Pupil Tourism Revision Guide

8/14/2019 Pupil Tourism Revision Guide

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Unit 1

Investigating Leisure and Tourism

The Travel and Tourism Industry

Name_____________________

Produced by M Poulsum, Tendring Technology College


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About this unit

This unit is worth 33% of your final GCSE. You will sit an exam

for this unit.

This unit includes 3 sections:

1. The leisure industry

2. The travel and tourism industry

3. Links between leisure and tourism

The idea of this unit is for you to:

Understand the important role that leisure and tourism

plays in todays society.

Learn about the different facilities and organisations

that make up the leisure and tourism industries. Consider how leisure and tourism industries are linked

and how they work together to offer customers a good

service.

Investigate the leisure industries in the local area.

Learn about tourism destinations in the UK, where they

are, what they offer visitors and the main transport

routes to them.

Understand how the industry provides products andservices for people in the UK

This guide provides you with the basic information that you

need. You will need to complete all classwork activities to

ensure that you understand the key points in this guide.



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Part A

The Travel And Tourism Industry

Travel is how people get to their chosen destination and how they

travel around the area they are visiting. It is the key factor that

allows people to become tourists.

Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to

destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and

the activities they take part in during their stay at these destinations.

A tourist must have the intention to return home.

Incoming Tourism visitors who come to the UK from overseas.

Domestic Tourism people from the UK who spend their holidays or

go on day trips in the UK

Outgoing Tourism people who spend their holidays overseas.

Travel and tourism is one of the worlds biggest industries. In 2000,

tourist spending in the UK was 52 billion.

Tourism provides 1.7 million jobs in the UK.

In 2000, 26.2 million overseas visitors came to the UK.

This means tourism has become much more important to countries in allparts of the world. This is because people spend a lot of money on

tourism and this creates jobs etc.



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The Purpose of Visits

There are 6 main reasons why people become tourists.

Holiday

Examples of this might be 2 weeks in Majorca soaking up the sun or oneweek in Skegness enjoying the seaside.

Sightseeing

This involves exploring the sights of a location and taking in theatmosphere e.g. a day trip to the Lake District to see the lakes and

mountains.

Visiting an Attraction

There are thousands of these in the UK and range from seaside funfairsto art galleries, historic country houses to theme parks and shoppingmalls.

Visiting Friends or Relatives

This usually involves travelling away from home for at least a day e.g. a

family reunion in Blackpool. This type of tourism makes up 25% of all

holidays taken by UK residents. This is partly because it is cheaper as

people tend to get free accommodation.

Going to a Sports Event as a Spectator or to take part

Major events such as the Olympics, Tour de France, World Cup, Test

Match cricket attract thousands of tourists.

As a tourist you would spend money on staying in a hotel, use restaurants,

go sightseeing as well as enjoying the actual event. This boosts the

economy of the area by bringing in money and creating jobs.

Business Tourism

Many people travel within the UK and internationally for business

purposes e.g.

Business Meetings

Exhibitions and trade fairs

Conferences and conventions



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Part B

What are the Key Components of the

Travel and Tourism Industry?

There are seven key components (parts of the travel and tourism

industry).

1. Travel Agents

The main aims of travel agents are:

Sell holidays and linked products like insurance and car hire

Provide information, mainly through brochures and computer

reservation systems. Advise clients using the knowledge that they have gained through

visits to the different resorts

They also provide the following services

Plan travel itineraries

Work out costings

Issue tickets

Keep accounts

Book airport car parking spaces Currency exchange

Travel agents do not charge their customers for the service. The

companies whose products they sell pay them commission. These

include tour operators, airlines, rail companies, hotels, ferry companiesand car hire companies.

There are 2 different types of travel agents:

Retail Travel Agents they sell a wide range of popular summer and

winter holidays. They also deal with long-haul flights e.g. to Australia.

These can be divided into national multiples (Thomas Cook) or local

independents who may have up to six branches

Business Travel Agents they specialise in arranging transport and

accommodation for business people. Some large companies (e.g.

Boots), who have a lot of travel requirements, have a travel agent on-

site. This is an in-plant travel agency.



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Location of Travel Agents

Despite the rise of Internet bookings, many travel agents can still be

found in the High Street of towns. This is because people still like the

personal services that travel agents offer and complaints about the

holiday can be dealt with face to face.

Ground-floor premises in a busy street with nearby parking make an ideallocation. The window can be used to promote and display holiday

destinations.

2. Tour Operators

Tour operators e.g. Thomas Cook and American Express usually produce

the brochures that you find in travel agents.

Tour operators put together holiday packages that include:

Travel

Accommodation

Travel services

There are 2 types of tour operator:

Wholesale operators put together and operate tours only through retail

travel agents

Direct sell operators do not make their products available through travelagents but sell the package direct to the public.

When working out the cost of a holiday package, a tour operator needs to

take into account the following:

Marketing of brochures

Employment and training of staff

Market research

Reservations

Some people like to arrange their own travel and accommodation, which is

not part of any package. These are known as independent travellers.



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3. Tourist Information and Guiding Services

Organisations Providing Tourist Information include:

The English Tourism Council aims to- improve standards in accommodation and service quality

- provide forecasts, research and guidance to find out possible

future trends

- make a positive contribution to the social, economic and

environmental well-being of national life

British Tourist Authority aims to promote the UK to overseas

visitors. It has sales offices in many countries abroad so that it can

give out leaflets and brochures to encourage people to come to theUK. They also promote the UK at the worlds largest tourism

exhibitions.

National, regional and area tourist boards and tourist information

centres

- their job is to market and monitor the quality and development

of the tourism area that they serve.- The 4 national tourist boards (England, Scotland, Wales and N.

Ireland) encourage tourists to visit their country and improve

their tourist facilities.

- The regional and area tourist boards help by concentrating onsmaller areas.

- Local tourist information centres tell visitors aboutaccommodation, car hire, visitor attractions, restaurants and

transport. They also provide maps of the town and region thatthey serve.

Guiding Services

Aim to make the tourist experience more interesting and informative.For example, guided tours can be made around London on open-top buses.

The tour guide gives a running commentary, which usually includesinteresting stories about people and places on the route.



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4. Online Travel Services

More and more people are booking their holidays, flight and

accommodation on the Internet. Travel companies like Itavia buy air

seats in bulk so can afford to charge fares at a cheaper rate than tour

operators and travel agents.

Hotels can be booked by logging on to www.needahotel.com.

Companies advertise website addresses in newspapers and magazines orcan be found using search engines.

Online bookings have caused some travel agents to lose business. It is

particularly useful for independent travellers.

5. Accommodation and Catering

Accommodation can be divided into 2 basic categories:

Service accommodation such as hotels where meals are provided

Self-catering such as cottages where people provide for themselves.

Tourists decide for themselves the type of accommodation they want,

and then choose out of the following options for eating arrangements:

Full-board three meals are provided

Half-board breakfast plus midday or evening meal

Bed and breakfast

Hotels can be placed under different headings according to theirlocation:

City centre hotels

Beach hotels

Resort hotels Country house hotels

http://www.needahotel.com/http://www.needahotel.com/


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Grading Schemes

These help tourists find out about the type, and quality, of

accommodation. The best known are the English Tourism Council, AA and

RAC ratings. Properties are visited each year by trained inspectors.

Hotels and self-catering accommodation are given star ratings out of

5. The more stars awarded, the higher the quality and the greaterthe range of facilities and level of service provided.

The same system is used for holiday, touring and camping parks. Thenumber of stars awarded depends on the quality of service,

cleanliness, environment and facilities provided.

Catering

Tourists eating out want a wide choice of catering outlets. The standardof catering in hotels will affect how much people enjoy their holidays.

6. Attractions

The reason why many people make trips is to see attractions. For

example, tourists go to Blackpool to see the Tower, visit the Pleasure

Beach and see the lights.

The more attractions an area has, the more tourists will visit the area.

This will benefit the local economy.

A big sporting event will also be classed as an attraction. This is why

London is bidding to host the Olympic Games in 2012.

Attractions can be divided into 2 types:

Natural Attractions e.g. Lake District, Grand Canyon

Human (Man-Made) Attractions e.g. Alton Towers, Disneyland

A National Code of Practice ensures that visitor attractions provide ahigh standard of customer service, cleanliness and maintenance. They

must also deal with enquiries and provide proper access for people withdisabilities.



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7. Transportation

Vast improvements in transport networks have enabled people to travel

much further and more often.

Choice of transport depends on:

Price

Destination

Time

Reason

Departure points

The increase in travel, however, has caused problems such as congestion

and pollution.



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Part C

Different Types of Holiday Available

There are 8 different types of holiday:

1. Package Holidays

This is a total tourism product.

It includes:

Transport to the destination

Accommodation

Sometimes other services such as tours or golf course fees.

The all-inclusive package is becoming more popular. This also includes

meals and drinks. First organised by Thomas Cook, package holidays started in the

1950s and have increased in popularity.

In the 1990s, 15 million people from the UK each year went on a

package overseas.

They are put together by tour operators and sold by travel agents.

2 factors have led to the increase in popularity of package holidays:

New technology in aircraft development meant shorter flight times,

making it easier to get to international destinations. Security the organised package holiday took away any worries

travellers had.

2. Independent Holidays

This is where people prefer to make their own travel arrangements, and

enjoy the freedom to organise their own itineraries.

This type of holiday has also grown since the 1970s. This shows that

more people like the flexibility in travel arrangements.

3. Domestic Holidays

These are taken by people from the UK and may involve short breaks or

day trips.

Short breaks are becoming more and more popular.

The West Country (Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Cornwall) is the most

popular destination for UK domestic holidays.

These holidays can also be booked through travel agents.



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4. Inbound and Outbound Holidays

Inbound Tourism

These are taken by visitors who come from overseas to visit the UKand spend their holidays here.

The highest number of visitors to the UK is from the USA.

Outbound Tourism

Includes those people from the UK who spend their holidays overseas.

This means their money is spent overseas, in countries such as Franceand the USA, and this provides economic benefits to these countries.

This type of holiday has risen to 28 million per year in the 1990s.

This has caused domestic tourism to decrease.

5. Holidays involving short-haul and long-haul flights

Short-haul flights usually take less than 5 hours and include

destinations such as Greece and Spain. This is the major part of the

market.

Long-haul destinations have become increasingly popular as they are

becoming cheaper and travellers now have a higher disposable income.

These take longer than 5 hours to reach and include the USA,

Caribbean and the Far East.

Disney World, in Florida, is one of the most popular long-haul

destinations. Thailand and Hong Kong are also very popular because oftheir cheap prices, fine service and touch of the exotic.

However, since 9/11, people feel safer with short-haul flights. The

political situation has affected the number of people taking long-haulflights.

6. Special Interest Holidays

This is where people combine their holidays with their interests, e.g.

sport. Skiing holidays in the Alps and golf holidays in the Algarve

(Portugal) are particularly popular.

Specialist tour operators, such as Neilson Active Holidays, offerpackages that include sailing, diving, mountain biking etc.



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Part D

Methods of Travel

Transport is known as a capital-intensive industry. This means that

airlines, railways and shipping companies need to invest large amounts

of money in buildings, planes, trains or sips and equipment.

This is needed so that they can provide modern, efficient services totheir customers.

Governments also need to provide money to build roads and motorways

for car owners and coach operators.

Without transport, there would be no travel or tourism. Transport is

important in 3 ways:

1. It provides the means of travel to a destination from the

tourists place of origin and return.2. When the tourists have arrived, it provides the means of

travelling around a destination e.g. using a taxi to visit TheTower of London.

3. Transport can be a major feature of the tourist experience e.g.a cruise around the Mediterranean.

Methods of Travel

There are 4 main methods of travel:

1. Air Travel

This has become very popular because of 2 reasons:

It is quick. It can take more direct routes because there are no

natural barriers. The only things that prevent planes taking the

shortest routes are bad weather conditions, congestion and political

restrictions.

It has become more affordable now that airlines are competing for

more passengers.



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There are a number of UK airports, which make it easy for tourists to

visit different parts of the country. These include London Heathrow,

London Gatwick, Stansted, Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol and Glasgow.

85% of visits to overseas destinations are made by air. However, 9/11has affected the number of people travelling by plane, especially to the

USA. This has caused job losses in airlines.

Air transport can be divided into 3 main areas:

Scheduled air services these regularly fly across domestic or

international routes according to timetables that are fixed in

advanced.

Charter flights these services meet travel needs at specific times

but are not fixed to a timetable and can be changed or cancelled

if there are not enough passengers. These are mainly organised by

tour operators for transporting holidaymakers. Therefore, the

majority of the flights are organised in the summer to destinationssuch as the Mediterranean.

Air taxi services are usually offered by small private charter

companies, carrying 18 or more passengers to specific destinations.As they are small, they can use the runways of small as well as large

airports. Executives for business meetings often use them.

2. Rail Travel

Particularly used for domestic tourism leisure and business.

A quick and convenient way of travelling between cities.

Offer facilities and services such as: sleeping accommodation,

restaurant cars, serving snacks and meals, bars and telephones. Offer different classes of travel according to the price paid for the

ticket

There has been a recent growth in private steam railways that attract

visitors to nostalgic rail journeys in areas such as Minehead,

Somerset.

The Channel Tunnel has had many important outcomes e.g. takes 40%

of cross-Channel passenger; 5000 people employed to staff the

tunnel; thousands of other jobs created in engineering, transport and

tourism.



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Rail travel has a number of advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages

Fast over long distances

Rarely need to book in advance Choice of joining points

Catering on many trains

Least impact on the environment

Disadvantages

Restricted to rail routes

Restricted to timetable service

Luggage limited to what you can carry

Often more expensive than road journeys Standing room only on busy trains

3. Ferry Travel

As the UK is an island, ferries are a popular way of travelling, especially

for European visitors coming to the UK.

Regular ferry services link the UK to all European countries with a

North Sea coast and Ireland.

Ferry services are usually used by passengers in combination with localtransport (e.g. car, coach or train), which carries them to ferry ports

from their places of origin.

Success of ferry companies depends on being able to get cars and

passengers on and off ferries quickly. This means there needs to be

good links between a ferry port and road and rail.

Demand peaks in July and August.

In the low-season, day trips to French hypermarkets have become

very popular.

Weather conditions can severely affect all ferry services, particularly

in the winter.

Ferry services are very important in providing links to Ireland, and

also small islands like the Isle of Wight, the Shetlands and theHebrides.

Advantages

Sometimes the only form of transport available e.g. Isle of Wight

Vehicle ferries can take private cars



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Disadvantages

Timetable can be restricting

Some services are passenger ferries only and cannot take vehicles

4. Road This is a very popular form of transport, whether it is by coach, taxi

or car.

Long distance journeys can be made by motorway so that travelling

time is reduced.

Many UK attractions are near to motorways e.g. Lake District

A roads and B roads serve the other directions that tourists need totake.

There are 3 main ways of travelling by road:1. Buses/coaches

Coach operators offer a wide choice of tourism services:

private hire service

express trunk routes for domestic and international travel

tours and excursions

transfers from airports to tourist destinations.

Not very popular with business travellers.

Mainly used by the young and elderly, as it is a convenient and cheapform of travel.

Other uses might be attracted by services including on-board toilets,

reclining seats, telephone, video etc.

Visitors in large towns and cities often use local bus services.

Advantages

Goes straight into town/city

Choice of joining points

Low cost

All passengers must have a seat

Many services have catering and on-board toilets

Disadvantages

Restricted to service routes

Restricted to timetable service

Luggage limited to what you can carry

Seat can be guaranteed only through booking Slower than rail/air.



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2. Taxi/car hire

Visitors to cities use taxis as a fast and convenient way of moving

around unfamiliar streets.

In the UK, there are 600 million of car rentals each year. Businesspeople or overseas tourists mainly rent these cars.

Travel agents see car hire as an important add-on to a sale.

Examples of major car rental companies are Avis and Hertz.

3. Travel by car

Car is the most popular method of transport for tourists. In the USA,85% of all holiday travel is by car.

There has also been an increase in the purchase of camping gear and

caravans. There has been a large increase in services such as roadside catering

and motels.

Advantages of travelling by car

Flexible you can decide when and where you travel

Large amounts of luggage are easily carried

Door to door

Cost per mile is low

You can hire one if you dont own one.

Disadvantages of travelling by car

High cost in buying, licensing and insuring

Parking can be a problem

Traffic congestion can cause delays



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Part E

Tourism Destinations in the UK

There are 6 main types of tourism destination in the UK.

You will need to know at least one example of each type of destination,

where they are, the features of the destination and the possible

environmental, economic and social impacts of tourism.

1. Coastal AreasThere are 2 categories of coastal areas: seaside towns and heritage

coasts.

SEASIDE TOWNS Most popular in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.

Tourists tended to travel by train, stay in a guesthouse and wouldpaddle in the sea; visit bingo halls and the amusements.

They allowed people to escape from cities and proved to be verypopular with factory workers, miners etc.

These seaside resorts fell in popularity in the 1980s because lowpriced overseas packages to Spain became available to more people.

Since the 1980s, seaside resorts have tried to change their image.

All-year-round entertainment was developed and holiday campsbecame fully modernised family entertainment centres.

CASE STUDY OF BLACKPOOL

Attracts millions of people each year, making 435 million.

120 000 holiday beds available in 3 500 hotels and guesthouses. This

is more than the whole of Portugal.

The size of the industry in Blackpool means that tourism will have a

wide range of positive and negative impacts. It is known as the UKs top fun spot.

It has an image of life, energy and activity. This is aimed at all age

groups.

Positive Social Impacts

Locals have the chance to use the facilities provided to tourists

People can meet new friends and learn new sports or hobbies.

Senior citizens can benefit from the improved transport system



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Negative Social Impacts

More crime such as theft, vandalism and violence. This is often

caused by the drunken behaviour of tourists.

Many people have lost traditional jobs because of the increase of

tourism. This has caused local tradition and culture to become lost. Local services are lost as shops, which sold vegetables or groceries,

turn into tourist gift shops etc.

Positive Economic Impacts

Tourists bring millions of pounds into the area.

Money is spent on accommodation, food and drink, tourist attractions,entertainment, souvenirs etc. This has improved business in the area.

A huge number of jobs have been created by tourism e.g. summer job

in a caf, jobs on the Pleasure Beach. Jobs are created in the industries that supply tourism e.g. butchers,

dry cleaners, newsagents etc.

Negative Economic Impacts

Prices tend to rise; including increased local taxes and higher house

prices.

Seasonal work jobs tend to be available only from April to November.

If people have less disposable income in the future, they would not be

able to visit places such as Blackpool. This would cause many jobs tobe lost and businesses to close.

Most jobs are low paid, meaning that local people do not have much

money to cope in an increasingly expensive area.

Positive Environmental Impacts

Derelict areas, such as the airfield, have been cleaned up and

regenerated. For example, the airfield has now become Stanley Park

and includes a zoo, an exclusive hotel and golf course.

Old buildings, such as disused barns, have been turned into

restaurants and accommodation.

Blackpool town centre has been improved, with pedestrian areas

decorated with flowers and a one-way system to improve traffic flow.



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Negative Environmental Impacts

Traffic congestion on the promenade and on the M55

Problem of litter along the promenade, town centre and beach.

Increased air and noise pollution.

Reducing Negative Impacts

Managing visitors and monitoring the number of tourists, goodsignposting; peak and off-peak prices throughout the year.

Managing traffic through public transport, trams and park and ride.

Legislation codes of conduct and customer charters

Education to reduce the negative impacts of leisure and tourism.

HERITAGE COASTS

32% of scenic English coastline is conserved as Heritage Coast. There are 44 Heritage Coasts in England and Wales.

They were set up because of concerns that the numbers of visitors

were harming important sites around the coast.

Natural beauty is protected and accessibility for visitors is improved.

A plan was set up to create footpaths, clean up seawater and remove

litter.

Examples of Heritage Coasts are Beachy Head in Sussex and

Flamborough Head.

2. National ParksNote: This section links to the work you have done on The Leisure

Sector.

They have 2 aims:

1. Protect the countryside and stop it from being damaged (conserve andenhance)

2. Allow visitors to enjoy visiting the National Park.

National Parks should also:1. Preserve the landscape

2. Provide access and facilities for public open-air enjoyment3. Protect wildlife and buildings and places of architectural and historic

interest.



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National Parks provide a number of different services:

1. Information centres and leaflets, books that tell you all about the

Park and places to visit.

2. Ranger or warden who helps to conserve the park.3. Facilities that make it easier for people to visit e.g. footpaths.

4. Car parks and picnic sites5. Help voluntary conservation and wildlife groups.

There are, however, a number of threats to National Parks:

Changes in agriculture

Military use live firing and road building

Quarrying and mineral extraction

Housing developments Planting trees that are not native to the UK

New roads

CASE STUDY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT

Attracts 16 million visitors each year so it is very important to the

area.

A total of 33 000 jobs are created, directly or indirectly, by tourism

in Cumbria.

Activities include: walking, climbing, sailing or sightseeing. Tourism presents a number of challenges to this National Park.

More cars means more roads may need to be built and also the threat

of air and noise pollution.

Care and expense has to be put into keeping the area beautiful.

Visitors like to se traditional dry-stone walls, grassy green fells,

natural rock-falls and traditional cottages.

Action needs to be taken to make tourism sustainable in The Lake

District.

Sustainable tourism means allowing tourists to visit the area whilst also

protecting the environment for the future. It is a balance between

conservation and the economy.

Possible schemes for sustainable tourism in The Lake District are:

Reduce congestion and pollution by limiting coaches to certain roads

and reducing speed limits.

Repairing footpaths to reduce erosion

Make some areas accessible only to local residents.



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3. Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty These are designated by The Countryside Agency and aim to protect

these areas.

There are over 40 of these areas and they are protected from any

type of development. This is so that the public can enjoy these areas. They include features such as forests, mountains and lakes.

4. Towns and Cities There are many towns and centres that are attractive to tourists.

They include attractions such as:

- historical buildings

- shopping centres

- cathedrals and churches

- trips and excursions

- monuments

- art galleries and museums

There are a number of reasons why towns and cities become tourist

centres. It could be because of its location in a tourist area (e.g. Keswick

in the Lake District), cultural links (e.g. Stratford-upon-Avon with its

connection to Shakespeare), sports events (e.g. tennis in Wimbledon

attracts more tourists to London).

5. Theme ParksYour information from the work you have done on The Leisure Sector canbe used here.

Theme parks provide a range of attractions on one site.

They range from Alton Towers, where all of the rides and attractions are

included in the admission price, to Blackpool Pleasure Beach wherecustomers pay for individual rides.

6. Places of Historical Interest

This category includes stately homes, castles and abbeys, cathedrals and

churches, and anything which has historical significance e.g. Stonehenge.

These places attract both UK and overseas visitors. Private individuals,

public companies and charitable trusts usually own them.

Documents

Pupil Tourism Revision Guide