Tourism Revision

Knowledge Check List• Reasons for global increase in tourism• Potential of cities, mountains and coasts for tourism development• Economic importance of tourism to contrasting parts of the world• Contribution of tourism to the UK economy• Impact of external factors on visitor numbers to the UK• Tourist area/ resort life cycle model• The meaning of mass tourism• The positives and negatives of mass tourism• Strategies for maintaining tourism and reducing the impacts of it• The attraction of extreme environments• The impact of tourism on extreme environments• The need for stewardship and conservation• How tourism can help sustainable development

Growth in Tourism

Growth in Tourism

Why is tourism growing?1)

2)

3)

4)

Why are some areas getting more popular?

1)

2)

3)

Growth in Tourism

Why is tourism growing?1) More disposable income

around the globe2) More paid holiday / holiday

entitlement3) Travel is cheaper /

Technology is better4) Holiday Providers and range

of holiday destinations up5) Media / TV

Why are some areas getting more popular?

1) Improvement in transport

2) Better marketing

3) Improved infrastructure

What’s the attraction?

Type Coast/ City/ Mountains

Attractions

Examples

What’s the attraction?

Type Coast/ City/ Mountains

CITY MOUTAINS COSTAL

Attractions CULTUREENTERTAINMENTSHOPPING

SCENERYWALKINGCLIMBINGSKIINGSNOW BOARDING

SWIMMINGSNORKELLINGFISHINGWATER SPORTSSEA SIDE RESORTS

Examples LONDON, NEW YORK, PARIS, ROME

ALPS, ROCKIES CARRIBEANTHAILAND

Theory- Importance of Tourism

• Creates jobs for local people which helps the economy grow

• Increase the income of businesses that supply tourism

• Important to rich and poor countries in bringing in money and jobs

• Poorer countries are more dependent on tourism (UK 3% of GNP Vs 15% of Kenya)

Questions...Give two reasons why tourism is an important economic activity (2 marks).

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Contrast the economic importance of tourism in rich and poor countries (2 marks).

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UK Tourism

Countryside and Historic Landmarks

Churches, Cathedrals & Castles

Half of visitors to UK go to London

£114 billion into UK economy& 1.4 million jobs

Explain why the UK is a popular tourist destination. (4 marks)

Key Ideas:-Transport links & infrastructure-Attractions-Marketing

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Explain the factors that lead to increasing and decreasing tourism in

the UK• Cheap package flights to the Mediterranean since

1970 allowed UK working classes the chance of guaranteed hot sunny weather.

• Higher expectations by the paying public.• Traditional bucket and spade holidays lose their

fashionable appeal.• Longer holidays allow fortnight bookings,

encouraging overseas holidays.• Lack of investment from local authorities causes the

infrastructure to become run-down eg flaky paintwork and graffiti – discouraging future visits.

Annotate the Butler Life Cycle Model

TimeKey Ideas:Exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, rejuvenation, decline

UK Case Study: BlackpoolStages:• 1860s – seaside becomes fashionable for the affluent/wealthy as

railways make coastal resorts accessible.• 1890s – Day trippers include factory workers helped with bank

holiday excursion trains.• 1920s – One week factory holidays increases the tourists/staying

visitors.• 1950s – increased paid holidays with a post-war economic boom.• 1970s – decline due mainly to overseas package tours.• 1980s – resort either:-

- declines eg Herne bay; - rejuvenates itself eg Blackpool- Uncovers niche market eg oyster festival at Whitstable

UK Case Study: Blackpool

To counter the Mediterranean competition Blackpool now:-• Offers wet weather facilities such as indoor swimming pools,• Extended the ‘illuminations’ season through until November,• Diversified with year round activities such as Business

Conferences,• Built a range of night clubs to successfully tap into the ‘stag-

do-hen-party’ market,• Expanded the range of rides such as the rollercoaster.

UK Case Study: Blackpool

• Voted UK’s favourite seaside resort• Winter Illuminations ‘breathtaking’• 1.3 million visitors at least per year• 19,000 tourist related jobsNB Football team gaining promotion into the

Premier League helps.

Mass Tourism

• Definition: refers to the act of large numbers of people staying in the same place such as the Spanish Costas in the 1970s and 80s.

Mass Tourism“Mass tourism is organised tourism for large

numbers of people.”Positives Negatives

Economic Impacts

Social Impacts

Environmental Impacts

Mass Tourism“Mass tourism is organised tourism for large

numbers of people.”Positives Negatives

Economic Impacts

•Bring money to local economy•Creates jobs for locals•Boost local economy supplying tourism

•A lot of the profit is kept by the large travel companies

Social Impacts •More jobs= young people stay in area•Improved roads, communications and infrastructure•Tourism income can be invested into community projects

•Tourism jobs available to locals badly paid and seasonal•Traffic congestion & inconvenience•Behaviour of some tourists

Environmental Impacts

•Income from tourism can be reinvested in protecting environment

•Transportation releases green house gas•Increased litter and pollution•Destruction of local wild life e.g. Boats damage coral

Increasing Tourism and Reducing the ImpactWays to reduce negative impacts:

1.

2.

3.

Maintaining Tourism

B

R

A

C

I

O

Increasing Tourism and Reducing the ImpactWays to reduce negative impacts:

1. Improve public transport less congestion & pollution

2. Limit numbers to sensitive sites

3. Provide bins for litter

Maintaining Tourism

Build new facitlites

Reduce impacts that make tourism less effective

Advetise and market

Cheaper to visit

Improve transport infrastructure

Offer new activites

Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment)

Extreme Tourism

Attractions

Reasons for Increasing

Damage to the Environment

Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment)

Extreme Tourism

Attractions

Reasons for Increasing

Damage to the Environment

Adventure holidays

Different & exciting

Risk

Wildlife

Scenery

Improved transport

Last chance to see

More disposable income

Adverts & TV programmes

Trees cut down for fuel

Deforestation destroys habitats

Deforestation leads to flooding

Less roots leads to soil erosion

Footpath erosion

Water pollution- Sewage

Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment): Case Study - Antartica

Why?scenery, wildlife, activities like cruises, kayaking, climbing, helicopter rides.

Why has it increased in popularity?more thrill seekers, more activities, more accessible, appeals to tourists, ship sizes increased. 9000 tourists in 1992 has grown to 37000 in 2006 and 46000 in 2008 and the numbers are expected to double over the next 10 years. 100+ companies offer extreme holidays to Antartica.

Impacts: sea pollution, littering, fragile resources.

Sustainability: supervision of tourists means; no littering, no contact with animals, no walking on lichens, no trespassing, permit must be gained for activities.

can be more sustainable by increasing the amount of people per boat and increasing the amount of supervisors.

Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment): Case Study - Antartica

Case Study:Tourism in

Antartica/Southern ocean

Impacts

Sustainable management

Visitor NumbersWhy go?

Cruise Ships

Over-flights

Glacial landscapes , wildlife – seals whales and

penguins

Camping

Naturalist, photographers, journalists

6700 in 199245,000 in 2009

1000-5000 researchers a year

Over flying causing stress

Foot prints remain for a

long time

Tern colonies

suffer disturbances

Damage – natural causes

Code of conduct

No litter

Scott Polar research

Antarctic tourism shows environmental

concern

Ecotourismviewing small benefits environment local responsibility protecting conserving harm

Tourism that does not __________ the environment and __________ the __________ people Involves:Conservation: __________ & managing __________ Stewardship: Taking __________ for __________ environment Should involve local people & local organisations Normally __________ scale with a small number of tourists Activities often involve wildlife __________ and walking

Ecotourism

• Tourism that does not harm the environment and benefits the local people

• Involves:– Conservation protecting & managing environment– Stewardship Taking responsibility for conserving

environment• Should involve local people & local organisations• Normally small scale with a small number of tourists• Activities often involve wildlife viewing and walking

Environmental Benefits Economic Benefits

Benefits for local people Sustainable Development

Environmental Benefits

-Local people encouraged to conserve the environment-Reduces poaching and hunting-Reduce the use of fossil fuel-Waste is carefully disposed of

Economic Benefits

-Creates jobs for local people-Additional local employment

Benefits for local people

-Locals have better more stable income-Many schemes have a community projects fund

Sustainable Development

-Improve quality of life but doesn’t stop the future getting that they need

-Aids local development

-Development without damage to the environment

Review...• Reasons for global increase in tourism• Potential of cities, mountains and coasts for tourism development• Economic importance of tourism to contrasting parts of the world• Contribution of tourism to the UK economy• Impact of external factors on visitor numbers to the UK• Tourist area/ resort life cycle model• The meaning of mass tourism• The positives and negatives of mass tourism• Strategies for maintaining tourism and reducing the impacts of it• The attraction of extreme environments• The impact of tourism on extreme environments• The need for stewardship and conservation• How tourism can help sustainable development