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Research SkillsWeek 3: Questionnaire Design
We went through the research process◦ Original Article vs. Secondary source◦ How to find and read a paper◦ Scientific writing style◦ Research Treasure Hunt◦ Maths questionnaire
This week: Issues with questionnaire design
Last Week
Sampling Consent Question types Answer types Questionnaire design Coding Issues with questionnaires handout Fast food questionnaire
Today
Who to ask: your target population How many people Avoid a biased sample, e.g. if asking about
drinking behaviour in men and women:◦ Don’t just ask women◦ Don’t just ask people in a bar◦ Don’t just ask tee-totallers
Sampling
You must adhere to a strict code of ethics in your research:
http://www.bps.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/code_of_ethics_and_conduct.pdf Participants must:
◦ give consent to take part◦ not be coerced into participating◦ be free to withdraw at any time
Consent
Participants create their own answers◦ “What is your age?”
◦ “Are you a smoker?”
◦ “What are your favourite TV programmes?”
◦ “How much do you like biscuits?”
Question Types: Open-Ended
Experimenter provides participants with options◦ Choice of category:-
Are you a smoker? Never smoked / Current smoker / Ex-smoker
◦ Likert scale: - How strongly do you agree with the statement “I like biscuits”
1 2 3 4 5Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Agree◦ Checklists: Circle the TV programmes that you watch◦ Rating scales: How much do you like this drink, on a scale of 1-
10?
Question Types: Closed-Format
Open-Ended◦ Exploratory◦ Useful when you can’t cover all the possible
answers◦ Impractical in terms of analysis
Closed-Format◦ Easy and quick to fill in ◦ Doesn’t matter how literate or articulate you are◦ Easy to code, record, and analyse results
quantitatively ◦ Easy to report results
Advantages and Disadvantages
If the answer to the question is a number that represents an amount, e.g.◦ IQ score◦ Height◦ How long it takes to complete a jigsaw puzzle◦ Likert scale responses
Top tip: Calculating a mean makes sense with continuous data (but not with categorical data)
Answer Types: Continuous Data
Please give an approximation of the number of alcoholic drinks you normally consume on a Saturday night: … Drinks
Please indicate your agreement with the following statement:◦ I feel that I should drink less on a Saturday night □ □ □ □ □
1 2 3 4 5Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree StronglyDisagree Agree
Examples of Continuous Data
If the answer to the question is:◦ a word
“Yes”◦ a description
“Physics student”◦ a code that represents a category
1 = undergraduate, 2 = postgraduate
NB: Numerical codes can be used to represent categorical responses BUT this does not transform categorical data into continuous data
Answer Types: Categorical Data
In which town were you born? …….
Please indicate your gender:□ Male □ Female
Which actor is the hunkiest?□ Brad Pitt□ Johnny Depp□ Orlando Bloom
Examples Categorical Data
“Please indicate your age:”◦ Continuous: … Years◦ Categorical : □ 18-25 □ 26-30 □ 31–35 □ 36–40 etc.◦ Categorical : ... Years □ Older than 60 Years
“How many days a week do you usually exercise?”◦ Continuous : … days◦ Continuous :
□ 1 day □ 2 days □ 3 days □ 4 days □ 5 days □ 6 days □ 7 days
◦ Categorical : □ 1 day □ 2 days □ 3 days □ 4 days □ 5 days or more
This can be applied to a number of data
Examples of Tricky Bits of Data
Be short and simple Start with an introduction/ welcome
message Allow not applicable responses to all
possibly relevant questions Say thank you to participants
A questionnaire should…
Go from general to particular Go from easy to difficult Go from factual to abstract Not start with demographic and personal
questions (put these at the end)
A questionnaire should…
Assure anonymity◦ Assign each questionnaire a number instead of
asking for names Avoid personal and sensitive questions Be aware that you may bias answers simply
by being there Avoid biased wording
◦ e.g. “Would you agree that the death penalty is a bad idea?”
A questionnaire should…
Giving numbers to categories in categorical data is called coding◦ e.g. “Yes” becomes 1 and “No” becomes 2
Codes can be allocated either before the question is answered (pre-coding) or afterwards (post-coding)
Coding
Work through the ‘Issues with questionnaire design’ handout ◦ Decide whether the questions are categorical or
continuous ◦ Code categorical questions ◦ Decide whether or not the questions are problematic ◦ Suggest how you would rectify any problems
Top tip: Not all the questions are problematic!
The Handout
Open “Fast food study” on Graham’s website
Read the introduction and survey
Fast Food Questionnaire
2 Continuous Hypotheses: - ◦ Should be tested with a categorical question and
the continuous question (Purchases).
◦ e.g. “Males consume a larger quantity of fast food per month than females”
Fast Food Questionnaire
In groups:
Discuss what categorical questions might affect fast food purchases (based on last week’s research)
Come up with two hypotheses
Next week: entering and analysing data in SPSS
Fast Food Questionnaire