 0.21* - 3.39
- - - - 3.60
- - - - 3.69
- - - - 3.81
*)0.01 (
88
:
" :"
)29 (
) (
)t( )6.09t=(
)0.000 =α( )0.01 (
.
)3.79()3.46 .(
)29(
)t(
.)t(
3.793.46
0.480.65
6.09*0.000
*)0.01 (
:
" :"
)30 (
)t(
89
)6.38t=( )0.000 =
α( )0.01 (
)3.77(
)3.34 .(
)30(
)t(
.)t(
3.773.34
0.500.65
6.38*0.000
*)0.01 (
:
) ( )
.(
90
)31(
)One Way Anova(
)F(
)3578(7.215154.739
2.4050.268
8.98*0.000
)4577(16.995144.959
4.2490.251
16.91*0.000
)3578(14.154147.800
4.7180.256
18.45*0.000
*)0.01 (
:
":"
)31 (
) (
)8.98F=()0.000=α (
)0.01 (
.
)32 (
)30 (
)51 ()30 (
)3.23()51 ()3.54 (
)51(.
)31-40 ()51 (
91
)31-40) (3.31()51
()3.54 ()51(.
)32(
51 41-50 31-40 30
0.31* - - - 3.23 30
0.23* - - - 3.31 31-40
- - - - 3.48 41-50
- - - - 3.54 51
*)0.01 (
:
"."
)31 (
) (
)16.91F=()0.000=α (
)0.01 (
.
.
)33 (
)21 ()5 (
)21) (3.52()5 (
)3.29 ()21.(
92
)21
()6-10()21) (3.52()6-10()3.33 (
)21.(
)33(
21 16-20 11-15 6-10 5
0.23* - - - - 3.29 5
0.19* - - - - 3.33 6-10
- - - - - 3.38 11-15
- - - - - 3.43 16-20
- - - - - 3.52 21
*)0.01 (
:
"."
)31 (
) (
)18.45F=()0.000 =α(
)0.01(
.
)34 (
93
) ()(
))(3.50( )
()3.30 ( .
) ( ) (
))(3.50( ) ()3.34 (
.
)34(
0.20* - - - 3.30
0.16* - - - 3.34
- - - - 3.41
- - - - 3.50
*)0.01 (
:
" :"
)35 (
)()t(
)9.51t=()0.000 =α(
)0.01 (
94
.
)35 (
)3.51(
)3.26 .(
)35(
)t(
.)t(
3.513.26
0.440.57
9.51*0.000
*)0.01 (
:
:
)36 (
)( )t(
)12.44t=( )0.000 =α(
)0.01(
.
95
)3.58(
)3.19 .(
)36(
)t(
.)t(
3.843.17
0.450.51
12.44*0.000
*)0.01 (
4 .3:
1 .
)
(
.
) 2006 (
) 2006 (
96
. ) 2006 (
)2000 (
.
2 .
) (
.
.
) 2006 (
.
3 .
97
) (
).(
.
4 . )38.1 (%
)()44.2 (%
)( )31.6 (% )
(
.
.
5 . )
(
)35.1 (%
)37.2 (%
)37.9(%
98
)38.1 (%
.
6 .)
(
)38.1 (%
)40.1 (%
)42.5(%
)44.2 (%.
7 .)
(
)29.5 (%
)31 (%
)31.4(%
)31.6 (%.
8 .
) (
)
99
(
) .(
)51(
.
.
9 .
)( )
.(
)51
(.
100
5 .1:
)10(
. :)
( )6815 (
)10 (%
)682(
)609 ( )27 (
)582 (
)8.54 (% )85.34 (%
)58 ( .
)Cronbach Alpha Equation (
)=0.91(.
101
)
(
) (
)38.1 (% )44.2 (%
)()31.6 (%
.
)
(
)(.
5 .2:
:
1-
.
2-
102
.
3-
.
4-
.
.
5-
.
103
-:
)1997 (
)2006 (
:
) (17-19 /4 /2006-
)2006 ( :
37-50
)1992 (
:
:127-180.
)2001 (
- .
)1994 " (
82
337-37.
)1999 (
.
)1997" (
"
104
)70(13-67.
)1994 (
)1995( :
.
)1991(
.
)2000( :
.
)1999 (
:.
.1./11 :111-134.
)2000 ( :
)1 ( /37-50 .
)2006 (
:
) (
- 17-
192006/ 4 /.
)1999(" :
"
.
)2006 (
)
105
(17-19 /4 /2006 -
.
)1998 (
252.
)2002(
950-78.
)1990" (
"
.
)1992( 1
.
)2002 (
.
)1991(
4241-260.
:Al-Kahtani, Moshobab Ayadh (2004) An assessment of organizational
commitment in the Institute of Public Administration in theKingdom of Saudi Arabia; the effects of personal demographicsand job-related factors on faculty commitment, PhD Dissertation,Virginia commonweal th university.
Awamleh Nail A.H.K. (1996) Organizational commitment of civil servicemanagers in Jordan: a field study, Journal of ManagementDevelopment , Volume: 15 Issue: 5 Page: 65 – 74.
Badaracco Joseph L. Jr. & Webb, P. Allen, (1995), Business Ethics: AView from the Trenches, California Management Review, 37, No. 2,pp.
Barry, Norman ( 1999 ) Ethics, West Lafayette, IN: Purdue UniversityPress
106
Beckett Robert (2003) Communication ethics: Principle and practice,Journal of Communication Management , Volume: 8 Issue: 1 Page:41 – 52.
Brown, N Gaylor. Kristina (2002) Organization Commitment inHigher Education: Department of Management and MarketingSchool of Business, Jackson. Missippi. 39217.
Brugman, D. Weisfelt, M.E.W. (2005). Moral failing. Review of “MoralDevelopment and Reality: Beyond the Theories of Kohlberg andHoffman” by John C. Gibbs. Contemporary Psychology. Journal ofBusiness Ethics, Volume: 5 Issue: 2 Page: 195 – 211.
Carolyn, C. K., (1995), Ethics and Disclosure: An Analysis of ConflictingDuties, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol.3: 259-72.
Cohen, J., Pant, L. and Sharp, D., (2001), An Examination of Differencein Ethical Decision-Making Between Canadian Business Ethics andAccounting Professionals, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 30 :319-336.
Connor K.T.(2006) Assessing organizational ethics: measuring the gaps,Industrial and Commercial Training, Volume: 38 Issue: 3 Page:148 – 155
Cooper, Mary H. (1998). Population and the Environment. CQResearcher 8(26).
Daft, (2003), Management, 6th. Ed., Thompson South-WesternPublishing Co.
Darwish A. Yousef (1998) Satisfaction with job security as a predictor oforganizational commitment and job performance in a multiculturalenvironment, International Journal of Manpower, Volume: 19Issue: 3 Page: 184 – 194.
Donaldson Davis, (1990), Business Ethics, Management DecisionJournal, Vol. 28, No. 6.pp.
Dov Elizur, Meni Koslowsky (2001) Values and organizationalcommitment , International Journal of Manpower, Volume: 22Issue: 7 Page: 593 – 599.
Geber, Bevrly, (1995), The Right and Wrong of Ethics Offices, Journalof Training, Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Page: 187 – 206.
Hajdin, Mane(2005) Employee Loyalty: An Examination, Journal ofBusiness Ethics, Management Review, Volume 59, Number 3, pp.259-280(22)
Hansen Fred,& Smith Michele (2006) The ethics of business strategy,Management Review, Volume: 7 Issue: 1 Page: 201 – 206.
Hian Chye Koh, El'fred H.Y. Boo (2004) Organizational ethics andemployee satisfaction and commitment , Management Decision,Volume: 42 Issue: 5 Page: 677 – 693
Hosmer, L.T. (1991), The Ethics of Management, Irwin, Homewood, p.
107
185f.Kohlberg, L. ( 1981 ) The Meaning and Measurement of Moral
Development, Worcester, Mass, Clark Univ. PressLawton, Alan (1998), Ethical Management for the Public Services,
Open University Press, Buckingham.Linda Klebe Terino, Laura Pincus & Michael Brown, (2000), Moral
Person and Moral Management, California Management Review, 42(4), Summer, PP. 128-142. In: Richard L.
Macrdemetoez, D. (2002). Moral culture in institutions andindividual's moral performance: the need for moraldevelopmental tasks. In J. J. F. ter Laak, P. G. Heymans & A. I.Podolskij (Eds.), Developmental Tasks: Towards a Cultural Analysisof Human Development (pp. 237-259). Dordrecht: Reidel.
Marnburg, E. ( 1998 ) Ethics in Business: A Theoretical and EmpiricalStudy of Individual of Behavior Organizational and EducationalDeterminants of Behavior in Ethical Conflict Situation, NorgesTekniske Hogstole, Norway
Meyer, J. Allen, N. and smith, C. (1993) “ Commitment to Organizationsand accusations : Extension and test of three componentconceptualization”, Journal of Applied psychology, (78). 538-556.
Nancey, Fjortoft. (1993) Factor predicting Faculty Commitment to theuniversity . Paper presented to the Annual forum of the Associationfor Institutional Research (33rd.chicago).
Nicholson, Nigel (1994) Ethics in organizations: A framework for theoryand research, Journal of Business Ethics, Volume 13, Number 8, pp581-596.
Paul Currie, Brian Dollery (2006) Organizational commitment andperceived organizational support in the NSW police , Policing: AnInternational Journal of Police Strategies & Management ,Volume: 29 Issue: 4 Page: 741 – 756.
Pedersen Storm, J& Rendtorff, J. D.,. (2004). Value-based Managementin Local Public Organizations: A Danish Experience. Cross CulturalManagement. An International Journal, 11(2).pp.117-129.
Petersen, V. C. (2003). Beyond Rules in Society and Business.Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
Reichers, A.E. (1985). A review and reconceptualization oforganizational commitment. Academy of Management Review, 10,485-476.
Rosalie Holian (2002) Management decision making and ethics:practices, skills and preferences, Management Decision, Volume: 40Issue: 9 Page: 862 – 870.
108
Schwartz . Mark (2007) The “business ethics” of management theory,Journal: Journal of Management History , Volume: 13 Issue: 1Page: 43 – 5
Sementelli, A. J. (2005). Evolutionary critical theory, metaphor, andorganizational change. Journal of Management Development, 24(5),443-458. Retrieved September 11, from EBSCOHost database.
Sow Hup Chan (2006) Organizational identification and commitment ofmembers of a human development organization, Journal ofManagement Development , Volume: 25 Issue: 3 Page: 249 – 268.
Stoner J & Freeman E, (1991) The Ethics Crisis in American Business,The Ring Lecture in Ethics, University of Florida,; and presentedto the Hobby Program in Business Ethics, Hampden-SydneyCollege
Valentine Sean , & Fleischman Gary (2005) Ethics Training andBusinesspersons’ Perceptions of Organizational Ethics, Journal ofBusiness Ethics, volume 52, Number 4, 391-400
Wren, J. T. ( 1998 ) Ethics: The Heart of Leadership, West Port, ct:Praeger
Wright P.C., W.F. Szeto, S.K. Lee (2003) Ethical perceptions in China:the reality of business ethics in an international context, ManagementDecision, Volume: 41 Issue: 2 Page: 180 – 189.
Yuspeh, R., (2000), Toward the Development of a MultidimensionalScale for Improving Evaluation of Business Ethics, Journal ofBusiness Ethics, Vol. 9: 254-82.
109
)(
110
.....
"
"
.
) × (
1- :( ) ) (
2- : ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3- : ( ) ( )
4- : ( )5 ( )6-10
( )11-15 ( )16-20 ( )21
5- : ( )29 ( )30-39
111
( )40-49 ( )50
: )x (
1
.2
.3
.4.5
.6
.7
.8
.
9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.
112
16
.
17.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.
23
.24.25.26
.27.28.29
.30
31.32
.33
.34
.35
.
113
36
.\
37
.
38
.39
.40
.41
.42
.43
.44
.
45.46
.47
.48
.49
.50
.51
.
52
114
.
53
.
56
.57
.58
115