Quality Improvement PowerPoint presentation to accompany Besterfield, Quality Improvement, 9e PowerPoint presentation to accompany Besterfield, Quality

Quality Quality ImprovementImprovement

Quality Quality ImprovementImprovement

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Besterfield, Quality Improvement, 9eBesterfield, Quality Improvement, 9e

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Besterfield, Quality Improvement, 9eBesterfield, Quality Improvement, 9e

Chapter 9- Control Chapter 9- Control Charts for AttributesCharts for AttributesChapter 9- Control Chapter 9- Control

Charts for AttributesCharts for Attributes

Quality Improvement, 9eDale H. Besterfield

© 2013, 2008 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

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OutlineOutline

Attribute Control Charts for Nonconforming Units Control Charts for Count of

Nonconformities A Quality Rating System



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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

When you have completed this chapter you should: Know limitations of variable control charts and the

different types of attibute charts. Know the objectives of the p chart group and the

applicable distribution. Be able to construct a:

Fraction defective chart- fixed subgroup size Fraction defective chart-variable subgroup size Percent defective chart Number defective chart



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Learning Objectives contLearning Objectives cont’’d.d.

When you have completed this chapter you should:

Know how to minimize the effect of variable subgroup size.

Know the applications of the c chart group, the applicable distribution and two conditions.

Be able to construct a c chart and a u chart and know the difference between them.

Know the three classes of defect severity



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The term Attribute refers to those quality characteristics that conform to specifications or do not conform to specifications.

Attribute are used:

1. Where measurements are not possible.

2. Where measurements can be made but are not made because of time, cost, or need.

AttributeAttribute



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A nonconformity is a departure of a quality characteristic from its intended level or state that occurs with a severity sufficient to cause an associated product or service not to meet a specification requirement.

Defect is concerned with satisfying intended normal, or reasonably foreseeable, usage requirement.

AttributeAttribute



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Defect is appropriate for use when evaluation is in terms of usage.

Nonconformity is appropriate for conformance to specifications.

The term Nonconforming Unit is used to describe a unit of product or service containing at least one nonconformity.

AttributeAttribute



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Defective is analogous to defect and is appropriate for use when unit of product or service is evaluated in terms of usage rather than conformance to specifications.

Limitations of variable control charts: These charts cannot be used for quality characteristics which are attributes.

AttributeAttribute



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Types of Attribute Charts:

1. Nonconforming Units (based on the Binomial distribution): p chart, np chart.

2. Nonconformities (based on the Poisson distribution): c chart, u chart.

AttributeAttribute



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The P Chart is used for data that consist of the proportion of the number of occurrences of an event to the total number of occurrences.

It is used in quality to report the fraction or percent nonconforming in a product, quality characteristic, or group of quality characteristics.

The P ChartThe P Chart



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Formula:

The fraction nonconforming, p, is usually small, say, 0.10 or less.

Because the fraction nonconforming is very small, the subgroup sizes must be quite large to produce a meaningful chart.

nppn




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It can be used to control one quality characteristic, as is done with X bar and R chart,

Or to control a group of quality characteristics of the same type or of the same part,

Or to control the entire product. It can be established to measure the quality

produced by a work center, by a department, by a shift, or by an entire plant.




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It is frequently used to report the performance of an operator, group of operators, or management as a means of evaluating their quality performance.

The subgroup size of the P chart can be either variable or constant.




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Objectives of the P Chart:

1. Determine the average quality level: This information provides the process capability in terms of attributes.

2. Bring to the attention of management any changes in the average.

3. Improve the product quality: Ideas for quality improvement.




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Objectives of the P Chart cont’d:

4. Evaluate the quality performance of operating and management personnel.

5. Suggest places to use Xbar and R chart: They are more sensitive to variation.

6. Determine acceptance criteria of a product before shipment to the customer.




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P-Chart Construction for Constant Subgroup Size

1. Select the quality characteristic(s):a) Single quality characteristic.b) Group of quality characteristics.c) A part.d) An entire product.e) A number of products.f) It can be established for performance control

of anoperator, work center, department, shift,

plant, or corporation




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P Chart Construction for Constant Subgroup Size cont’d.

2. Determine the subgroup size and method: The size of the subgroup is a function

of the proportion nonconforming. A minimum size of 50 is suggested as

a starting point.




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3. Collect the data: At least 25 subgroups. Different sources (Check sheet). For each subgroup the proportion

nonconforming is calculated by the formula P = np/n




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P Chart Construction for Constant Subgroup Size

4. Calculate the trial central line and the control limits:

(1 )3

(1 )3

npp

n

p pUCL p

n

p pLCL p

n




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FIGURE 9-2 A p Chart to Illustrate the Trial Central Line and Control Limits Using the Data from Table 9-1



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5. Establish the revised central line and control limits.

0

0 00

0 00

(13

(1 )3

dnew

d

np npp p

n n

p pUCL p

n

p pLCL p

n




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FIGURE 9-3 Continuing Use of the p Chart for Representative Values of the Proportion Nonconforming, p



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The P Chart is most effective if it is posted where operating and quality personnel can view it.

The control limits are usually three standard deviations from the central value. Therefore, approximately 99% of the plotted points, P, will fall between the upper and lower control limits.




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A P Chart will also indicate long-range trends in quality, which will help to evaluate changes in personnel, methods, equipment, tooling, materials, and inspection techniques.

P-chart is based on the binomial distribution.




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FIGURE 9-4 Various Techniques for Presenting p -Chart Information



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P Chart Construction for Variable Subgroup Size

1. Collect the data.

2. Determine the trial central line and control limits: Since the subgroup size changes each day, limits must be calculated for each day.




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FIGURE 9-5 Preliminary Data, Central Line, and Trial Control Limits

FIGURE 9-5 Preliminary Data, Central Line, and Trial Control Limits



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P Chart Construction for Variable Subgroup Size cont’d.

2. As the subgroup size gets larger, the control limits are closer together.

3. Establish revised central line and control limits:




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If Po is known, the process of data collection and trial control limits is not necessary.

P is the proportion (fraction) nonconforming in a single subgroup.

Pbar is the average proportion (fraction) nonconforming of many subgroups.




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Po is the standard or reference value of the proportion (fraction) nonconforming based on the best estimate of PBar.

Φ is the population proportion (fraction) nonconforming.




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Minimizing the Effect of Variable Subgroup Size

1. Control limits for an average subgroup size: By using an average subgroup size, one limit can be calculated and placed on the control chart.

0 00

0 00

(13

(1 )3

av

av

av

nn

g

p pUCL p

n

p pLCL p

n




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FIGURE 9-7 Chart for May Data Illustrating Use of an Average Subgroup Size



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Minimizing the Effect of Variable Subgroup Size cont’d.

Case I: This case occurs when a point (subgroup fraction nonconforming) falls inside the limits and its subgroup size is smaller than the average subgroup size.

Case II: This case occurs when a point (subgroup fraction nonconforming) falls inside the average limits and its subgroup size is larger than the average subgroup size.




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Minimizing the Effect of Variable Subgroup Size cont’d.

Case III: This case occurs when a point (subgroup fraction nonconforming) falls outside the limits and its subgroup size is larger than the average subgroup size.

Case IV: This case occurs when a point (subgroup fraction nonconforming) falls outside limits and its subgroup size is less than the average subgroup size.




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FIGURE 9-8 p Chart Illustrating Central Line and Control Limits for Different Subgroup Sizes



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Number Nonconforming Chart (np): The np chart is easier for operating

personnel to understand than the p chart.

The limitation that this chart has is that the subgroup size needs to be constant.

The np ChartThe np Chart



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0

0 0 0

Central Line =

Control Limits = 3 (1 )

np

np np p




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Number Nonconforming Chart (np): If the fraction nonconforming po is

unknown, then it must be determined by collecting data, calculating trial control limits, and obtaining the best estimate of po.




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FIGURE 9-9 Number Nonconforming Chart ( np Chart)



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For an attribute this process is much simpler.

The process capability is the central line of the control chart.

Management is responsible for the capability.

When the plotted point is outside the control limit, operating personnel are usually responsible.

Process CapabilityProcess Capability



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FIGURE 9-10 Process Capability Explanation and Responsibility



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The nonconformities chart controls the count of nonconformities within the product or service.

An item is classified as a nonconforming unit whether it has one or many nonconformities.

Count of nonconformities (c) chart. Count of nonconformities per unit (u) chart.

Control Charts for Count of Control Charts for Count of Non-conformitiesNon-conformities



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Since these charts are based on the Poisson distribution, two conditions must be met:

1. The average count of nonconformities must be much less than the total possible count of nonconformities.

2. The occurrences are independent.

Control Charts for Count of Non-Control Charts for Count of Non-conformitiesconformities



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Objectives:

1. Determine the average quality level: This information gives the initial process capability.

2. Bring to the attention of management any changes in the average.

3. Improve the product quality: Ideas for quality improvement.




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Objectives cont’d.:

4. Evaluate the quality performance of operating and management personnel.

5. Suggest places to use Xbar and R chart.

6. Determine acceptance criteria of a product before shipment to the customer.




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C Chart construction:

1. Select the quality characteristic(s):

a) Single quality characteristic.

b) Group of quality characteristics.

c) A part.

d) An entire product.

e) A number of products.

f) It can be established for performance control of an: operator, work center, department, shift, plant, or corporation




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C Chart construction cont’d:

2. Determine the subgroup size and method:

3. Collect the data: At least 25 subgroups. Different sources.




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c-Chart Construction cont’d:

4. Calculate the trial central line and the control limits:

3

3

cc

g

UCL c c

LCL c c




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FIGURE 9-11 Control Chart for Count of Nonconformities ( c Chart), Using Preliminary Data



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5. Establish the revised central line and control limits

dnew 0

d

0 0

0 0

c - cc =c =

g - g

UCL =c +3 c

LCL =c - 3 c




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6. Achieve the objectives: The reason for the control chart is to achieve one or more of the previously stated objectives.


C chart construction cont’d:



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Chart for Count of Nonconformities/Unit (u Chart)

3

3

ccu u

n n

uUCL u

n

uLCL u

n

Control Charts for Count of Control Charts for Count of Non-conformities/UnitNon-conformities/Unit



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FIGURE 9-13 u Chart for Errors on Waybills



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Chart for Count of Nonconformities/Unit

(u Chart) Scale selected is continuous for the u

chart. For the c chart is discrete. Subgroup size for the u chart can vary. For

the c chart is 1. The u chart is limited in that we do not

know the location of the nonconformities.




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Nonconformity Classification:

1. Critical nonconformities: Unsafe conditions for individuals using, maintaining, or depending upon the product.

2. Major nonconformities: Result in failure or reduce materially the usability of the product for its intended purpose.

3. Minor nonconformities: Reduce materially the usability of the product for its intended purpose.

A Quality Rating SystemA Quality Rating System



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Quality CharacteristicVariable Attribute

n>1?

n>=10?

x and MRno

yes

x and s

x and Rno

yes

Defective Defect

constant sample size?

p-chart withvariable samplesize

no

p ornp

yes SamplingUnit one

c u

yes no

Control Chart SelectionControl Chart Selection



Computer ProgramComputer Program

EXCEL/Minitab program files on the website will solve for: p chart np chart c chart U chart

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HomeworkHomework

5, 7, 16b, 23

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Documents

Quality Improvement PowerPoint presentation to accompany Besterfield, Quality Improvement, 9e PowerPoint presentation to accompany Besterfield, Quality