46 AP World History

QUICK REVIEW

1. What continent is home to the peopleconsidered to be earth's oldest survivingethnic group?

(A) North America(B) Asia(C) Australia(D) Europe(E) None of the above.

2. The largest and most populous continent is(A) North America.(B) Asia.(C) Europe.(D) South America .:(E) Antarctica.

3. The populations of which three continentswere able to interact and trade with relativeease since humanity's earliest days?(A) Africa, Asia, and Europe(B) Africa, Asia, and Australia(C) North America, South America, and Asia(D) North America, South America, and

Europe(E) Europe, Africa, and North America

4. A geographic determinist would most likelybelieve which of the following?

(A) Topography and climate have little or noeffect on the course of a society'sdevelopment.

(B) Societies cannot survive in harshenvironments such as deserts andmountains.

(C) Human societies influence theirenvironments far more than they areinfluenced by them.

(D) Geographic conditions playa key role, ifnot the most important role, in shapinghuman societies.

(E) None of the above.

5. Which of the following is LEAST likely toencourage the growth of an advancedcivilization?

(A) the presence of a nearby river(B) surroundings dominated by steep,

landlocked mountains(C) temperate climatic conditions(D) proximity to a lakeshore or seacoast(E) rich deposits of precious metals in the

neighboring hills

6. Why are rivers considered so important to thedevelopment of the first civilizations?

(A) They discouraged ocean travel.(B) They encouraged both the growth of

agriculture and urban areas.(C) They retarded the invention of

agriculture.(D) They slowed down the emergence

of cities.(E) They were really not very important to

the development of early civilizations.

7. The benefits of having access to an oceaniccoastline include

(A) food resources, especially in the formof fish.

(B) the ability to move passengers and freightmore easily than by civerland transport.

(C) the increased likelihood of being able toparticipate in regional or even globaltrade networks.

(D) all of the above(E) none of the above

8. The sea most responsible for encouragingtrade, cultural interaction, and generalmovement between southern Europe,North Africa, and the Middle East is

(A) the Mediterranean.(B) the Caribbean.(C) the Red Sea.(D) the Arabian Sea.(E) none of the above

9. Deforestation and swamp draining areexamples of

(A) ancient humanity's innate sensitivity toenvironmental issues.

(B) the practices of herding societies.(C) projects that allowed societies to shape

their environment.(D) large-scale efforts that ancient societies

were not capable of.(E) none of the above

10.Which of the following is an example ofresource extraction?

(A) the sowing of crop seed(B) building a dam(C) the planting of trees(D) mining for iron are(E) digging a canal

Answers1. (C) The Aborigines of Australia are thought to

have originated at least 40,000 years ago.

2. (B) This is a matter of simple factualknowledge.

3. (A) Because of the continents' close proximityto each other, the populations of Africa, Asia,and Europe were able to move relatively freelyacross them. Until the fifteenth century C.E.,North and South America remained isolatedfrom the other continents.

Geography, Environment, and Humanity 47

4. (D) The school of geographical determinism,once quite prevalent, argued that geographicaland environmental factors played the mostimportant role in how human societiesdeveloped.

5. (B) Although communities can overcomethem, topographical and climatic extremestend to discourage social development, and thelack of a source of water does the same.

6. (B) From earliest times, rivers have been greatfacilitators of social development, movement,trade, and interaction. They make agriculturalproduction more feasible.

7. (D) The importance of water transport, bothoceanic and riverine, in the preindustrial worldcannot be stressed enough. Also, oceans, likelakes and rivers, provide food.

8. (A) The Mediterranean is one of the mostimportant bodies of water in the history ofmany European, African, and Middle Easterncultures.

9. (A) Even ancient societies were able to exercisea great deal of control over their environments.

10. (D) Resource extraction-one way humansocieties affect their environments-involvesgathering, harvesting, or otherwise takingmaterial commodities for one's own use.

49

QUICK REVIEW

1. Paleontologists

(A) study the physical, culturaI, and socialcharacteristics of humans.

(B) study the physical remains and fossils ofanimals and plants.

(C) study the objects and buildings createdby humans.

(D) study astronomy.(E) study ancient urban centers.

2. Surplus production

(A) is caused by poor cultivation methods.(B) prevents specialization of labor.(C) gives rise to the specialization of labor

and stratification of society.(D) can never occur in modern societies.(E) none of the above

3. The term Stone Age is used to describe theearliest period of hominid prehistory because

(A) stone was the only material early humansused to make tools.

(B) the first humans lived primarily inelaborate dwellings built of stone.

(C) of early humanity's tools, those made ofstone were not only important butsurvived in large enough numbers forarchaeologists to study.

(D) early humans worshipped idols carvedout of stone.

(E) the first humans made their homes instone caves.

4. Hunting and gathering societieswere marked by

1. widespread specialization of labor.II. a subsistence lifestyle.III. limited trade.IV. little specialization of labor.

(A) I and III(B) II and IV(C) I, II, and III(D) II, III, and IV(E) IV only

Building Blocks of Civilization 55

5. The "Out of Africa" thesis

(A) argues that the human species appearedthroughout the world at the same time.

(B) proposes, that the human species emergedin Africa.

(C) submits that only the Neanderthalemerged in Africa.

(D) argues that crops were first cultivated inAfrica.

(E) proposes that only the most primitivehuman behavior originated in Africa.

6. Which of the following would NOT beassociated with the "Neolithic revolution"?

(A) the discovery of techniques to refine steel(B) the domestication of many types of

animal(C) the widespread adoption of agriculture(D) the emergence of the first cities(E) rapid population growth

7. How did pastoralism affect early socialdevelopment?

(A) Herding societies tended to settle onparticular lands, and thus civilizationemerged relatively quickly.

(B) Pastoralism led to the adoption of amonotheistic approach to religion.

(C) No pastoral societies mixed animalhusbandry with the domestication ofplants.

(D) Herding societies tended to migratefrequently, and thus civilization tooklonger to emerge.

(E) Pastoral societies tended to be led bywomen.

56 AP World History

8. How were women generally treated in StoneAge societies?

(A) Most Stone Age societies revered womenand placed them in positions ofsuperiority.

(B) Equal treatment and lack of genderdifferentiation was the norm.

(C) Although gender division of labor wasnot as pronounced as it would laterbecome, there was still gender inequity.

(D) The majority of Stone Age societies werematrilineal and have been proven to haverespected women's equality.

(E) none of the above

9. Which of the following is the least advancedagricultural technique?

(A) slash-and-burn(B) shifting(C) irrigation(D) fertilizing(E) mixing crop types

10. What development marked the end of theBronze Age?

(A) the first use of tools(B) the use of iron(C) the beginning of agriculture(D) the invention of the wheel(E) the adoption of the earliest form of writing

Answers1. (B) Paleontologists, like archaeologists and

anthropologists, are among the scholars whosescientific work assists historians in understand-ing prehistory.

2. (C) If a society regularly produces surplus food,certain individuals are free to use their time todevelop high levels of expertise (or specialize) inother skills and work at them full-time.

3. (C) The early ages of human prehistory are cat-egorized by the most advanced material peopleused to make tools. While Stone Age societiesmade important tools out of stone, they usedother materials (wood, bone, etc.) as well.

4. (D) Hunting-and-gathering societies tend tobe the most primitive in terms of organizationand labor specialization. They rarely accumu-late surpluses, and most individuals were gen-eralists in terms of other skills.

5. (B) The overwhelming majority of scholarsbelieve, on the basis of paleontological evi-dence, that human beings and their immediateancestors originated in Africa.

6. (A) Pastoralism and agriculture were the greatinnovations of the Neolithic era. The earliestcities appeared as well. Metallurgy of any typewas not widespread until the Bronze Age, andthe ability to produce steel (which is even moreadvanced than iron) was a long time in coming.

7. (D) Herding societies are generally forced tobe nomadic in order to graze their animalsyear-round. Nomadism tends to slow down orstall the development of civilized society.

8. (C) Physical differences caused some degree ofgender inequity from the beginning, and atalmost no time have women enjoyed completeequality, even in the modern era.

9. (A) Clearing a field by burning was the firstand easiest way to begin agricultural produc-tion. The other techniques described in thequestion were developed later.

10. (B) Bronze gave, way to iron, a stronger andmore easily worked metal. Tool use, agricul-ture, the wheel, and writing all preceded orexisted during the Bronze Age.

74 AP World History

QUICK REVIEW

1. One of the philosophical innovations ofHammurabi's law code was that

(A) the ruler's will is to be followed at allcosts.

(B) the upper classes are to have the mostrights.

(C) the lower classeswere to have specialprivileges.

(D) a consistent set of regulations shouldgovern society.

(E) anyone who spoke against the kingwould be executed.

2. Which of the following are the Egyptiansthought to have originated?

(A) the construction of ziggurats(B) the manufacture of paper(C) the numerical concept of zero(D) the secret of silk production(E) none of the above

3. What do many researchers now thinkbrought about the fall of the Indus Riversociety?

(A) fighting between the Hindus and Sikhs(B) outside invasions from Mesopotamia(C) environmental factors(D) population growth(E) all of the above

4. Why was the Zhou dynasty in China solong-lived?

(A) It innovated technology and increasedChina's political sophistication by

. obligating the leader to rule fairly.(B) Its leaders were ruthless.(C) It did not have to contend with the

conflicting dictates of Confucianism.(D) It prevented average people from

acquiring weapons.(E) It actually was very short-lived.

5. What factors account for the Assyrians'success in creating their empire?

I. They had a large army that usedhorseback warfare.

II. They made and used iron weapons.III. Their leaders ruled with deliberate

ruthlessness.IV They treated their subject peoples with

leniency.

(A) I, II, and III(B) I, II, and IV(C) I and III only(D) II and IV only(E) all of the above

6. Which people developed the world's firsttrue alphabet?

(A) the Lydians(B) the Phoenicians(C) the Hebrews(D) the Persians(E) the Egyptians

7. In Greek society, women were treated as

(A) equals to men, especially when it cameto voting.

(B) gods.(C) inferior to men in both social and

political affairs.(D) slaves in every household.(E) none of the above

8. Which of the following was NOT one ofRome's culrurallegacies?

(A) The Romans preserved Hellenicphilosophy.

(B) The Romans built roads and fortificationsthat have lasted for centuries.

(C) The Romans adopted the Islamicreligion as the official faith of the empire.

(D) The Romans made Christianity the .official faith of the empire.

(E) The Romans adopted a legal code stillin some use today.

9. Which of the following is an accuratestatement about the Indian caste system?

(A) Its top stratum was the untouchables.(B) Its top stratum was the Sikhs.(C) People enjoyed social mobility.(D) All Aryans were in the untouchable caste.(E) There was virtually no social mobility.

10. Which of the cities below is correctlymatched with its civilization?

(A) Meroe=-Nubia(B) Mohenjo Daro-Persia(C) Alexandria-Gupta India(D) Sparta-Han China(E) Teotihuacan-c-rhe Incas

Answers1. (D) The notion that society and law were to

operate according to something other than thewill of the ruler did not naturally occur inearly societies.

2. (B) The Egyptians made paper from the fiberof papyrus reeds. Ziggurats were built inMesapotamia, mathematicians in India elabo-rated the concept of zero, and silk productionbegan in China.

3. (C) It used to be thought that the Aryan inva-sions of 1500 B.C.E. destroyed the Indusculture, but most scholars now believe that soil

Major Societies, Kingdoms, and Empires to 600 C.E. 75

erosion or the drying up of rivers caused itsdecline.

4. (A) The Mandate of Heaven, which requiredthe emperor to treat his people well if theyobeyed, originated with the Zhou and becameone of the most powerful political concepts inChina.

5. (A) Advanced technology and military effec-tiveness helped the Assyrians to build theirgreat empire. They maintained it by means ofunusual brutality.

6. (B) Unlike hieroglyphs and cuneiform, analphabet uses symbols to represent sounds, notconcepts. The Phoenician alphabet, the first,was adopted and modified by the Greeks andRomans.

7. (C) One of the ironies of ancient Greekculture is that, while the Greeks originateddemocracy as a form of government, theytreated women as inferiors. Even in Sparta,where women had more rights than most, theywere not equal.

8. (C) Islam did not emerge until a century anda half after the fall of Rome.

9. (E) India's caste system, justified by Hindudoctrine, was extremely rigid.

10. (A) This is a matter of factual knowledge.Meroe was a great trading center in West Africa.

QUICK REVIEW

1. Why were trade routes particularly extensivein Eurasia?

(A) There were so many communities thatcould potentially be linked by them.

(B) Eurasia was where most goods wereproduced.

(C) Europeans did not yet know how robuild roads.

(D) Russian tsars built all these routes usingforced labor.

(E) Trade routes were not well developedat all in Eurasia.

2. Which of the following statements aboutgender relations in the premodern era is mostaccurate?

(A) Across all societies, women weresubservient to men to the same degree.

(B) In some societies, women enjoyed morerights than in others.

(C) Because of the widespread worship of themother goddess, in most societies,women were politically dominant.

(D) Organized religions tended to strengthengender equality.

(E) The emergence of agriculture weakenedgender division of labor.

3. What is diffusion?

(A) the assimilation of a minority ethnicgroup into a larger, more homogeneouspopulation

(B) the splitting of the atom(C) the conquering of one civilization by a

much more powerful one(D) the spread of foods, trade goods,

concepts, norms, practices, andinventions among different peoples

(E) none of the above

Social Structure and Cross-Cultural Connections 85

4. What role did the aristocracy usually play inmonarchies during the premodern era?

(A) It usually opposed the monarchy's goals.(B) It worked in the interests of its

constituents, the peasants.(C) It tended to assist monarchs with such tasks

as political administration and defense.(D) The aristocracy is another word for the

monarchy, so it acted as king.(E) The aristocracy was an early middle class.

5. Which of the following is an example of ademocracy?

(A) the city-state of Sparta(B) republican Rome(C) the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka's rule(D) Byzantium(E) none of the above

6. Which of the following distinguishes slaveryfrom serfdom?

(A) Serfs tended to have legal protections,whereas slaves were generally seen asproperty.

(B) Serfdom was practiced only in Europe,while slavery appeared worldwide.

(C) Slavery continues to persist, but serfdomwas abolished by around 1700.

(D) all of the above(E) none of the above

7. What factors would cause a professional classof soliders to appear in a society?

I. Because farming meant that land neededto be protected.

II. Because the society was nomadic andthus more vulnerable to attack.

III. Because urban areas were built up thatneeded to be guarded.

IY. Because agriculture led to laborspecialization.

(A) I and II only(B) I, II, and III(C) I, III, and N(D) all of the above(E) none of the above

86 AP World History

8. Leading up to 1000 C.E., what was theworld's most vital overland trade route?

(A) the Silk Road(B) the Sahara Desert(C) Main Street USA(D) the Sahel(E) the Trans-Siberian

9. According to scientists, modern humansreached __ by crossing a land bridgespanning the Bering Strait approximately15,000 years ago.

(A) Africa(B) Australia(C) Greenland(D) North America(E) Scandinavia

10. During the so-called Great Age of Migrations,

(A) humans moved back to Africa.(B) many Germanic andAsiatic peoples

moved into Europe.(C) many Europeans inoved to Asia to seek

a more temperate climate.(D) humans moved out of Africa into

Indochina.(E) Polynesians moved to mainland Asia.

Answers1. (A) In early times, continents such as Australia,

North America, and South America were inac-cessible to people living in Europe, Asia, andAfrica. However, the people of the latter threecontinents were able to-and had incentiveto-interact with each other.

2. (B) Different societies treated women differ-ently. While women rarely ever achieved actualequality, they often had certain rights andprivileges.

3. (D) One of the key ways societies develop is tointeract with and learn from other societies.

4. (C) While aristocrats sometimes quarreledwith, and even opposed, monarchs, they gener-ally helped the monarch to govern. The benefitto the aristocracy was greater power and status.

5. (E) Democracy was extremely rare in the pre-modern era. The best example would have beenthe Greek city-state of Athens.

6. (A) Most law codes granted serfs some sort oflegal rights and protections, although they werenot always observed in practice. Both systemsexisted worldwide, and both persisted well past1700.

7. (C) In primitive and nomadic cultures, mostadult males shared the burden of defendingtheir societies. Cities and settled regions tendedto rely on professional, more specially skilledarmies.

8. (A) While overland trade routes crossed theSahara, the Silk Road was longer, joined agreater variety of societies, and transported alarger assortment of goods.

9. (D) The Bering Strait joins the northeasterntip of Asia with Alaska. The Americas arethought to have been settled by Asiatic nomadscrossing over the land bridge that used to existthere.

10. (B) The Great Age of Migrations helped bringan end to the Roman Empire and profoundlyshaped the fate of Europe in the medieval era.

Unit Two: Review Ouestions

105

SAMPLE ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Compare and contrast the organization, characteristics, and collapse of ancientRome and Han China.

2. Describe and analyze how patterns of social and economic organizationchanged during the Neolithic era.

3. Compare and contrast the ways civilization took shape, despite politicaldecentralization, in two of the following regions: sub-Saharan Africa, classicalIndia, and Mesoamerica.

4. Analyze the cultural and political changes and continuities that characterizedEgypt and Mesopotamia during the ancient era.

106 AP World History

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is true ofJapanduring the Nara period?

(A) Japan was culturally isolated from China.(B) The Japanese embraced Buddhism.(C) Korea conquered Japan's southern

islands.(D) Christian missionaries arrived in the port

city of Nagasaki.(E) The Japanese established a new capital at

Edo, today known as Tokyo.

2. The Indian Ocean

I. is the world's second-largest ocean.II. is the site of a vibrant system of trade and

cultural exchange.III. can be reached from the Atlantic and

Pacific oceans.IV. was under Roman control for several

centunes.

Which are correct?

(A) I, III, and IV(B) I, II, and IV(C) II, III, and IV(D) II and III(E) all of the above

3. What do the Code of Hammurabi andRoman law have in common?

(A) They both derived mainly from religiousprinciples.

(B) They both represented important stepsaway from the arbitrary exercise ofpower.

(C) They both operate on the retributiveprinciple of an "eye for an eye."

(D) They both provided all social classeswithequal treatment.

(E) They were both inherently democratic.

4. Which of the following is an incorrectdescription of agricultural societies?

(A) Agriculture allowed humans to manipulatetheir environment as never before.

(B) Women probably played a key role inpromoting the transition from huntingand gathering to agricultural societies.

(C) Agriculture promoted permanentsettlements.

(D) People began producing their own foodnearly 12,000 years ago.

(E) Agricultural societies were less organizedthan hunter-gatherer societies.

5. Civilization is marked by

I. an intellectual tradition, generally .including a system of writing.

II. an economic system that makes availablebasic goods and services.

III. a tendency to use violence to resolveconflict.

IV. a moral code.V. a form of political organization.

(A) I, II, III, and IV(B) II, III, IV, and V(C) I, II, IV, and V(D) I, III, IV, and V(E) all of the above

6. What developments are true of classicalChina (before 1000 C.E.)?

I. The supreme ruler was an emperor.II. Han rulers installed an effective

bureaucracy, postal service, andtax-collecting system.

III. Improved infrastructure and fortificationshelped defend China from invasion.

IV. Trade expanded greatly during theTang dynasty.

(A) I, II, and III(B) II, III, and IV(C) I, III, and IV(D) II and III(E) all of the above

7. Early Islamic political thought included thebelief that

(A) Jews and Christians deserved to betreated with violence.

(B) Women should be equal in status tomen.

(C) Church and state should be keptscrupulously separate.

(D) God's sociopolitical and religiouscommunity should be one and the same.

(E) Slaverywas abhorrent in the sight ofAllah.

8. Which sub-Saharan kingdom was a majorcenter of trade around 600 C.E.?

(A) Zulu(B) Mali(C) Ghana(D) Nigeria(E) Egypt

9. Which of the following is true of Central Asiaprior to 600 C.E.?

(A) It was home to many nomadic peoples,many of whom were skilled at horsebackwarfare.

(B) It gave rise to many urban cultures.(C) Genghis Khan began his campaigns of

conquest there.(D) The Silk Road bypassed this dangerous

region altogether.(E) It was the birthplace of Judaism.

10.Which of the following is true of slavery?

(A) Monotheistic societies tend to forbid it.(B) Slaveswere used exclusively for

agricultural labor.(C) Technically, slaves had more freedoms

than serfs.(D) Slave trades prevailed in Africa, Eurasia,

and the Americas.(E) Slavery ended worldwide during the

1600s.

Unit Two: Review Questions 107

11. Which of the following is NOT a reason whythe adoption of agriculture tends to lead toclass distinction?

(A) Most members of society stay involved infood production.

(B) It promotes technological advancement.(C) People are free to develop other skills

beside food production.(D) It encourages permanent settlement.(E) none of the above

12.Why are the Bantu important to Africanculture?

(A) They ruled Egypt for thousands of years.(B) They built the major cities of Tunisia .(C) They come the closest to resembling a

common cultural source in sub-SaharanAfrica.

(D) They were the first civilization to usenumerals.

(E) all of the above

13. In an oligarchy

(A) one ruler controls an entire nation.(B) a small elite group holds political power.(C) the people elect representatives to vote on

their behalf in a national legislature.(D) the aristocracy governs along with a

monarch.(E) military rule is the dominant form of

government.

14. In what city-state did democratic governmentemerge before the modern era?

(A) Athens(B) Sparta(C) Rome(D) Venice(E) Thebes

108 AP World History

15. Why is the period between 200 and 1000 C.E.known as the "Great Age of Migrations"?

(A) Millions of barbarian tribes migrated toChina.

(B) The Bantu migrated to northern Africa.(C) Peoples from Asia crossed a land bridge

to North America.(D) A large number of Germanic and Asiatic

peoples moved toward and into Europe.(E) all of the above

16. According to the map on page 82, towhich of the following areas did the mainAfrican-Eurasian trade routes NOT extend?

(A) Central Asia(B) Siberia(C) China(D) North Africa(E) Spain

17. The truths that the Buddha claimed eitherdraw on or depart from the fundamentalprinciples of which belief system?

(A) Christianity(B) Hinduism(C) Islam(D) Judaism(E) Hellenism

18. "The ruler should be just, those who areruled should be loyal. The father should beloving, the son respectful."

This principle is likely part of which beliefsystem?

(A) Christianity(B) Hinduism(C) Daoism(D) Buddhism(E) Confucianism

19. Which answer places events from Islamichistory in the correct order?

(A) Gabriel's revelation to Mohammed; theHegira; the establishment of the AbbasidCaliphate; the split between Sunni andShiite Muslims

(B) the Hegira; the establishment of theAbbasid Caliphate; Gabriel's revelation toMohammed; the split between Sunni andShiite Muslims .

(C) the Hegira; the split between Sunni andShiite Muslims; Gabriel's revelation toMohammed; the establishment of theAbbasid Caliphate

(D) Gabriel's revelation to Mohammed; theHegira; the split between Sunni andShiite Muslims; the establishment of theAbbasid Caliphate ,

(E) the establishment of the AbbasidCaliphate; the Hegira; the split betweenSunni and Shiite Muslims; Gabriel'srevelation to Mohammed

20. Whic}:lof the following could NOT be afeature of polytheistic worship?

(A) a willingness to blend practices andrituals from more than one religion

(B) a belief that all living beings areanimated by divine energy

(C) a rigid insistence on the worship ofone deity

(D) the veneration of a wide variety of naturespirits

(E) the identification of each member ofa clan with a different totemic animalsymbol

110 AP World History

16. (B) The map shows the extensive network oftrade routes in Africa and Eurasia. One of thefew areas those routes did not penetrate to wasRussia and the Siberian subcontinent. Thisquestion tests elementary map-reading skills.

17. (B) Both Hinduism and Buddhism arose inIndia; the Buddha's original intention was toimprove upon Hindu practices in his searchfor truth.

18. (E) This is a classic statement of Confucianprinciple. Political hierarchy, filial piety, andthe parallel between a properly governedsociety and an orderly family are all present.

19. (D) This question calls for basic chronologi-cal knowledge. Islam was born withMohammed's visions. He was then forced toflee from Mecca to Medina (the Hegira). AfterMohammed's death, the Sunni majority andShiite minority split. The founding of theAbbasid Caliphate came later.

20. (C) By definition, polytheistic faiths involvethe veneration of many gods or spirits. Answer(C) is a perfect description of monotheisticpractice.