Unit 1 – Early CivilizationsPrehistory

Prehistory – AD 1570

Homework Structure…• Outline – – Record these in your Notebook – Outline Format (do not rewrite the chapter)– Can use these Outlines on your quizzes

• Occasional Homework Assignments- – Section Questions – • Full sentence answers that draw conclusions from your

reading.

– Critical Thinking Questions – • 1 to 2 paragraph answer that analyzes the question &

often uses both the chapter & background information to draw conclusions.

How would you organize information?

Initiation• What types of things go through your mind

when you read a text? What can you do to improve your reading technique? – Read over sections that confuse you– Take notes on what you read– Write on handouts that are yours to keep/make

notes in the margins– Look up difficult words (in a dictionary)– READ EVERYTHING, not just the bare minimum– Define bolded vocabulary words

Reading Skills Reflection• What other reading skills do YOU think might help YOU?

– List five things that might help you to become a better reader.

• Highlight important sentences• Ask yourself questions along the way• Look at the end-of-section questions

(before/after)• Read at your own pace (don’t rush!)• Focus on titles/subtitles for a quick

overview• Read any included summaries• Relate reading to your own life or other

readings• Look at images/ask yourself why they

were included• Read captions• Look for root word of difficult words

• Highlight/underline• Find a focused place/atmosphere• Organizing your reading experience• Skim readings first with a quick glance• Read everything• Read aloud• Look at images/infographics first• Read chapter topics/headings first• Re-read material• Discuss readings aloud or in the mirror• Written summaries after reading• Read vocab first for consistent reading• Take breaks and RECALL• Ask questions throughout• Keep a steady reading pace• Note-taking• Reading activities/supplements• Ask a knowledgeable source

Reading the Textbook• Look for the following things: – RED section headings– BLACK sub-section headings– Focus questions at the start of every section– Important tables, maps, and infographics– CHECKPOINT QUESTIONS– Assessment Questions (end-of-section questions)

1.1: Understanding Our Past

Scholars Who Study the Past

Anthropologists-Study the origins and development of people and their societies-Modern ones specialize in certain fieldsSome study human bones; others study human cultures

Archaeologists-Are also AnthropologistsStudy past people and cultures through material remains, such as buildings and artifacts-Find artifacts at a site, and then analyze them-Use technology to study their findings

Historians-Study and write about the historical past-Learn from artifacts and written evidence-Evaluate evidence to determine if it is reliable-Analyze evidence to understand why events happened

1.1: Understanding Our PastHOMINIDS

GROUP SUMMARY

Australopithecines• Earliest hominids• Lived in Africa• Appeared as early as 7 million years ago

Homo Habilis• Emerged about 2 million years ago• Made stone tools for cutting, scraping, chopping, or sawing plants,

animals and wood

Homo Erectus• Appeared around 2 million years ago, walked upright• Had larger brains and bones and smaller teeth than other hominids• Thought to be first to use fire and to migrate out of Africa• Made hand axes

Homo Sapiens

• Emerged between 100,000 and 250,000 years ago• May have lived in Africa, then migrated into rest of world, or may

have developed from Homo erectus in different parts of the world• Divided into two groups: Neanderthals and early modern humans• Between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago Neanderthals disappeared;

early modern humans are now the only hominids on Earth

What Makes Us Human?

• “Ape Genius”• Human Children vs. Chimpanzee (Ability to Learn) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIAoJsS9Ix8• Cooperation - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOrgOW9LnT4&feature=related• Are you smarter than a Chimp? - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q40YgjU1cs8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpOVNzhrc8w&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSmRNyhm0zk

What Characteristics are distinctly Homo Sapien?

1.2: Turning Point: The Neolithic RevolutionNote Taking Practice

LIFE BEFORE FARMING LIFE AFTER FARMING

ERAS OF PREHISTORY

As you read the text, you should be able to - Understand and apply the key ideas, concepts, people and vocabulary.- Also, you should start to get comfortable with making additional

connections to the material in class, and to your life.  When you read a section Read the title of the section. This is a quick way to know right away what

you will be reading. Read the focus question: Have this in your mind as you read and mentally

answer it as you go. Read the objectives: They tell you exactly what you will learn.

  After you read a section, before you move on, take less than 1 minute to ask

yourself what was that about? Can you can answer the focus question?

1.2: Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution

• Old Stone Age/Paleolithic• Nomads; hunted and

gathered food• Lived in bands of 20 to 30• Made simple tools out of

stone, bone, and wood• Built fires and made clothing• Developed spoken language• Learned to cross water• Showed belief in a spiritual

world, buried their dead, and made cave paintings

LIFE BEFORE FARMING• New Stone Age/Neolithic• Grew own food, no longer

nomads• Farmers settled in the first

permanent villages, including Çatalhüyük and Jericho.

• Developed new skills and technologies, including plant and animal domestication, and calendars.

• Men began to dominate family, economic, and political life.

• Differences in wealth appeared.

LIFE AFTER FARMING

ERAS OF PREHISTORY

Old vs. New Stone AgeThe Neolithic Revolution

Paleolithic (old stone age) 2.5 mya

Begins with the use of stone tools

Neolithic (New Stone Age) 10,000 ya to 3,500 BCE

During the Neolithic era fundamental changes in society took place because of the new tools in use.

Life based on agriculture, domesticated animals and permanent settlements.

Nomadic, hunter gatherer life style

The Development of Stone Tools

Major River Valley Civilizations

Civilization River(s) of Importance

Sumer Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Egypt Nile River

Indus Civilization Indus River

Shang Civilization Huang River (Yellow River)

Why is there an Agricultural Revolution? Draw ConclusionsIce Age

The Present

River CivilizationsWhy did all early civilizations live near rivers?

1. Regular water supply2. Transportation3. Animals go to water = food supply4. Good for farming (floods spread silt, creating fertile soil)5. b/c of farming condition farmers can produce a surplus of food and support a growing population

Brainstorm

• List at least TEN things that you think of when you hear the word, “Civilization.”

Early Civilizations

Evolution of towns & cities• Farming produces a surplus (“extra” food)• Population Growth – more food = healthier population =

population boom– W/ more people --> Greater reliance on farming to sustain the

population • Domesticate animals & develop new farming tools = more food

– W/ a surplus food can be bartered (traded) = cultural/ technological exchange

• Division on labor – specialization – Farmers, craftsmen, artisans (things get made better & faster)– More time & More people = public building projects requires

leadership to organize & collect taxes to pay for it.• Wealthier, more comfortable & complex life style

develop…. Civilization

1.3: Beginnings of CivilizationTHE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION

Rise of Cities and Civilizations

• Located near major rivers

• River valley civilizations arose in the Middle East, Egypt, India, and China.

• In the Americas, early civilizations arose in the highlands; they may have begun as religious centers.

• Away from the cities, people lived as hunters, gatherers, famers, and nomads.

Features of Civilizations

• Cities• Organized

governments• Complex religions• Job specialization• Social classes• Arts and

architecture• Public Works• Writing

Changes Over Time• Changes in the

physical environment caused civilizations to change.

• Interactions among people and cultural diffusion caused civilizations to change.

• As rulers grew more powerful, civilizations began to center around city-states and empires.

4.5 BYA:Formation of Planet

3.5 BYA: Life Appears

on Earth

1.5 BYA:Dinosaurs

Roam Earth

65 MYA:Dinosaurs

Extinct; Primates Appear

12 MYA:Humans develop

separately from Apes

3 MYA:Distant humans climbed down

out of trees

250,000 YA:Homo

Sapiens emerged (“thinking person”)

40,000 YA:Humans

look basically as

they do today

12,000 YA:Neolithic

Revolution

Timeline of Earth & HumanityYA = Years Ago

MYA = Millions of Years AgoBYA = Billions of Years Ago

Culture Develops