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In economics, a good is something that is intended to satisfy some wants or needs of a consumer and thus

has economic utility. It is normally used in the plural form— goods —to denote tangible commodities such

as products and material.

In economics,  utility is a representation of preferences over some set of goods and services

Preferences have a utility representation so long as they are transitive, complete, and continuous.

In economics, capital, capital goods, or real capital are those already-produced durable goods that are

used in production of goods or services. The capital goods are not significantly consumed, though theymay depreciate  in the production process. Capital is distinct from land in that capital must itself be

produced by human labor before it can be a factor of production. At any moment in time, total physica

capital may be referred to as the capital stock (which is not to be confused with the capital stock of a

business entity.) In a fundamental sense, capital consists of any produced thing that can enhance a

person's power to perform economically useful work—a stone or an arrow is capital for a caveman who

can use it as a hunting instrument, and roads are capital for inhabitants of a city. Capital is an input in

the production function. Homes and personal autos are not capital but are instead durable goods because

they are not used in a production effort.

Wealth is the abundance of valuable resources or material possessions. The word wealth is derived fromthe old English weal , which is from an Indo-European word stem.[1] An individual, community, region or

country that possesses an abundance of such possessions or resources is known as wealthy.

The concept of wealth is of significance in all areas of economics, and clearly so for growth economics

and development economics. Yet the meaning of wealth is context-dependent and there is no universally

agreed upon definition. At the most general level, economists may define wealth as "anything of value"

which captures both the subjective nature of the idea and the idea that it is not a fixed or static

concept. Various definitions and concepts of wealth have been asserted by various individuals and in

different contexts.[2] Defining wealth can be a normative process with various ethical implications, since

often wealth maximization is seen as a goal or is thought to be a normative principle of its own

Income is the consumption and savings opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame,which is generally expressed in monetary terms.[1] However, for households and individuals, "income is

the sum of all the wages, salaries, profits, interests payments, rents and other forms of earnings

received... in a given period of time."[2] For firms, income generally refers to net-profit: what remains of

revenue after expenses have been subtracted.[3] In the field of public economics, it may refer to the

accumulation of both monetary and non-monetary consumption ability, the former being used as a proxyfor total income.

In economics,  factor income  is the flow  (that is, measured per unit of time) of revenue accruing to a

person or nation from labor services and from ownership of land and capital 

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PSYCHOLOGY 

1.differences of male & female hormones  

Although estrogens are thought of as female sex hormones and androgens are considered male hormones, both men

and women make hormones in both groups, with different ratios depending on gender. For example, women make less

than 10 percent of the amount of testosterone that men make. Testosterone is important in women for muscle and

bone strength, and also for maintaining a healthy sex drive. Estrogen may play an important role in preventing heartdisease in men. Younger men generally have higher levels of testosterone and lower levels of estrogen. With aging,

estrogen levels often increase and testosterone levels decrease. This can lead to an increased risk of heart attacks,

strokes, prostate enlargement, and prostate cancer in older men.

The differences between female hormones and male hormones may not be as specific as you might think. The

definition of a hormone is a chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland that has a specific effect on the

activities of other organs in the body. The major female and male hormones can be classified as estrogens or androgens

Both classes of male and female hormones are present in both males and females alike, but in vastly different amounts.

Most men produce 6-8 mg of the male hormone testosterone (an androgen) per day, compared to most women who

produce 0.5 mg daily. Female hormones, estrogens, are also present in both sexes, but in larger amounts for women.

Estrogens are the sex hormones produced primarily by a female's ovaries that stimulate the growth of a girl's sex organs

as well as her breasts and pubic hair, known as secondary sex characteristics. Estrogens also regulate the functioning of 

the menstrual cycle.

In the majority of women, ovarian hormones appear not to play a significant role in their sex drive. In one study of 

women under the age of 40, 90 percent reported experiencing no change in sexual desire or functioning after sex

hormone production was shut down because of the removal of both ovaries.

2.how does puberty occur? 

Puberty is a very variable process that changes a boys body into an adults body. Boys can start it at different ages and

they don't all go through the various stages in the same order. Here at the visible signs of puberty, which might happen

in any order... growth of hair on your scrotum and in the region of your penis (also around your anus), growth of hair on

your ankles and in your armpits. Growth of facial hair. Your penis will get longer and thicker, your scrotum will get

darker in colour and hang lower to accomodate the increasing size of your testes. You will sweat more and your sweat

will begin to smell. You may get spots and blackheads. You will grow taller and your muscles will develop. You will find

yourself think about sex a lot and you will get erections. You may find yourself mentally comparing the size of your own

penis with the penises of other boys in the showers at school, this doesn't necessarily mean that you are gay, just that

you are curious which is perfectly normal. You may also feel the urge to masturbate and when you do at some point you

will eventually produce sperm. Oh and your voice will "break" and lower in pitch as your larynx (voice box or Adam's

apple) enlarges and you'll also suffer from abrupt mood swings (your family will suffer because of them too). There is no

definitive end point to puberty. By 21 or so years of age (if not sooner) you probably have reached your maximum heigh

and your penis will probably have reached its maximum length but muscle mass and body hair may continue to extend

after this age and may continue into the mid thirties or perhaps even later.

 3. why brain is important? 

The brain is the most complex organ in the body. More information can be stored in it than all the libraries in

the world put together. It is a vast domain that is still being discovered by scholars, scientists and medical

professionals. What has been discovered so far though, has made great breakthroughs in science and medicine.

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