(PnpuluH tremuloidcsl

Up to 30 tnCWrR in heighL, bnrk iii first M1nonth, /o{rccni�h"whito. becoming rough find dnrk gt'cy w ith u�tC, t.ermlnul bud Hhnrp pointed, ull bud. dark brown.

e a v e 5

Alt.ornate" simple, brondly cwnl, Rhoq)oj)Olfl.tcd, linc-rounded leoth, 4.0-7.5 cl1ls long, borne on long, slunder Htulkth durk b'Tcon above, pale bolow ; pCLlol!)B nnu,UTIcd eU'I,18inl( fluttering in wind,

o w e s inCOIlRpicuOUK, /ilmol1 II), d 'n�c cuLkim; , pistilluLO and staminate I1nwf'rR on diIT(lI'Nlt trl"'". � rrtlcd befure leuvctf develop in spring.

u

A greenish capRulc, cont.olnlng mony smuJi hairy seeds.

d s b u o n

Widespread throughout, it I. opecl.-.Ily important in tho north­ce nt.rol pfirt oft.he province where it iAlhc: dominltl't.l!lpecicM In the "Borelli Mixcdwood" forest, being eventunlly MU ccedcd by white spruce, -----------------------w o o d a n d u s e s

WhiLI�h Lo crea m coloured wood which i8 shorL fibrrd, lind !'ell!­livcly low In .trcngth. Jt iall�.d m�illly ror pllip P"OdllCt., ""eh "" blink, tl('wloIpririL und fine printing pupe-r. Aspen iM c'RPC'CiI1I1y J,Cuod fC)r' l)utl,,·1 producls such Hil Qritmtl'd RtrandboRr'd and wllfl·rhourd, Lumber' 18 li�hL in wuight. Dnd if' u�ed for furniturr, boxC's (and erflt.('�. Core 8lock in p wood Mnd wall pan£lIR.

' . . •

.. .

" . ' '.----.. -----... , . , ,. .. '.

..

-�

Usually found in rYH..1skl'!oC und 8wump habit.als, where it grOWR slowly and mny he only 11l.18 met.ers in height., On rnoiRl, w(llI­dl'ained RoilA hOW('Vrr, it. cun grow to heights of 26 metel's. Tlw bal'k is rou�h nnd O(trk·�cy in colour und there are nUmfll'OUI'I smull t'Oundcd "cddiah winter buds,

e a v B s Needle-Iiko, 12.20 in fouthor-like cluster. Roft anel .I(·"d,·r, 2," ems long, Iight .cf · 'tl turning bright. ye llow iii thl! fluiumfl Whl '" they fnll from the Lrco.

c o n e s

Poll(:r1 cUrieS (mulu) quite Rmall, yellow; A(ll'd CUllt.'� (femuie) r'odtlifth whcn young, becoming brown and nlmo�t. Hpht'riCl1l when IIlIIl.UI'l'j Hel'd� t;mull und wing-t·d.

d s b u o n Occurs throughout. ccnl.rol (Inti northl'rn Alborta. Rarely Itlund in pure RinndR. In frlllj;ikt'g Or' liwump hubiLut it typicu lly �urR in mixtul'e wit.h blnck RPI'UCC, Or) I)dtt1r ",iLcH it clin form n compo� nOI1L of v irtually any tYPI' uf Mtunci.

w o o d a n d u s e s Woud ifC Illn(itlr'lIll"iy hurd und heavy. 80mf·whnt lIilv, df'ruy r'C'I>\IM­tont Ilnd ycllowiRh hl'own I.u roddl6h brown in colour. It iH uRed ror lumber for l'ouJih con�tr'u(;Linn, fence POHts, polos, rnilwny tieR nnd pulpwood .

Boreal

(Populu" balHon7lfi'ml

Up to 21 meterR hi�h with Rlout RprcodinJ( brunches; durk grey, rough deeply fUl'1'Owcd bark; winter b\ld� lorge und curved with 0 sticky baI8am-Rmellinggum.

e a v e 5

Alternate, Elimple, ovnJ or honri-shaped. tihurp .. poinlcd. rounded teeth, 7.5-1r..O COl. long, 'hiny dork ween obove und pule green beneath.

o w e s

Inconspicuous, AmnII in dcnflC erlt,kiuM, piMLillut.o und !!lominnlo nOWcfa on differenl t.1>CC�. Deyeloped berorc tho Icuvu!5 (lxpund in the spring. -----------------------

u

A dry, gt'peniRh.bro'Wl1 clIJ)!4ulc, opening wb(jn muturc. Th Heeds, very AmnII, nY,ml,rOlljj tlnd huiry.

d s b u o n

Common in rorestland , abnndOllcd fOr'mlflnd. bUfl1ed-ovfJr urcms, river bunks throughout Alberto.

w o o d a n d u s e s

Woocl i� light, ROil., low in oLe nIM gruyish whito to lighL greyi"h hrown in col."". Wood i_l\o d filrpulp. Bulsurn poplar is nlRo uRad In win(1hr('uk pllintir't�'"

occidell.tali..)

T.llcst of the lurche8, up to 40 mc(or. high; crown short and ii(lrrQw wilh "curly hurizont.ul brunchcsi bark reddish-brown on yOUI1" tn.'t'�. becoming deeply furrowed on mature t.rees; budR dl U"k brow"l . huirlCH�.

e a v e s

Needle·like, a-sided, soil. nnd nexibfe, 2.1H.il ernRlong, yellowish­green, borno in clu8ters of15-30 on dwarftwigR, turning ypllow In uutumn when thoy f.1I from the tree.

c o n s

Pollon conCH (male) smull, oblong and yolluw; Rel)e! r(Jtlt'M (rulllnlu) 2.5-<1,0 ems long when maturtJ, wit.h RhorLCut'Yf'd f\t.fllk; COIl(' sculc� bent slight.ly downwards on mnt. urc· open eoneA, with I(nlg pointed bractH: seeds small with long Rf'{;d wing.

d s b u o n

MolAt mountoln .Iop.) •. It. "ccurrenCe in Albcrw i. limited to tho KnnanaskiA Vnllpy nnd Uw CI"i)Wf04r'(,f;lt P[l�M,

w o o d a n d u s e s

Wood i� hurd, moocrut.cly huuvy. strong. modernt.ely resislant. to dl'CUY. fl'ddiHh brown in colour with characteristic oily appear· nflf'I' 1 1 1M mninly IlJoI",1 for Imnhnr 111 hll1ldll1J: ('mull rurtipn Otlwr U!iCR include rnilwuy ta'H, flouring .lind pulp,

6 to 20 meters in height, with whitish or Rilvcry KJ'cy burk in thin shel!t.a: winti\t" h'-ldM chl'StnuL brown. bud RcnlfR Rligh�ly downy, no distinct termlfllil bud,

e a v e 5

Allcrno�o, 8impio. in 810nder sLalks, ovul nnd Loporing to u point; irrcgull.lrly loothed, 2,5-19 ems long. dark greerl obovc, puler nnd RlIghlly hai ry boncuth.

o w 9 s

JnconRpiC:\1f'\l�, "mull . in staminate nnd piRt.iII0til caLkin�.

A smull. bruudly-winged nuLlet.

d s

u

b u o n

This species and Reverul vuriclic8 arc wi deep rend flnd COmrtlon nlong river Onflk. pod Ill"i.t w ooded ureas through the cenLrill find northern part (If t.h I)rovinco,

w o o d a n d u s e s Wood i. modorately heavy, hard, .tronll, .trutghL·gruinod and pIth.' brown in colour'. It is uRed for' f\1l'niLurc. cubinctB. wooden­wore tlnd vencer. Birch logs olso mokc excellent. firo wood,

''If,W-,:rt.)w,,,,,' lr'CC 9lo 12 motors high: crown hn� n r'I1Sfgtd appearance ir'rcgulurly spuced branches; Icnvcs mosLly con� fined t.0 lhf' outer br'l1nchlel�: burk 8mooth, thin, greyiRh on y,wng t.reeA becoming l'c(ldi�h l ind tlculy on old�r LreoR; budfl often hidd\.,n hy long whit,,, hnlr.

e a v 9 s

Needle.like, 4 .. 8idcd! HOn und fl(!xiblo, 2.6-1.0 COlA long, hl,-,l�h­gl'flf'n, Ch,Hct\..'r'N or30 .. 40 on dwarf t.wigs, turning yellow in fitl l url'lt'l bt�fort' fnllh'lil rrom thl' tree.

c o n e s

Pollen COn('R ( molo) �mull. yellowj sl'cd conos (remale) noarly stalkleRR, if.=' (n"I� IfI"U, durk hrown at mat.urit.y; cone scaleR nTf> covel 'ed with whniAh hoirM ol1d huvc 3��oolhcd bracts; seedR nrf' smull tlnd wing(ld .

d s b u o n

A timberline Bp(!cieR on the Alopf�R of th(' Rucky Mounluins in .outheuolorn Alberta.

w o o d a n d u s e 5

Wood iF! henvy, hnrd OtH' I'i'dd�)(h bruwn In colour, Although it iF! ,",uit ubI£' for hot h Il1mhr'l' lIi"lc1 rni1pl hl"'JIlIlo<,' nr rl1mntp llnrt lnnrrJ>oIl­�iblu locutions where it i� J.{nl� rnlJy fOUlld. ulpinu lurch is of very little commercial impol'tnnc(', ftow{'vcr, it is of importonco in cunLrol . run-oil and fH'oAloll In htgh mOUl'ltuili8,

Subalpine

D Boreal

D Subalpine

Montane

(From Rowe 'Forest Regions of C8n8d8�

Three of the eight maj()r fore�t regions in Conadn Ilrc .-epre­scnted in Alb rtll; Boreal, Subalpine and Montane. Each region has its own typical climate and chllracteri�tic species compoMition,

B o R E A L This is the most extensive forest r gion in Canada, It com­prises the great()T part ofthe forested area of the country, forming a continuous belt ft'om Nowfoundland and the Labra­dor Coast westward to the Rocky Mountains and northward toAlaska. InAlbcrta it occupies thc cntirc north rn halfofthe province and stretches southwards between the agricultural zone and the Subalpine Forest Region to the Turner Valley area. The climate of the area is characterised by l()ng , very cold winters, short mild summ rs and wide annual tempera­ture variations, Pre�ipitation is generally low, ranging from approximately 600 mm in the Houthern extent of the region to 300 mm in the north of the province, The main reason for the extrcmes of temperature and lack of preCipitation is that the size of thc land mass restricts the sea's influence. This allows development of large high pr saure Centres so that during the winter months the region is dominated by very cold, very dry Arctic air masses. Black spruce, white spruce, tamarack and baillam fir arc characteristic species through most of the Boreal Region, with black spruce becoming more importantin th() north of the province. Jack pin is pr(!tlent in north­ea�tern Alberta and lodgepole pine is an important compo­nent in the foothills in the western part of the province. Broad-leaved trees are also represented throughout the region by aspon, balsam poplar and whitR birch,

s u B A L p N E The major I'cprcsenwtion of the Subalpine Region in Canada is in British Columbia and Alberta. In Alberta it st,'etches northward from the United StlltC!H border to EI pomt just west of Grande Cache. The upper boundary of the Subalpine Region formR t he "climatic forcst line" i.c. the elevation where continuous forest COver en do and isolated stands of trees begin. The climate of the region i� chal·actc";scd by cold, SJ\owy winters and cool, showery summe,'s, with below freez­ing temperatures being common in all months except July and August. Approximately 50% of the pI' cipitation ()(!cur� during the winter months. Characteristic tree species of the Subalpine RC!gion Me Engelmtlnn �prucc, alpine fir, alpine larch, lodgepole pine and whitebark pine.

M o N T A N E A� with th� Subalpine Forcst Region, the major repr genU!­tion of th Montane �'orest Region in Canada is in B,'itish Columbia and Alb ,.tll. Tn Albcl·ta it· main occurrenccs arc in the V1ClIl,ty of the POl'cupme H,lIs, CrowsneHL PasH, l,nct the foothi1lA north ofWlltcrLon Lokes National Pm·k. The Bow, Saskatchewan and AthabasctI Iliver valleys also contain Montano vegetation. The most notable feature of the I'cgion is its association with major east·west mountai,l vuJleYIl which channel wa,'m Pacific oil' (chinooks) into Alberta during the wint.eI' months, thus lesse'ling the effects of cold Arcti air invading Alb rtll from the north. MOllt prccipitation occurs as snow in tho winter months. horactoristic t.ree species for tho remon aSIl whol arc Douglas.fir and limh .... pin .. , whilp moi�l and cool sites, such as north-facing slop 8, III'e occupied by RSpen, lodgepole pine und whitc sprucc.

Montane

Pub, No, S/16

Iberta's Provincial Tree

Long before the white man came to North America, tb W stern

Plains Indians began utiliz· ing the forest wealth of the province. The trees they used were strong, straight and of uniform taper. The regular use of these trees for the con· struction of th i r buffalo skin lodges led the famous explor-

ra Lewis and Clark to dub them "lodgepole pine". Dur­ing the early years of settle· m nt, lodgepole pin was used by pion ra primarily for fenc posts, fuel wood and cabin construction. By 1883, the railway had reached as far west as Calgary and had cr ated an entirely n w mar· ket for rail way ties, telegraph poles and mining timbers. The lodgepol pine con tin-u s to b a major contributor to Alb rta's forest industry as well as providing protec­tive cover for the vital water­sheds of our province's east-

rn slopes.

Up to 30 Mcters, or more in height; bark thin, ycllowish�brf)YJi11 "omewhot .. nly.

e a v e 5 Needle-like, in bLmdlcs of two, produced hI dense ClllRtVI'R toward" the end. of the brunches, 2.5·7,5 Crr1M long, ycllowiRh-green.

c o n e s

P()II�n coneR (malo) borne in smull t.crminul clu�Lol'if; fW; d concs (remAlel conical-shaped and woody, u.ufilly curved backward. toward" the base of tho brunchclI, yellowisb-brown, of'Wn borne in cluaters, 2.6-6.0 cms long, senles thickened und with 0 sharp Rpine n� the tip of each scale; seeds winged.

d 5 b u o n The ,>'Io.t Qmmon and abundant tree in the Rocky MOuntain. and foothill rel(ionR. ccurring on tho eastern .Iopes of tho Ro<:ky Mounluifl8 where it frequenlly rorm8 donBo uvcn·u�cd IIlurldS (Hl the re,ult or firc. In areaR ac\iacont te jack pine, tho two "l>ceieR in(.,ograttl.

w o o d a n d U S 9 S Wood iR moderately light, soft to modorutely IIl1l'<1 nnd white to yellowI.h brown in colour. It i. uocd ror lumber and plywood s. well as pulp, Lumber i. uscd muinly in gonerAl conRtruction: other URes includo furnilurut ltiding'. floor-it,g [It)d l)lint·IR. After pressure treatment with prcilervntive., lodgepole pine mnkeR excellent railway ti •. utility polus and rnlnc IImher •.

� t:::::::::s

lodgepole pinoljuult plno hybridization

HnnAing in snmll Rel'ubby Lree up to abeut 25 ""'lOl'R depending upon gruwlT'IH rOfl(lltionH; bork thin, rcddiJojh .rr·f·y on young trecs bceominl/ dorkcr groy, rough und scnly on old tr,lIlkR.

9 a v 9 s

N.·cdle-Iike, stiff, "htlrl'-Jluinlcd, in bundle. of two, frcqu('ntly twiRled, 2-4 erns long, y�llowiRh-R"r""n.

c o n e s Pollen concs (mule) smull.n clORe clusters nt tho end. or yOllng brnnclwH; Rced COIlt'S (fumllic-) horne in pairs, UHUldly curvl'd fll)d p,)inting toward. the end of the branches. smooth und "x"�'Cdiflilly hard. often rcmainin� unnpf'l1f�d on the lro' for Hl'Y ntl yCfI(R, yellowish-groy when Illulw'(', 2.5-5.0 ems long, ticllll'� thickcfi('d, without. pricklo8j sCl'd!1 winged.

d 5 b U o n Common or1 oUl ld hiliR and thin soil in central find northeastcrn Albertu. 1L c""I)<, diRtinguiHhud from 10dgel",1 p ine m.inly by dif­fonmcl' in fon" lind R.hnpe oft.he nccdlc� u nd COfi(' characteristic8,

w o o d a n d u s e s

Wood is modorutely bellvy, ROft and n.arly white in colour, It iR rnninly uRcd for pulp. Lllmb"t i gtlnet'ally knot.ty und cOllsldf'!'B­Illy leRS dcsirnblo thun lodgepole pine; uBod primurily ror hOX"R. crat.es and ruugh cUI1��l'uc�ion.

jack pinel lodgepole pine hybridization

Larg'; tree, up to 25 muter. high: crown ORrrow and dense with drooping branches: bark smooth, ush·grey with large resin blis· terB on young trees, becoming greyish·brown and scaly in older trcC8.

e a v e

No die-like, 2.5-4.0 ems lonK. cILrved upwards on tho brunch, greyish-green to bluish·green, rowld d or notched at the tip.

e o n e S

Poll 'n coneR (male) small, bluish: 8(;'d (oneS (female) 6-10 cms lOng, dork purple, borno at tho top of the tree; cone RcaleB fan­shop 'd, slightly lonser than broad with short SllOon-Bhaped bractB.

d s b u o n High altitudes, from west-contral to "ollthwestcrn Alberta. orten mixed with Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine lind Alpino larch.

w o o d a n d u s e 5

Wood i. light, 80ft. relutively low In .trength and white in colour. It is uBod mainly for lum her ra building construction und pull': also suilublo for fTlllking boxl)A nd crates.

(Picca marialla)

In the mu.keg habita! , whero It I. vRuOlly found, it i. a small .low growinglrcc, 9·15 mct.tr� hIgh, wilh the lower branche8 festooned with "old-mnn'. benrd" lichen, On well-drained mineral ooils howevor, it can attoin height. or 25.30 meWro. Typically, bal'k i. thin, scaly und I{I'cYI"h with tho Innor bnrk uBuolly olive groan,

e a v e s

Needle-like, shert, thick, 4·oide<l, 1·2 em. long, blue green.

c o n 8 s

Pollen cones (malo) small, durk red: .ccd coneo (femAlel purplioh­!:!,eon. 1-4 cms long at mutlLrity, browII to purplish gl'een and almost sph�rical. romuininlot On ih) iree for H vc)rnl years, scalos stilI and roundcd; seed. smull, winl/ed ,

d s b u I o n Occurs throughou( c ntral and northern Alberto, usuully in pure HlundK V"� mu�kC'", but illRO mixed in with lodgopole pine or whit.e I<prucC ir1 well-drained mineral Roil. bOl'doring muskeg "itcH.

w o o d a n d u s e s

Wool(! iR moderawly light, soft. r Illtivoly strong, resilient. slraight grolnl'd und nNtrly while in c6lour. 'rho wood iH of gl"l'ui lr'r'lpor. tonce to pulp induAtry becauIII! of its long fibre. whi h mid .1 r ngth to Ilnper product.; nl 0 iLable for lumber.

A �mnl1 deformed, scrubby mounLuin t.ree. wlt.h Rhur'" Lwi!04 Lp d limhli, lHUla lly 5-1 a ll1(1l0l'H in hoight. 13nrk i� l1ilvl'ry-gt'l'Y I)n yOur1g trl'r_ becoming vel'y rough und ulmust bluek lit nluturity.

o a v e s

N dl'-Iiko, thick, .tiff, .Imrp·poiutcd, .lIghtly curved. in bundles orei, tightly du.torcd ut the ends ortwigR, 2.0-7.5 cmR long, dark groen.

e o n e s

Pollen conCA (rnale) Amall, produced in Lcrrninul c1l1�ti'fR; Ri·cd Corle" large, cylindrical 7.0-20.0 ems long, yclluwi�h·br'own, with Hetd". grently thickvlwd at the lip; "<'Cd. nut·like, pr"cticolly wjllKI{'i4� ------------------------

d s b u o n

A characteristic alpino trcll 011 high rnr)Ur1LOln RlnpPR where it. is usually much stunted nnd freqllently derorm('d by .trong wind •.

w o o d e n d U S 9 S

WI.nd iH li�ht, dmlt'-A"'ftinl'd, moderately ROft and Icmon·yullowi!olh III coln\lr', [L hmi r)O commrrcinl importance, although it iH Ulwci In('ully LIM r\.u . .. 1 wllod.

Ruolly 15-21 meters in heiSht. Tho crown i. symmetricol wl\h p norrow pyramidal shape and branches extending nciltly to the wound. 1'h� bark i. smooth, pal e-grey with lurge re.in bliMt f8 on young t,·cc' becoming roughened and reddish-brown On mMUte trflCR.

e a v e s

Needle·lIke, distinctly flottened. rounded aL tho tip. arranged in Lw() ron�, 2·3 cmA long, dark brreen above, whithth buncuth,

c o n e s

Pollen cone. (mule) smull, yeliowiRh-red; Reod cones (femule) orecL, durk purple, 5·10 ems lonll, scnloR slightly elongated with short pointed brnct., becoming 80ft when mature.

d s b u o n Ccnt.rol ond nonhorn Alberta, where it HomolimoH form� 11 .setH .. -tcrcd underRLorey in old growth stands.

w o o d a n d u S 9 S Wood is light, .oft, rclutivcJy Ilw in str�ngth, Rom.what brittle, and white in colour. It i •• uit Ie ror pulp nnd can be used for muking bOXC!!i und CfOtC8, Bnr on young trees contains bliliturs mind with U resin (CurI!Ido hol.am) which iR used in cementing I 'nf4('� and mounting speci n. lor obs�rvation with u m1cro· stope. BalRam fir al80 makes a hristmuH trco,

LUfJ{C t.ree, rco.chlng up Lo 36 meters; crown narrow, Hymml't.· ricol, lOwer brfii'lchCR uMlmlly drooping; burk thin, �illy, rcddiMh. browD,

9 a v e s

Needle·like, 4-sidud, �t1ff, 2.0-2.5 ems Ions. bluish-green,

c o n e 5

Pollen conca (male) dark purpJ', 1.2·1.6 emR long; ""ed conea (remalol brown to yellowish·brown tit maturity, 2.G-7.6 ems long: cono HcuicH broudcHt. I�t'ur lhe: midrlle, irreol1ularly loathed on oulor edge with prominont oroet,; ,ced;; Rmoll with wedgo-shaped wings, ------------------------

d s b u o n High r ollitud •• , in high valleys and on alopes of Rocky Moun· t[lins in southwc. tern Alberta. orten mixed with firs , lnrchc. und pines.

w o o d a n d u s e 5

Wood ifJ light, soft, resilient, atr�ght-grlllncd und whik' iII colour. It Is uS d for pulp and lumber.

•

An ulpin -, t.ree, JiomlltimCR or commercial valuo in shllitorcd t:litml. WlllWO il m{.lY rellch Iwight.� of up to 25 moters. On wintll'iwupt .Iope. it i. u.ually pI'ORtrRte. and reduced 10 .hl'ub .i,e. aeldom eXI.'I·C'IIiIlH' 10 TYlf·U'I'foil. Tht' trunk is maHsivQ and distortcd with eithcr' 8fnOOLh or Rcaly whit.ish bark; brunchcH usuully duforrncd, huncht'd iT, thn crown or prostrate on the ground.

e a v 9 s Nt'('dk- llkc ill blllldlec of 5, produced in dence clu:Jtcru towurt!:l th(l ondH of t.he branchc!I, HlirT und �on1l'wha� cur·vt'd. �.O-7.t') emit long, da1'k yeIlQw-gr�(.In,

c o n o s

Pollen cones (male) borno in smull tllrminul ClllMtl'n4; !oIt:ed Cunf'� (female) stout. tough, oval-shllp"d lind purpliHh, 4.0.7.r. em" 1011g. RcaleH much t.hickcned, shurp·puilllcd, woody, r'cfoIinous perma­nontly closed. --------------------

d s b u o n " run.l mOllnw;n �pCciCH rOl,ind 8 Altered along t.he timber line of the Rocky MOl'''t"in •.

w o o d a n d u s e S Wood is light, closc-gra.ined, rutXI 'J;'utl'ly �ort uno petie brt)wni�h in colour. It iR of litt.le commcrciullmport..&ncc, 1IILhulJ��h wood con be used IOI'lumbor und min . l..imbcTM.

r c •

(Pscudocsuga mllnziesii) (Until recently - P. ta:x;i(otia)

A lol1l'c tree up to 26 meters high with u mas.ivc trunk and Romewhat drooping brancho8; burk on yuung tr 'Cl!t �rl'",)Qth Arid r· ddiah brown becoming 10-15 cma thick Gnd deeply fisRured on old (rees. ------------------------

8 e v e s Needle·like, somewhat Ilattened, tapering at the bas to a vory short .ltllk, 2·3 em. long, bright bluo green abovo. pale beneath.

e o n e s

Pollen cones (male) bright red; seod cones (femulo) drooping, rod· dish brown, 5-9 cmR long, the 3-forked bracts projecting lKtyond the broad-rounded, stiff 8coles; Hceds broudly winged,

d s b u o n Along the east slopes orthu Rocky Mountoin� from ,I no per Park to Wntorton and widespreud in the POfGupinc Hills.

w o o d a !1 d u s e s

Moderately heavy, hard and �ronK wood wilh roddi.h hrown colour. Primarily used for lumoorfl'r buildingcon.truction. Other UReR include railway tl�8, OOXOB lid croie8-. DouJllafj�lir 8hm makes good hristmu8 lrccl:f.

A I"rge tree r.aching up to 45 moters: roullh BCLlly bnrk, brownish to .ilvery grey.

8 II v e 5 Nc 'dIu- i lk " ', 4-!o!hll!d, KLlIT, shll.f'p-point.cd, 2.13·3.0 emil long, bJight greer) ,

c o n e s

Pollen cone. (mole) .moll, yell,'w; Reed cone. (female) usually at tho end. of young twil(ll, drooping ond turning brown at maturity. 4-5 crtltl long, �cllll'M thin, somewhat rounded with smooth mnr­gino: seeds with thin wings.

d i S b u o n Widespreod thl'oughout south-ccntral und northern Alberto, 8uC­ceeding poplar and pi no in burned ovcr urcu�,

w o o d a n d u S 9 S Wood is light. 80ft. rUHiliont, 8t.ruight�gruincd lind white ill colour. IL ia used for lumber, plywood und pulp ,