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COMMA PAIRS (,)

A Basic principle of punctuation is that any group of words which begins with who, whom, and Which and is set off with commas can be lifted out of a sentence without changing the main of the sentence.

when you read a long sentence that is difficult to understand. You can skip all such groups of words set off with commas and still understand the main topic

Example 1: Ray, Who Has been a well-known actor in hollywood for many years, will be our speaker tonight

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sgj/FPO Comma Pairs can Commpletely change the meaning of a sentece

Example : a. All my Jewels, which were in my safe were stolen b. All my Jewels which ere in my safe were stolen

Whenever a sentence begins with a word ending in ing and the phrase that follows is set off with comma, this part of the sentence does not usually contain the main idea.

Example : Being much shorter than the average American of today, the ancient Egyptians, who gave the world its first taste of civilization according to many historians, made furniture which would be considered small by our modern standards.

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THE DASH ( - ) The tree special uses of the dash which can be used to guide the reader to better concrete power in comprehension are:Generally, the material between the dashes is used primarily to explain what has just been. Thus a dash is often used in place of Rest-Stop semaphores, frequently replacing such words as: that is, that is to say, in other words, namely, specifically, to be specificthe dash can also be used when the author wishes to emphasize an idea . Following are two techniques often used. * dash + but/and The dash plus such words as this, these, and all is used to indicate that a summary is coming.

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THE COLON ( : )used to indicate that a list statement making the preceding general statement clear will follow.

Example 14:I found that there are four kinds of men in my college: those who are seeking prestige, those who are seeking a career, those who are too lazy to go to work, and those who wanted an excuse to leave home. (The colon here means 'specifically')A complete reading program should include four factors: one good book each week, a newspaper or news magazine, magazines of comment and interpretation, and book reviews.

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PARENTHESES ( )Parentheses have about the same use as comma pairs and the dash. The basic difference is that parentheses contain only supplementary material which can always be skipped when reading for the main idea.

Example 15:Sandy, Utah (that place will always hold pleasant memories for me) will no doubt be the permanent residence of Henry Smith.Lucille was adored (I have spent some time looking for the right verb, and that's it) by the members of the staff.

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ELLIPSIS ( . . . ) An ellipsis, a punctuation mark of three spaced periods ( . . . ) , indicates that something has been left out. Since textbooks are usually written to present accumulated knowledge and not to persuade or influence, the omissions are the result of an attemp to condense material being quoted. This, however may not be true in controversial publications (for example, political articles) which are intended to persuade the reader to accept a certain point of view. Thus * when you see an ellipsis in quoted material in a controversial article, try to read the quoted material in its original form before accepting the point of view of the condensed version.

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Example 16:"One of the first to see the possibilities of the western campaign was S. S. Smith. Smith was a graduate of Williams. He fought bravely in the Mexican War. . . . When the Civil War started, he . . . returned to army life and distinguished himself as a military strategist. . . .

(The original) "One of the first to see the possibilities of the western campaign was S. S. Smith. Smith was a graduate of Williams. He had fought bravely in the Mexican War for a short period of time; but one day while he was under pressure from the attacking enemy forces, he deserted his post and fled into the hills. When the Civil War started, he changed his name, returned to army life, and distinguished himself as a military strategist. But again, when he was under heavy fire from the enemy and he saw his forces being wiped out, he ordered his first lieutenant of)' his horse, took the horse for himself, and sped off into the night, never to be heard of again.Note: The author who used the shortened version (a) could have been paid to write a "good" biography of S.S. Smith.

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BRACKETS [ ]Brackets [ ]words set off with brackets with quoted material cannot be skipped when reading for the main idea. Brackets in this instance indicate that the author is adding something which was not in the original material being quoted.

example : the [farm] worker should be better represented .

explanation : by putting farm in brackets , the author is saying that this word was not in the original statement which is being quoted, but in his opinion farm worker is what was intended by worker.office worker, are not being discussed

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SICThe word sic (meaning thus) is inserted in quoted material to point out that a particular error or some other irregularity occurs in the original . it also usually appears brackets.

example : The following message was received: proceed with all possible sped [sic] to the nearest hospital.

explanation : here the author wants to make clear that speed was misspelled in the original.

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CONCLUSION

So the conclusion is all the punctuation clues have their own function to support the sentences in the paragraph. It could give more meaning about the previous word or it only just to explain the sentence. It depends on what kind of sentence which need the punctuation clue and you have to put the right punctuation for every sentence that you want to explain. Because, once you use the wrong or unsuitable punctuation, it will give a different meaning for the reader. You have to understand the function before use it in your sentence.

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