Punctuation Final

PUNCTUATIONEVELYN DIAZ ITURRIAGA

GRAMMMATICAL THEORY IIENGLISH TEACHING TRAINING

PROGRAMUSACH

OBJECTIVES• TO LEARN WHAT PUNCTUATION IS.• TO LEARN WHAT ELEMENTS PUNCTUATION

CONSISTS OF.• TO UNDERSTAND HOW PUNCTUATION MARKS

WORK AND ITS RULES.• TO NOTE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES

BETWEEN ENGLISH AND SPANISH PUNCTUATION SYSTEMS.

• TO BE ABLE TO APPLY PUNCTUATION MARKS CORRECTLY.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE…• why are you sad • we are going to eat salad chicken and

cheese cake • be careful • the whale which is a mammal looks like

a fish • if you paint the walls white the room will

look bigger

W ?W ,

.B !T , , .I ,

.

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE…• que te pasa• ja ja ja• es una chica aplicada formal estudiosa y

con buen expediente • la maleta es marron el cuaderno blanco

el borrador verde y la pluma negra• Comia con mesura pero en la cena se

desquito

Q ´¿ ?J , ,¡ !E , ,

.L

C

; ;,, .

; ,.

´

´´

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT PUNCTUATION?

• The set of marks used in writing that divide and organise sentences (ideas)

and phrases with the objective of making it understandable for the reader.

LET’S SEE…

• the wallet lost on a public bus by a southampton widow has been returned with all its cash and contents intact mrs kathleen giffard of millbrook towers thought she would never see the wallet containing £117 again ,

, .

T

.MK

S

G M T

IS IT POSSIBLE TO SAY THAT THE UNDERSTANDING OF A

TEXT DEPENDS ON PUNCTUATION?

PUNCTUATION MARKS

FULL STOP (.)

• I asked her whether she could tell me where the Museum is.

FULL STOP

• It is mainly used to mark the end of a sentence expressing a complete idea.

• It stands for intonation i.e. a long pause.

• The way it works is the same in English and Spanish.

FULL STOP• In Spanish:

Punto y apartePunto y seguidoPunto final

COMMA (,)• Lisa speaks French, Juliet speaks

Italian and I speak Spanish.

• You must hand in your paper by Monday, or you will receive a mark of zero.

COMMA (,)• Italy is famous for her composers

and musicians, France, for her chefs and philosophers, and Poland, for her mathematicians and logicians.

• I think we can say that, all in all, we've done well.

COMMA (,)• FOUR TYPES OF COMMA:

LISTING JOINING GAPPING BRACKETING

LISTING COMMA• The listing comma is used as a kind of

substitute for the word and , or sometimes for or .

• White, blue and red are the colours of the Chilean flag.

JOINING COMMA• It is used to join two complete

sentences into a single one, and it must be followed by a suitable connecting word: and, or, but, while and yet.

• You must hand in your essay today, or you will receive a mark of zero.

GAPPING COMMA

• We use a gapping comma to show that one or more words have been left out when the missing words would simply repeat the words already used earlier in the same sentence.

GAPPING COMMA

• Some Norwegians wanted to base their national language on the speech of the capital city; others, on the speech of the rural countryside.

BRACKETING COMMA• A pair of bracketing commas is used to

mark off a weak interruption of the sentence.

• Darwin's Origin of Species, published in 1859, revolutionized biological thinking.

COMMA (,)• In Spanish we have a special use:

– The absence or suppression of the verb is usually supplemented with coma. This is very common in proverbs.

• La mejor estufa, el sol.

COLON (:)

• She was sure of one thing: she was not going to be a housewife.

COLON (:)• The colon is used to indicate that what

follows it is an explanation or elaboration of what precedes it.

• We found the place easily: your directions were perfect.

• (more general: more specific)

COLON (:)• A colon is used to introduce a direct

quote.

• Aristotle said once: ‘Happiness depends upon ourselves’.

COLON (:)

10:30 a.m. - 10.30 a.m.

AMERICAN USAGE BRITISH USAGE

SEMICOLON (;)

• Winter storm conditions have made travel impossible; the roads are completely covered in snow and ice.

SEMICOLON (;)

• It is used to join two complete sentences into a single written one.

• The rain stopped; the sun came out again.

SEMICOLON (;)

– Two sentences are felt to be too closely related to be separated by a full stop;

– There is no connecting word which would require a comma, such as and or but;

– The special conditions requiring a colon are absent.

SEMICOLON (;)• In Spanish, it is not necessary to put a

complete sentence after the semicolon.

• Campos inundados, casas destruidas, vías rotas; un desastre.

APOSTROPHE (')

• The apostrophe is used in writing contractions.

• He’s very good at football.

It’s It is or it hasWe’ll we will or we shall

They’ve they have Can’t can not He’d he would or he had

Aren’t are not She’d’ve she would have

Won’t will not

APOSTROPHE (')

• This research was carried out in the 1970's .

• American English

• This research was carried out in the 1970s.

• British English

APOSTROPHE (')• Apsotrophes are also used to show

possessive structures (‘s).

• This is Mark’s book.

APOSTROPHE (')• In Spanish, it was only used in ancient

lyrical constructions to show elision of a vowel sound.

• D’aquel, por de aquel.• Qu’es, por que es.

QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION MARKS (!?)

• A question mark, in English, is placed at the end of a sentence which is a direct question.

• What your name?

My name is Mickey!


• The exclamation mark is used at the end of a sentence or a short phrase which expresses very strong feeling.

• What a lovely dog!


• In Spanish, question and excalamtion marks have the same function that in English. There is just one difference…

• Can you guess?

• They are written at the beginning and at the end of a sentence.

• ¿Dónde estás?• ¡No digas tonterías!


CAPITALISATIONmonday spring

belford avenue dog

tom table

peruvian paris

christmas

CAPITALISATION• Days of week and months

• I like going to the gym on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

CAPITALISATION• Nationalities and languages

• I’m French, but I speak Spanish.

• Proper names

• Lisa y Tom have a dog called Tym.

CAPITALISATION• In the title or name of a book, a play, a

poem, a film, a magazine, a newspaper or a piece of music, a capital letter is used for the first word and for every significant word.

• The Penguin Guide to Punctuation

CAPITALISATION• Names of holy days

• We have long breaks at Christmas and Easter.

• The pronoun I

• I am a student.

CAPITALISATION• Spanish does not use capital letters in:

»Months »Days of week»Nationalities»Pronoun YO

QUOTATION MARKS (“’)

British Usage

American Usage

• Single quotes (‘’)

• Double quotes (“”)

QUOTATION MARKS (‘”)• A pair of quotation marks encloses a

direct quotation.

• Soledad Onetto wrongly said: ‘President Piraña is in Europe’.

QUOTATION MARKS (‘”)• Although there is not difference in

function, in Spanish double quotations marks are almost always used.

DIACRITICS

• Often loosely called 'accents', diacritics are the various little dots which, in many languages, are written above, below or on top of certain letters of the alphabet to indicate something about their pronunciation.

DIACRITICS

á Acute accentà Grave accentç Cedillaâ Circumflex accentä Umlaut or diaeresisñ Tilde

DIACRITICS

• When writing foreign words.

• Would you like to go to a café with me?

DIACRITICS• In Spanish, diacritics are part of the

language.• There are three:

»accute accent (´) »umlaut (¨) »tilde (ñ)

DIACRITICS• Acute accents are used, for example, to

distinguish between otherwise identical words, such as sí (yes) and si (if).

• The ~ mark indicates a /y/ sound in Spanish (equivalent to /j/ sound in English) added to a consonant.

• For example uña

DIACRITICS• The use of the umlaut is mandatory in

Spanish to indicate you have to pronounce the ‘u’ in the combinations güe, güi.

• For example: Antigüedad

EXERCISES

SUMMARY• Punctuation marks allow us to

understand a text in a proper way and give our ideas coherence.

• We have seen some uses of nine punctuation marks:

SUMMARY1. Full stop (.)2. Comma (,)3. Colon (:)4. Semicolon (;)5. Apostrophe (')6. Capitalization7. Quotation Marks (‘”)8. Question and Exclamation marks (¡?)9. Diacritics

END

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Punctuation Final